1110 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 49, NO.

5, OCTOBER 2002

Novel Line Conditioner With Voltage

Up/Down Capability
Bong-Hwan Kwon, Member, IEEE, Gang-Youl Jeong, Student Member, IEEE, Sung-Hoon Han, and Duk-Ho Lee

Abstract—In this paper, a novel pulsewidth-modulated line trolling the duty cycle of the chopper switching function. The
conditioner with fast output voltage control is proposed. The line standard ac chopper requires bidirectional switches with the
conditioner is made up of an ac chopper with reversible voltage commutation problem. The commutation of switches is critical
control and a transformer for series voltage compensation. In
the ac chopper, a proper switching operation is achieved without and an alternate current path has to be provided when current
the commutation problem. To absorb energy stored in line stray paths are changed. This alternate current path is implemented
inductance, a regenerative dc snubber can be utilized which has using additional bidirectional switches or snubbers [4]–[9].
only one capacitor without discharging resistors or complicated Such topologies are difficult and expensive to realize and the
regenerative circuit for snubber energy. Therefore, the proposed voltage stress of the switch is also high, resulting in reduced
ac chopper gives high efficiency and reliability. The output voltage
of the line conditioner is controlled using a fast sensing technique reliability. Recently, an ac chopper without the commutation
of the output voltage. It is also shown via some experimental problem has been proposed [10]. However, its output does not
results that the presented line conditioner gives good dynamic and still produce a reversible phase of the input voltage and can be
steady-state performance for high quality of the output voltage. applied to the line conditioner with only voltage up capability
Index Terms—AC choppers, commutation, line conditioner, (or voltage down capability). Líbano et al. [11] proposed the
pulsewidth modulation. simplified control strategy for hybrid active filters, which is
also applied to the line conditioner. However, this gives only
I. INTRODUCTION voltage up capability or voltage down capability.
In this paper, a novel line conditioner with voltage up/down
S OLID-STATE line conditioners have been used in industry
to provide regulation and protect sensitive loads supplied
weak or disturbed. Power line disturbances on sensitive
capability and fast output voltage control is proposed. The pro-
posed line conditioner is made up of an ac chopper and a trans-
former for series voltage compensation. The ac chopper com-
equipment such as computers, communication equipment and
pensates only a small percentage of the input voltage carrying
process control systems can often lead to valuable data loss, in-
the input current and therefore a reduced rating is made. The ac
terruption to communication services, and long shutdown of the
chopper can produce a reversible phase of its input voltage and it
production [1]. The recent increase in the use of nonlinear loads
is operated without the commutation problem. Furthermore, the
has caused serious concern for power quality and consequently
ac chopper uses a dc regenerative snubber without discharging
on the disturbances tolerated by sensitive electronic loads. IEEE
resistors and the line conditioners are reliable and applicable to
Standard 446-1987 [2], [3] describes the voltage tolerance
high power capacity. The proposed line conditioner also gives
limits for sensitive loads, such as the computer power supplies.
the output voltage with fast dynamic speed. It is also shown via
In IEEE Standard 446-1987, shown in Table I, a voltage drop
some simulation and experimental results that the presented line
of more than 15% cannot be tolerated for more than 30 cycles
conditioner gives good dynamic and steady-state performance.
(or 500 ms). Similarly, a 35% voltage drop can be tolerated
for only one cycle (or 16.7 ms). Currently, most of the line
conditioners still rely on thyristor technology (line-commutated II. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE LINE CONDITIONER
ac controllers). This is due to the reliability and large power A. Description of AC Chopper
handling capability of thyristor switches. Such conditioners,
however, have slow response and need large input–output filters The typical conventional ac chopper with unidirectional
to reduce low-order harmonics. Line-commutated ac controllers voltage control is shown in Fig. 1 and it utilizes bidirectional
can be replaced by pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) ac choppers, switches (or four quadrant switches) capable of bidirectional
which have better overall performance and the above problems current control. This ac chopper has the commutation problem.
can be improved if these controllers are designed to operate in Suppose that a bidirectional switch is turned on and conducts
the chopping mode. In this case, the input voltage is chopped the load current . After a time, we wish to commutate the
into segments and the output voltage level is decided by con- current to the switch . Unfortunately, it is impossible to
define the timing which will lead to safe commutation of these
switches. Theoretically, the switching must be instantaneous
Manuscript received December 12, 2000; revised April 30, 2002. Abstract
published on the Internet July 15, 2002. and simultaneous. For practical realization we have to take in
B.-H Kwon, G.-Y. Jeong, and S.-H. Han are with the Department of account finite switching times and delays in the drive circuits
Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and and switches. Therefore, if the switch is turned on before
Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea (e-mail: [email protected]).
D.-H. Lee is with Power Valley Company, Ltd., Ansan-City 425-100, Korea. is turned off, a short-circuit path is established through
Publisher Item Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2002.803236. - - . Current spikes generated in this way will destroy the
0278-0046/02$17.00 © 2002 IEEE

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KWON et al.: NOVEL LINE CONDITIONER WITH VOLTAGE UP/DOWN CAPABILITY 1111

TABLE I
TYPICAL RANGE OF INPUT POWER QUALITY AND LOAD PARAMETERS OF MAJOR COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS

chopper are given in Fig. 3, which shows the chopper input

voltage, control signals of the switches, intermediate voltage
, PWM ac voltage , and filtered output voltage . In
PWM control, three different modes exist during one switching
period. Each switching period consists of active (or charging)
mode, freewheeling (or discharging) mode, and bypass (or
dead-time) mode.
In the ac chopper, the inductor current conducts through
the input and output side, providing energy to the output during
the active mode and freewheels through the output side during
Fig. 1. Conventional ac chopper. the freewheeling mode. However, the inductor current is by-
passed according to its direction during the bypass mode. Fig. 4
switches. Similarly, if is turned off before is turned on, a shows three possible modes during one switching cycle, where
dual situation will occur: there is no path for the conduction of the bold lines denote possible current paths.
the current of the inductive load. Voltage spikes are induced on During the active mode, the switches and are turned on
the opened switches and will destroy the switches. Therefore, according to the duty ratio and the inductor current conducts
the snubber circuit of the bidirectional switch must be an ac through and for or the reverse diodes across
snubber circuit that can absorb a bidirectional turn off spike and for , as shown in Fig. 4(a). As a result, the input
energy due to line stray inductance. Furthermore, since each voltage is connected to the output, providing energy.
bidirectional switch is turned on or off at high frequency, a The freewheeling mode is complementary to the active mode.
circuit for regenerating the snubber energy needs to be provided During this mode, the switches and are turned on so that
for enhancing the conversion efficiency of the equipment. the inductor current freewheels. The current paths of this mode
The power circuit of the proposed ac chopper is shown in are shown in Fig. 4(b).
Fig. 2. Unidirectional switches (or two-quadrant switches) To avoid current spikes of practical switches, the dead time
which are commercially available can be used in this circuit is required and at the same time a current path of the induc-
and a regenerative dc snubber is attached directly to power tive load to avoid voltage spikes must be established. For the
semiconductor switches to absorb energy stored in line stray dead time, the switches , , , and are turned off. If the
inductance. The dc snubber features a very simple structure inductor current is positive, the inductor current is bypassed
consisting of a capacitor only with no need for discharging through the reverse diodes of and , as shown in Fig. 4(c).
resistors or a complicated regenerative circuit for snubber en- If the inductor current is negative, the inductor current is by-
ergy. Thus, the proposed ac chopper is regenerating the snubber passed through the reverse diodes of and . Thus, a current
energy without using any additional regenerative circuit. The path for the inductor current always exists every current direc-
switches , , , and are operated as rectification tion during the bypass mode.
of the input voltage and have switchings at zero voltage of It is assumed that the following conditions are satisfied:
the input voltage. The switches , , , and are operated
in high-frequency PWM mode and controlled according to the
input voltage polarity and the required output voltage of the (1)
ac chopper. The output voltage is controlled by changing the
duty ratio of the control pulses. Detailed waveforms of the ac (2)

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1112 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 49, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2002

Fig. 2. Power circuit of the proposed ac chopper with reversible voltage control.

where and are the angular frequency output voltage with respect to the PWM voltage
of the input voltage and angular switching frequency of the is given by
ac chopper, respectively. These inequalities are satisfied in the
practical filter design. These conditions mean that the funda- (8)
mental component is almost transferred to the output load
and harmonic components are not transferred to the output load The fundamental component of the output voltage is ap-
. The input voltage of the ac chopper is defined as follows: proximated using the assumption (1) as follows:
(3)
(9)
where is the rms voltage of the input voltage. The switching
function is given by Using the assumption (2) and , the harmonic
components of the output voltage is approximated as
(4)

where is the duty ratio. Using (3) and (4), the PWM ac voltage
is given by (10)

From (9) and (10), is given by

(5) (11)

where is the switching function and is the rms har- where

monic component of the PWM voltage as follows:
(12)

The output filter reduces the harmonics of the inductor current Therefore, the total harmonic distortion factor of the output
and capacitor output voltage. Their total harmonic distortion voltage is independent on the load resistor . However,
factors (THDs) are defined as follows: the inductor and capacitor have a great effect on . The
transfer function of the inductor current with respect to
the PWM voltage is given by
(6)
(13)

(7) Similarly, the fundamental component and harmonic com-

ponents of the inductor current are approximated as follows:
where and are the magnitude of the fundamental and
harmonic components of the output voltage and and (14)
are the magnitude of the fundamental and harmonic components
of the inductor current , respectively. From the equivalent cir-
cuit of the ac chopper shown in Fig. 5, the transfer function of the (15)

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KWON et al.: NOVEL LINE CONDITIONER WITH VOLTAGE UP/DOWN CAPABILITY 1113

Fig. 3. Detailed waveforms of the proposed ac chopper.

From (14) and (15), is given by Thus, the total harmonic distortion factor of the inductor current
is not dependent on the output capacitor . The filter parameters
can be designed within values required in the system.
(16) From (12) and (17), the inductor and capacitor are designed as
follows:

where
(18)

(17)
(19)

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1114 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 49, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2002

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 4. Three modes of operation in the cases of v > 0, v > 0, and i > 0. (a) Active mode. (b) Freewheeling mode. (c) Bypass mode.

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of the ac chopper.

Numerical calculations of and with respect to the

duty ratio to design the inductor and capacitor are shown in
Fig. 6.
The proposed line conditioner using an ac chopper is shown
in Fig. 7(a). The output voltage is controlled through the series
connected transformer to the input line voltage . To obtain an Fig. 6. TH and TH with respect to the duty ratio D.

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KWON et al.: NOVEL LINE CONDITIONER WITH VOLTAGE UP/DOWN CAPABILITY 1115

(a)

(b)
Fig. 7. Proposed line conditioner using an ac chopper. (a) Proposed line conditioner. (b) Proposed line conditioner using a leakage tranformer.

average model based on the sampling period, the harmonic com- where and are the proportional and integral gains of the
ponent of the PWM ac voltage is ignored. Then, the differ- controller. is the desired reference voltage of the output
ential equations of this system are obtained as follows: voltage and is the detected output voltage which is described
in the following section. This controller provides no steady-
(20) state error for the step response by the integral action of the
output error. Furthermore, the line conditioner in Fig. 7(a) can
(21) be converted equivalently to the line conditioner in Fig. 7(b)
using a leakage transformer. is the leakage inductance of
(22) the leakage transformer and the input line voltage is also fil-
(23) tered through the - filter. Therefore, this filter is operated
as a multifunctional filter.
where is the series compensation voltage and (
) is the turn ratio of the series transformer. B. Fast Detection of the Output Voltage
When the step disturbance input is applied to the system,
In an abrupt decrease of the input power, the line conditioner
the output voltage is desired to be regulated to zero with no
must compensate instantly a required voltage to minimize a
steady-state error and small overshoot under the limited input.
transient effect of the output voltage. For this, a fast detection
As a controller that satisfies such performance requirements and
technique of the output voltage is required. In general, the con-
is easily implemented, the following proportional–integral (PI)
ventional peak voltage detector with diodes, capacitor, and re-
controller is used:
sistor is used as a voltage-sensing circuit as shown in Fig. 8(a).
When the input signal is decreased, the capacitor is discharged
(24) through the resistor and when increased, the capacitor is charged

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1116 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 49, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2002

where is the control period, the transfer function of the phase

shifter in discrete domain is given by

(29)

Therefore, the output of the phase shifter in discrete-time

domain can be obtained as follows:

(30)
(a)

where

(31)

Thus, the algorithm (26) detecting the output-voltage magnitude

can be calculated using the output voltage and the output
(b) signal of the 90 phase shifter.
Fig. 8. Peak voltage detectors. (a) Conventional peak voltage detector. (b) Fast C. Fault Protection Scheme
peak voltage detector.
Short circuits in power systems generate large currents that
flow the power lines until the circuit breaker operates cleaning
directly. Therefore, the charging speed is faster than the dis- the fault. The cleaning time cannot be instantaneous due to the
charging one. If the resistor value is reduced, the discharging operating time imposed by the coordination requirement of the
speed is furthermore increased. However, the detected signal in- overcurrent relay and by the total interruption time of the power
cludes more ripple component. circuit breaker. Total cleaning time of the power circuit breaker
A fast detection technique of the output voltage is shown depends on the amplitude of the current fault. Although power
in Fig. 8(b) which is composed of a phase shifter, two multi- system equipment is designed to withstand short-circuit current
pliers, and an adder. The detection technique utilizes the simple during only a few hundreds of milliseconds, the line conditioner
trigonometric principle as follows: may suffer severe damage during this short time. The short-cir-
cuit capability of the line conditioner depends mainly on the
(25) chopper power semiconductor characteristics.
Since the most important feature of the line conditioner is the
small-rated power required to compensate the output voltage,
The phase shifter delays its input waveform as 90 , i.e., the sine typically 20% of the load power, the chopper semiconductors
waveform of the output voltage is converted to the cosine wave- have low current ratings. This makes the line conditioner more
form and each waveform is multiplied and added. Then, the de- vulnerable to power systems faults. If a short-circuit fault
tected signal voltage from the output voltage becomes appears in the power outlet, a large current will be generated in
the primary of the compensating transformer, thus affecting the
normal operation of the line conditioner. This large current will
(26) flow through the chopper and eventually destroy the chopper
since the primary winding of the compensating transformer
where is the detection gain of the output voltage. Thus, the cannot be operated in open circuit. For these reasons, a bypass
detected signal of the output voltage can give the magnitude circuit must be provided to carry the reflected current. When
of the output voltage. a short circuit occurs, the bypass circuit using two thyristors
Consider a digitized implementation of the detection algo- carries the secondary current of the leakage transformer dis-
rithm of the output voltage. The 90 phase shifter of the output connecting the chopper. In this way, the chopper circuit can be
voltage with the angular frequency has the transfer character- isolated from the power system fault. The short-circuit current
istic of the first-order all-pass filter as follows: will circulate through the antiparallel thyristors until the fault
is cleared by the protection equipment of the power system.
Furthermore, the low-saturation characteristic of the leakage
(27) transformer may decrease the reflected current.

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Using the following bilinear transformation: In the microprocessor-based control system, software flexi-
bility facilitates the development and updating of the control
technique and makes the introduction of modern control
(28) theory to obtain high performance. Moreover, the single-chip

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KWON et al.: NOVEL LINE CONDITIONER WITH VOLTAGE UP/DOWN CAPABILITY 1117

Fig. 9. Overall block diagram of the line conditioner.

Fig. 10. Operation of the proposed ac chopper. (a) Input soruce voltage v (100 V/div). (b) Output voltage v (100 V/div). (c) Input current i of the ac chopper
(2 A/div). (d) Snubber capacitor voltage v (100 V/div). (e) PWM ac voltage v (100 V/div). (f) Inductor current i (2 A/div). (g) Gate signal v of the switch
S (5 V/div). (h) Gate signal v of the switch S (5 V/div).

microcontroller can implement the controller with lower cost accompanying environmental circuits. The overall control
and smaller size than the general-purpose microprocessor block diagram of the proposed line conditioner is implemented

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1118 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 49, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2002

These power semiconductor switches are operated with a fixed

switching frequency kHz and a dead time of 2 s. The
system parameters used for experiment are given by

V
Hz
mH
F

The experimental operation waveforms of the proposed ac

chopper are shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10(a)–(f) shows the exper-
imental waveforms of the input source voltage, output voltage,
Fig. 11. Experimental waveforms of input and ouput signals of the input input current, snubber capacitor voltage, PWM ac voltage, and
voltage detector for 20% line voltage disturbance.
inductor current of the ac chopper and Fig. 10(g)–(h) shows the
gate signals of the switches and . From Fig. 10(b)–(c)
and (e)–(f), we can note that the efficiency of the proposed ac
chopper is 96%, where the duty ratio is 0.8.
The experimental waveforms of input and output signals of
the input voltage detector for 20% line voltage disturbance are
shown in Fig. 11. This voltage detector gives a fast response
to the voltage sag due to the line voltage disturbance. When the
input voltage is decayed abruptly up to 20% during 3.5 period of
the input voltage, the output voltage of the proposed line condi-
(a)
tioner is regulated as shown in Fig. 12, which is the experimental
waveforms. Thus, the line conditioner compensates fast for the
voltage sag of the input voltage.

IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this paper, a novel PWM line conditioner with fast output
voltage control has been proposed. The line conditioner is made
up of a PWM ac chopper and a leakage transformer for se-
ries voltage compensation. The ac chopper compensates only a
small percentage of the rated output voltage and a reduced rating
(b) is made. The ac chopper can produce a reversible phase of its
Fig. 12. Output voltage waveform compensating an input line disturbance of input voltage and it is operated without commutation problem.
the proposed line conditioner. (a) Input voltage. (b) Output voltage. The fast output voltage detector is also proposed to improve the
dynamic response of the output voltage. Since this detector gives
using a single-chip microcontroller Intel 80196 MH as shown a fast output response about the voltage sag, it is adequate to the
in Fig. 9. Switching times of each converter are implemented line conditioner demanding fast output voltage correction. It has
in software and PWM pulses are generated through the pulse also been shown via simulation and experimental results that the
generator in the microcontroller. Voltage or current signals are presented line conditioner gives good dynamic and steady-state
measured by using the 10-bit analog-to-digital converter in the performance.
microcontroller. The implementation of the voltage or current
controllers and PWM pulse generation is performed every con- REFERENCES
trol period s.
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KWON et al.: NOVEL LINE CONDITIONER WITH VOLTAGE UP/DOWN CAPABILITY 1119

[5] L. Salazar, C. Vasquez, and E. Wiechmann, “On the characteristics of a Gang-Youl Jeong (S’97) was born in Cheongdo,
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[10] B. H. Kwon, B. D. Min, and J. H. Kim, “Novel topologies of AC chop- Sung-Hoon Han was born in Pohang, Korea, in
pers,” Proc. IEE—Elect. Power Applicat., vol. 143, pp. 323–330, July 1966. He received the B.S. degree in electronic
1996. engineering from Ulsan University, Ulsan, Korea, in
[11] F. B. Líbano, J. A. Cobos, and J. Uceda, “Simplified control strategy for 1989.
hybrid active filters,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’97, 1997, pp. 1102–1108. From 1989 to 1999, he was a Researcher with
the Pohnag Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Korea.
He is currently a Researcher in the Department
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pohang
University of Science and Technology, Pohang,
Korea. His research interests are power converters
and switch-mode power supplies.
Bong-Hwan Kwon (M’91) was born in Pohang,
Korea, in 1958. He received the B.S. degree from
Kyungbuk National University, Taegu, Korea, in
1982, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical Duk-Ho Lee was born in Incheon, Korea, in 1958.
engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering
Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, 1984 and from Inha University, Incheon, Korea, in 1985.
1987, respectively. From 1985 to 1987, he was a Design Engineer
Since 1987, he has been with the Department of with RANEE Industrial Company, Ltd. From 1987
Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pohang Uni- to 1998, he was a Design Engineer with Samsung
versity of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea, Electrical Mechanics Company, Ltd. Since 1998,
where he is currently a Professor. His research inter- he has been the President of Power Valley Com-
ests are motor drives, high-frequency converters, and switch-mode power sup- pany, Ltd., Ansan, Korea. His research concerns
plies. switch-mode power supplies.

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