INTRODUCTION TO SOLUTIONS

GROUP 5
CORNELIA MEJORADA
ESPIRITU OMBLERO
LUMASAG

I. Definition of Solution

A. Classification of Matter Diagram

Matter
Solution
Pure
Mixture
Substances

Homogeneous/
Compound Element Heterogeneous
Solution

Organic Metal Solid Colloids

Inorganic Non-metal Liquid Coarse Mixture

Metalloids Gas Emulsion

Matter is divided into two parts. Solutions fall under Mixtures. There are three kinds of solutions
namely- solid, liquid, and gas.
B. Definition

A solution is a type of mixture that homogeneous which means it is the same

throughout. It can be separated through physical means and it is composed of a
solute and a solvent.

C. Terminology

1. Homogeneous Mixture – Same property and chemical composition.

2. Solute – One or more components other than the solvent. Substance that is
dissolved.
3. Solvent – The component that is present in the largest quantity. Substance
in which the solute dissolves.

D. Examples of Solvents

1. Water
-The Universal Solvent
-Solution with water as a solvent is called: Aqueous Solution
- Water is also a good solvent due to its polarity. The solvent properties of water
are vital in biology, because many biochemical reactions take place only within
aqueous solutions (e.g., reactions in the cytoplasm and blood). In addition, water
is used to transport biological molecules.

2. Alcohol
-it is known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is the bio-alcohol found in
alcoholic beverages.
-It is easily soluble in water and is itself a good solvent, used in perfumes, paints
and tinctures.
- A solution of 70-85% of ethanol is commonly used as a disinfectant; it kills
organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids: it is effective
against most bacteria and fungi, and many viruses, but is ineffective against
bacterial spores.
-With ethanol as solvent, alcoholic beverages can be stored in a long period of
time.
II. Importance of Solutions
Most chemical reactions take place in solutions (in the laboratory and in nature). It is
one of the most ubiquitous chemicals on Earth and it is necessary for life. In fact,
many important biological reactions involve aqueous solutions or solutions formed
with water.
● Solutions in School
i. Drinks
ii. Chemicals at the Laboratory
iii. Sauce (Soy Sauce)

● Solutions in Daily Life

iv. The air we breathe
v. The liquids we drink
vi. Fluids in our body
● Solutions in the Hospital
i. Medicines
ii. Dextroses

III. Classification of Solutions

A. Liquid Solutions
Liquid solutions are mixtures formed with two or more liquid substances.

Examples of Liquid Solutions

Solution Solute Solvent
Carbonated Drinks Gas – CO 2 Liquid – H 2 O
Vinegar Liquid – C H 3 COOH Liquid – H 2 O
Salt Water Solid - NaCl Liquid – H 2 O
 B. Solid Solutions
Solid solutions are mixtures based on the combination of solids.

Examples of Solid Solutions

Solution Solute Solvent
Dental Amalgam Solid - Hg Solid - Ag
Sterling Silver Solid - Cu Solid - Ag

C. Gaseous Solutions
Gaseous solutions are mixtures formed with gaseous substances.

Examples of Gaseous Solutions

Solution Solute Solvent
Air O2 N2
Humid Air Liquid – water Gas - Air
Pollution Gas – SO 2 and NO 2 Gas - Air

IV. Steps in Forming a Solution

1. Solute particles must separate from each other (molecular units must be pulled
apart).
2. Some solvent particles must separate to make room for the solute particles.
3. Solute and solvent particles must mix together.

V. Types of Solutes

A. Electrolytes
A substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that conducts an electric
current. These solutions are normally formed when a salt is placed into a solvent
such as water. Only compounds that dissociate into their component ions qualify
as electrolytes.
 2 Kinds:

1. Strong Electrolyte
Strong electrolytes are compounds that readily form ions in a solution. All
strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes.

Example:

2. Weak Electrolyte
Weak electrolytes are compounds that dissociate to a small extent. The
solution is a weak conductor of electricity.

Example:

B. Non-electrolytes
A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct an
electric current. Non-electrolytes are primarily held together by covalent bonds
rather than ionic bonds. It does not conduct electricity.

Example:

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

 TYPE OF DISSOCIATION OF PARTICLES IN CONDUCTS EXAMPLES
SOLUTE IONS SOLUTION ELECTRICITY?

MgCl 2,
NaCl, KBr,
Strong Complete Ions only Yes NaNO3, HClO 4,
Electrolyte HNO3, KOH, HCl,
HBr, HI

HF,H 2O,
Weak Partial Mostly molecules Yes, but poorly HC 2 H 3 O 2(acetic
Electrolyte and a few ions acid), NH 3

Carbon compounds
such as
CH 3 OH (methanol)
C 2 H 5 OH
Non- None Molecules only No
(ethanol)
Electrolyte
C 12 H 22 O 11
(sucrose)
CH 4 N 2 O
(urea)

VI. Concentration
-is defined as the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution

Qualitative ways of Expressing a Solution based on Concentration

1. A concentration is considered dilute if it has a low concentration of solute

dissolved
2. A concentration is considered concentrated if it has a high concentration of
solute dissolved.

Senses:
a. Seeing
-By visually observing, one can conclude that a solution is concentrated or
diluted. In a concentrated solution, the color of the solution appears to be dark
or intense while in a diluted solution, the solution appears to be much lighter.
 b. Smelling
- In qualitatively determining the concentration, one can identify by smelling,
if the solution is diluted one cannot smell the odor of the solution. While in a
concentrated solution, you can easily smell the odor of the solution.
c. Tasting
-If a solution is concentrated, say for example, juice, you may taste the flavor
more. However, if it is diluted, it is less sweet.

Quantitative Ways of Identifying Concentration

I. In terms of moles:
A. Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute divided by the
number of liters of solution, unit used is mol/liter.
B. Molality (m), which is defined as the number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent, not per liter of solution. Unit is mol/kg
C. Mole fraction (X) is a unit of concentration, defined to be equal to the
number of moles of a component divided by the total number of moles of
a solution.
D. Normality, is the gram equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution. It
may also be called the equivalent concentration, commonly used unit is N.
 II. Percentage
A. Percentage by Weight (w / w %), it is defined as the amount of solute
present in 100 g of solution.
B. Percentage by Volume (W / V %), it is defined as the amount of solute
present in 100 mL of solution.
C. Weight by Volume (W / V %), it is defined as the amount of solute present
in 100 mL of solution, the unit is mg/l.
D. Parts Per Million (ppm), it is defined as the parts of a component per
million parts (106) of the solution. It is widely used when a solute is
present in trace quantities. The unit is ppm.

VII. Miscibility
- Miscibility is how a substance combine or mix to form a homogeneous solution
without precipitating. It often refers to liquids but can also apply to gas and solid
phases.
- To be miscible, both liquids must have the same intermolecular forces of
attraction
How Can We Determine the Solubility of the Solution?
▪ Visual Evaluation

▪ More precise determination by spectroscopy, viscometry, osimetry, and

calorimetry

VIII. Solubility
- The amount of a substance that will dissolve in each volume of solvent at a
specified temperature.

A. Degree of Solubility
B. Factors Affecting Solubility
a. Nature
“like dissolves like”, this means that ionic or polar solutes dissolve in polar
solvents. Non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents. Polar and ionic solutes
DO NOT dissolve in non-polar solvents and vice versa.

b. Temperature
● Liquid and solid solutes
As temperature increases, the solubility of a solid or liquid can
increase or decrease depending on whether the dissolution reaction is
exothermic or endothermic.
 ● Gas solutes
A gas becomes less soluble as temperature increases. This is because
in general heat energy is released as gas dissolves in solution i.e. the
process is exothermic.

c. Pressure
● Liquid and solid solutes
Liquids and solids exhibit practically no change of solubility with
changes in pressure.

● Gas solutes
The solubility of gas is affected by changes in pressure on the system.
A gas dissolves in liquids to form solutions. This results in
equilibrium in the system where a proportion of gas molecules is
dissolved in liquid while a proportion remains in the gas above the
liquid.

Henry’s Law

● formulated by British chemist, William Henry, in 1803

● Henry’s Law states that: The solubility of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the pressure of that gas above the
surface of the solution.

C. Clinical Significance of Solubility

Aqueous solubility is often considered when formulating drugs. Poorly soluble

formulations provide difficulties in the development of pharmaceuticals.
Chloramphenicol, phenytoin, and digoxin are some examples.
 D. Solubility Curves

E. Solubility Rules

A. SOLUBLE
B. SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE

C. INSOLUBLE

IX. Role of IMFA in forming Solutions

Another reason why carbon tetrachloride settled in the bottom of the container, it is
because of the chlorine atoms in CCl4 are so bulky and the carbon atom is so small, that
the oxygen has difficulty attacking the carbon, that’s why carbon tetrachloride settled in
the bottom of the container when mixed with water.
 Non-polar solutes such as I2 do not dissolve in polar solvents like water because
the I2, having just London dispersion forces, are unable to compete with the strong
attraction that the polar solvent molecules have for each other. Thus neither hexane nor
iodine dissolves in water.

Acetone can dissolve in polar substance like water became it has a polar part (C=O)
which can form hydrogen bond with water molecules. But it can also dissolve in non-polar
substances like CCl4 . this is because the non polar methyl groups present in acetone. So in
short : acetone dissolves in both polar and non-polar substances because it has both polar and
non-polar parts . it has two methyl groups, which are non-polar , but it also has a polar
carbonyl (C=O) group.