Nonlinear-Carrier Control For High-Power-Factor Rectifiers
Nonlinear-Carrier Control For High-Power-Factor Rectifiers
Nonlinear-Carrier Control For High-Power-Factor Rectifiers
4, JULY 1996
I. INTRODUCTION ; AVg
proportional to the input full-wave rectified ac line voltage A. Charge Nonlinear-Carrier Controller
If the boost converter operates in the CCM, the ideal
quasisteady-state conversion characteristic is given by
n e
vg = V0(l- d) (6)
and to keep the output dc voltage constant at a specified
reference level, Vo= Vref. Re is the emulated resistance of the so that vg can be eliminated from (4) to obtain
rectifier. The bar above a variable indicates that the variable is
averaged over a switching period T, . Also, to keep the notation
simple, we assume that each switching cycle starts at t = 0.
For the boost converter we have The next key step is to realize that the switch duty ratio
d that satisfies (7) in each switching cycle can be obtained
by comparing the signal Rsis proportional to the integral of
the switch current with a parabolic carrier waveform vc(t),
where i s and i d are the power switch Q and the output diode D periodic with period T,
currents, respectively. Also, the equality of input and output
power vc(t) =';,--(It
Ts
- k), 0I t 5 T,
TS
(9)
(4)
Therefore, the slowly-varying control input vm can be used
in the voltage feedback loop in the usual manner, as shown
where R, is the equivalent current-sensing resistance, and d in Fig. 2.
is the switch duty ratio in the considered switching cycle. The charge NLC controller uses switch current sensing,
If the switch duty ratio d satisfies (4) in each switching requires no amplifier in the current-shaping loop, no sensing
period, the average input current follows the line voltage. A of the input voltage, and no multiplier/divider in the voltage
voltage comparator can be used to solve (4) for d in each feedback loop.
switching cycle. At the beginning of a switching cycle, the
power transistor is turned on. The transistor is turned off when
B. Carrier Waveform Generator
the signal proportional to the integral of the switch current
i s reaches a reference value v,. A control method based on The key component of the charge NLC controller is the
the cycle-by-cycle integration was originally proposed in [6]. generation of the periodic carrier waveform v c ( t ) . A block
For PWM converters, it is known in general as the one-cycle diagram of a simple vc(t) generator is shown in Fig. 3,
control [7], or as the charge control when the integrated signal together with waveforms illustrating the operation. The control
is the switch current [8]. signal v, is slowly varying and can be considered constant
From (4), we find that the required reference level is given during a switching period.
by First, a linear ramp signal v l ( t ) = 2vm(t/Ts)is generated
using one of a number of well-known circuit techniques.
The block diagram shows an integrator with reset using a
(5) controlled current source charging a capacitor. The capacitor
is discharged to zero using a switch controlled by the clock
where v, is the control input used to adjust the emulated signal. The output of the integrator with reset (A) is the linear
resistance, Re = R s V ~ / v andm , VM is a constant. Note that ramp signal v l ( t ) .
the reference vr(t) varies with the rectified line voltage vg(t). The second step is to remove the dc component in q ( t )
The control scheme based on (4) has the advantages of sensing
the switch (instead of the inductor) current, and eliminating the
error amplifier in the current-shaping loop. Also, the scheme is
va(t) = W l ( t ) - v, = v,
( ,; )
2- - 1 .
(lo)
valid for both the continuous and the discontinuous conduction This can be accomplished by subtracting v, from vl(t),
mode of operation. However, synthesis of the required refer- as shown in the block diagram, or simply by inserting a
ence signal v,(t) still requires both input and output voltage dc blocking capacitor in series with u l ( t ) . Finally, vc(t) is
sensing, and use of a multiplier/divider circuitry. Next, we obtained by integrating v2 ( t )
show how further simplification can be achieved if we assume
that the boost converter operates in the continuous conduction
mode (CCM).
580 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 11, NO. 4, JULY 1996
j Integrator i i Integrator ;
i with reset i with reset ;
B I
.............I ................ ...........................................................................
CLK 1
Vl(t) %4/
................................................................................
Carrier Vc
Vref
V2(t)
2................................................................................
l!KYc
CLK
1 ................. ................................................
TS
...............
. ,
Fig. 3. Block diagram of a carrier generator for the charge NLC controller,
COMPARATOR
together with typical waveforms.
same approach as in the derivation of the charge NLC, we 111. CURRENT DISTORTION
IN THE
can eliminate i, and 1i9 DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE
The basic assumption in the derivation of the NLC con-
trollers is that the boost converter operates in the continuous
MAKSIMOVIC et al.: NONLINEAR-CARRIER CONTROL FOR HIGH-POWER-FACTOR BOOST RECTIFIERS 581
a, = -d2 = - d ( l v, - d)
2Lfs Re
d<l-mg (20)
which using (19) gives the following condition for operation
in the DCM
....PEAK-CURRENT
................................NLC
........CONTROLLER
......................................................................
.
1 ,
.
COMPARATOR
OUTPUT and always in the DCM if
: :
-
.
d
.
TB
K < (1 - M,)-.
2
For any load between these boundary values, the converter
goes from the DCM to the CCM and back to the DCM during
Fig. 4. Boost rectifier with the peak-current NLC controller, together with
a half line cycle.
typical switching-frequency waveforms. The next goal is to find an expression for the input current
i g ( t )when the converter operates in the DCM. Regardless of
the operating mode, we have
conduction mode (CCM). In the discontinuous conduction
- ZS
mode (DCM), the relation (6) is not valid, and the resulting ag = a1 = ~
input current does not exactly follow the input voltage. The 1-m,
purpose of this section is to determine conditions for operation which together with (18) and (19) yields an expression for the
in the CCM in the NLC controlled boost rectifier and to input current when the converter operates in the DCM
determine the current distortion caused by operation in the
U , Re 1 1 1
DCM. We consider the charge NLC only, but the end results
zg,DCM = Re R K 1 - m , 2’ (25)
are the same for the peak-current NLC.
In the analysis we use the following notation for the
normalized input voltage v,(t) and the peak of the input
voltage Vg,peak Note that Z,,DCM deviates from the ideal i, = v,/R,. An
example of the distorted input current waveform is shown
in Fig. 5, where the converter operates in the DCM for
mg < 0.75. The waveform is obtained for K = 0.1, M , =
0.9, and the resulting harmonic distortion is THD = 9.4%.
Using the expression (25) for the input current in the DCM,
and the boundary condition (21), the line current waveform
can be obtained for any parameters M,, Re and K . Total
In the DCM, the inductor current drops to zero before the harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current as a result of
end of a switching cycle. Therefore, the switch current is zero the DCM operation has been found as a function of the load
at the beginning of any switching cycle, i s ( 0 ) = 0. AS a parameter K for several M,. The results are shown in Fig. 6.
result, we have The results of Fig. 6 can be used to select the converter
parameters L andlor f s in order to ensure that the current
THD is satisfactory. The worst-case THD is obtained for the
maximum line voltage (maximum M g )and the minimum load
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 11, NO. 4, JULY 1996
1 vo
Re=Rs - 4
Vm
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Fig. 7. Large-signal model of the NLC controlled boost rectifier.
t /T1
NLC controlled boost rectifier is that the emulated resistance
Fig. 5. Half cycle of the input line current distorted because of the DCM Re is directly proportional to the output dc voltage V,, even
operation, together with the ideal sine-wave.
without any external voltage-regulating feedback loop. The
model of Fig. 7 can be used for predicting the low-frequency
ac ripple at the output, and selecting the energy-storage
capacitance C accordingly.
From the large-signal model, current i that flows to the
10
parallel combination of the filter capacitor C and the load
resistance R is given by i = vgig/v,. The dc conversion
characteristic of the open-loop NLC controlled boost rectifier
is obtained by averaging i over a line cycle
a+
4+ - .- ..-
(b)
Yungtaek Jang (S’92-M’95) was born in Seoul,
Fig. 11. Experimental waveforms in the 240 W boost rectifier with the Korea He received the B S degree from Yonsei
charge NLC controller for (a) 117 Vrms line and (b) 238 Vrms line. 1) University, Seoul. Korea, in 1982, and the M S
Rectified line voltage vY; 3) Switch duty ratio d;50’%/di\-: 4) input line and Ph.D degrees from the University of Colorado,
current, 2 A/div in (a), 1 Aldiv in (b). Boulder, in 1991 and 1995, respectively, all in
electrical engineering
conduction mode at light loads. Models are derived to facilitate From 1982 to 1988, he was a Design Engineer
at Hyundai Engineering C O , Seoul Since 1995, he
power-stage component selection, and the design of the output has been a Research Engineer at Advanced Energy
voltage regulating loop. Industries Inc in Fort Collins, CO His research in-
In the NLC controllers, the input voltage sensing, the error terests include resonant power conversion, converter
modeling, and low harmonic rectification
amplifier in the current-shaping loop, and the multiplieddivider
circuitry in the voltage feedback loop are eliminated. The
current-shaping is based on the switch as opposed to the
inductor current sensing. The controllers offer comparable or
improved performance over existing power factor correction
schemes, and are well-suited for simple integrated-circuit Robert W. Erickson (S’80-M’82) was bom in
implementation. Santa Monica, CA, on August 3, 1956. He received
the B S , M S , and Ph D degrees from the Califor-
REFERENCES ma Institute of Technology in 1978, 1980, and 1983,
respectively
[I] R. Mammano and R. Neidorff, “Improving input power factor-A new He is presently an Associate Professor in the
active controller simplifies the task,” in Proc. Power Conversion, Oct. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1989, pp. 100-109. at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His current
121 J. Bazinet and J. A. O’Connor, “Analysis and design of a zero voltage research directions include resonant power conver-
transition power factor correction circuit,” in Proc. I E E E P P E C 1994, sion, converter modeling, high-frequency compo-
pp. 591-597. nents, and low haimonic rectification.