Cavitation of

Hydraulic Machinery

Editor
S. C. Li
University of Warwick, U.K.

Imperial College Press

 CONTENTS

Preface xiii
Foreword of the Editor xv
Contributing Authors xix
1 Introduction 1
S CLi
1.1 Cavitation 1
1.1.1 Discovery 1
1.1.2 Classification 1
1.2 Hydraulic Machinery and Cavitation 3
1.2.1 Problems Caused by Cavitation 3
1.2.2 Combating Cavitation 5
References 8
2 Cavitation and Cavitation Types 9
A J Acosta
2.1 Cavitation Phenomenon 9
2.1.1 Cavitation 9
2.1.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation 10
2.2 Types of Cavitation 11
2.2.1 Cavitation Index 11
2.2.2 Scale Effects and Cavitation Types 12
2.3 Cavitation Effects 24
2.3.1 General Phenomena 24
2.3.2 Influences on Machine Performance 25
2.3.3 System Stability 28
2.4 Cavitation Nucleation and Inception 30
2.4.1 Inception 30
2.4.2 Nuclei Measurement 34
2.4.3 Concluding Remarks 38
References 40
3 Bubble Dynamics 47
Part 1: Single Bubble 47
A Shima
3.1 Rayleigh Analysis 47
3.1.1 Besant's Problem 47
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3.1.2 Rayleigh's Solution 48

3.2 Vaporous and Gaseous Bubbles 49
3.2.1 Classification 49
3.2.2 Stability 49
3.3 Viscosity and Compressibility Effects 50
3.3.1 Effects of Viscosity and Surface Tension 50
3.3.2 Compressibility Effect 50
3.4 Bubble Rebound 53
3.4.1 Introduction 53
3.4.2 Studies of Rebound 53
3.5 Nonspherical Collapse and Micro-jet Formation 54
3.5.1 Collapse near Solid Wall 54
3.5.2 Collapse in Contact with Solid Wall 55
3.6 Pressures Generated at Collapse 57
3.6.1 Impact Pressure and Their Modes 57
3.6.2 Temperature Effect 60
References 61
Part 2: Multi-Bubbles (Stochastic Behaviour) 65
S CLi
3.7 Origins of Bubble Stochasticity 65
3.7.1 Introduction 65
3.7.2 Bubble-Boundary Interaction 67
3.7.3 Bubble-Bubble Interaction 73
3.7.4 Bubble-Flow Field Interaction 94
3.7.5 Remarks 115
3.8 Stochastic Models of Cavitation Bubbles 117
3.8.1 Introduction 117
3.8.2 Single-Event Model 117
3.8.3 Multi-Event (Cluster) Model 118
3.8.4 Comprehensive Model 120
3.9 Power Spectrum 121
3.9.1 Introduction 121
3.9.2 Spectrum of Single-Bubble Collapse 121
3.9.3 Spectrum for Sequence of Single Events 127
3.9.4 Spectrum for Sequence of Clusters 137
3.9.5 Spectrum for Comprehensive Sequence 148
References 153
157
 Contents vii

4 Cavitating Flow
4.1 General Features 157
H Murai
4.1.1 Sheet Cavitation 157
4.1.2 Travelling Bubble Cavitation 160
4.1.3 Vortical Cavitation 161
4.1.4 Hydraulic Loss Caused by Cavitation 161
4.2 Hydrofoil and Hydrofoil Cascade 166
H Murai
4.2.1 Cavitation Characteristics of Hydrofoil 166
4.2.2 Cavitation Characteristics of Conventional
Airfoil Sections 170
4.2.3 Cavitation Characteristics of Ogival Hydrofoils 171
4.2.4 Cavitation Characteristics of Hydrofoil Cascade 175
4.2.5 Cavitation Characteristics of Conventional Airfoil
and Ogival Profiles 176
4.2.6 Hydrofoil Profile Suitable for Decelerating
and Accelerating Cascades 180
4.2.7 Computer Simulation of Partially Cavitating Foil 182
4.2.8 Supercavitating Hydrofoil 184
4.2.9 Supercavitating Hydrofoil Cascade 186
4.3 Control Valves 187
E Outa
0
4.3.1 General Features of Control Valve Cavitation 187
4.3.2 Cavitation Pictures of Globe Valve Flows 194
4.3.3 Cavitation Inception due to Vortex Growth 197
4.3.4 Cavitation Erosion and Anti-Cavitation Valves 202
References 205
5 Cavitation Phenomena in Hydraulic Machinery 211
5.1 General Features of Turbine Cavitation 211
H Tanaka
5.1.1 Cavitation in Francis Turbines 211
5.1.2 Cavitation in Propeller Turbines 220
5.1.3 Cavitation in Pelton Turbines 225
5.1.4 Cavitation in Francis Pump-Turbines 226
5.2 General Features of Pump Cavitation 229
R K Turton
5.2.1 Introduction 229
5.2.2 General Effect on Pumps 229
viii Contents

5.2.3 Net Positive Suction Head 232

5.2.4 Definition of Critical NPSHR 235
5.2.5 Implications for Pump Design 236
5.2.6 The Role of the Inducer 240
5.3 Pump Cavitation Similarity 242
V Chebaevsky and V Petrov
. 5.3.1 Problem Nature and Similarity Conditions 242
5.3.2 Thermodynamic Property Simulation 248
5.4 Cavitation Detection Techniques r 251
E Egusquiza
5.4.1 Introduction 251
5.4.2 Generation of Noise and Vibration 252
5.4.3 Propagation 253
5.4.4 Background Noise 254
5.4.5 Cavitation Detection in Frequency Domain 255
5.4.6 Cavitation Detection in Time Domain 259
5.4.7 Cavitation Detection with Time-Frequency Analysis 263
References 265
6 Cavitation Damage to Hydraulic Machinery 269
6.1 General Mechanism of Cavitation Damage 269
Y Iwai and T Okada
6.1.1 Introduction 269
6.1.2 Cavitation Bubble Collapse Pressures and Damage 269
6.1.3 Correlation between Erosion Resistance
and Mechanical Property 276
6.2 Cavitation Damage in Turbines 277
•" S C Li
6.2.1 Introduction 277
6.2.2 Propeller and Kaplan Turbines - 285
6.2.3 Francis Turbine 286
6.2.4 Pelton Turbine 290
6.2.5 Cavitation Guarantee 292
6.3 Cavitation Damage in Pumps 295
SCLi
6.3.1 Introduction 295
6.3.2 Axial Flow Pumps 295
6.3.3 Centrifugal Pumps 296
6.3.4 Pump-turbines 298
 Contents ix

6.3.5 Cavitation Guarantee 299

6.4 Silt-Laden Water Effect 302
S CLi
6.4.1 Introduction 302
6.4.2 Silt Erosion 302
6.4.3 Synergism of Silt and Cavitation Erosions 307
6.5 High Resistance Materials 314
S CLi
6.5.1 Introduction 314
6.5.2 Fused Materials 314
6.5.3 Non:fused Materials 330
6.6 Repair of Machine 334
S CLi
6.6.1 Introduction 334
6.6.2 Cause of Damage 334
6.6.3 Main Concerns in Repair 336
6.6.4 Examples 343
References 353
7 Cavitation Caused Vibrations 359
7.1 Cavitation Pressure Pulsation in Turbines 359
7.1.1 Blade Cavity Pulsations 359
J Sato
7.1.2 Blade Wake Cavitation Pulsations 364
J Sato
7.1.3 Draft Tube Vortex Core Cavitation Pulsations 364
P Henry
7.2 Cavitation Induced Pulsations in Pumps 369
7.2.1 Introduction 369
R K Turton
7.2.2 Characteristics of Cavitation Induced Pulsations 372
Y Tsujimoto
A
7.2.3 Mechanisms of Cavitation Induced Pulsations 376
Y Tsujimoto
7.2.4 Cavitation Characteristics - Mass Flow Gain Factor
and Cavitation Compliance 380
Y Tsujimoto
7.3 Influence of Operating Conditions 383
P Henry
x Contents

7.3.1 Preliminary Discussion 383

7.3.2 Part Load Precession 383
7.3.3 80% Load Oscillations 388
7.3.4 Draft Tube Free Oscillations 388
7.3.5 Auto-oscillations 398
7.3.6 Influence of the Test Head 401
7.3.7 Thoma Number 403
7.4 Cavitation Resonance in Hydraulic Machinery Installations 405
P Henry
7.4.1 Introduction 405
7.4.2 Prototype Installation 405
7.4.3 Model Tests 409
7.4.4 Stability of the Prototype Installation 413
References 417
8 Unsteady Cavitation Flows Caused by Machine Transients 423
Part 1: Turbine Transients 423
C S Martin
8.1 Introduction 423
8.2 Types of Turbine Cavitation 424
8.2.1 Francis Turbines 424
8.2.2 Kaplan Turbines 432
8.3 Draft-Tube Column Separation Incidents 433
8.4 Physical Modelling of Cavitating Transient Flows 436
8.5 Two-Phase Flow Modelling in Conduits 440
8.5.1 Acoustic Velocity 441
8.5.2 Slug Flow 444
8.6 Analytical Modelling of Cavitating Transient Flows 444
References 445
Part 2: Pump Transients 451
H Tsukamoto
8.7 Introduction 451
8.8 Transient Cavitation in Discharge Lines 451
8.8.1 Transient Cavitation Type 451
8.8.2 Water Column Separation 453
8.9 Transient Cavitating Flow in Turbopumps 453
8.9.1 True Total Pressure Rise 453
8.9.2 Transient Behaviour of a Cavitating Pump 455
8.9.3 Transient Characteristics of Pump 457
 Contents xi

8.10 Computer Simulation of Cavitating Transient Flows

in Pump System 460
8.11 Concluding Remarks 461
References 463