WOOD

Types of Wood
Hardwood – This type of wood comes
from deciduous trees and include
maple, oak, cherry, mahogany, and
teak trees

Softwood – This type of wood comes

from coniferous trees and evergreens
such as pine, fir, cedar poplar, and
redwood
Types of Wood
Types of Wood

From left to right:  Kamagong, dungon, ipil,

dao, tindalo, molave, guijo, narra, langka,
saplungan, and yakal
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood

Glulam (Glued
Laminated Timber)
-  a stress-rated
engineered wood beam
composed of wood
laminations, or "lams", that
are bonded together with
durable, moisture-resistant
adhesives
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood

Glulam (Glued
Laminated Timber)
- It is used in vaulted
ceilings and large open
spaces with exposed
ceilings and beams
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood
Plywood
- Manufactured from thin
sheets of cross-laminated
veneer and bonded under
heat and pressure with
strong adhesives
- Highly resistant to
impacts, chemicals, and
changes in environmental
temperature and humidity
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood
Plywood
- Used in subflooring,
single-layer flooring, wall
and roof sheathing,
sheathing ceiling/deck,
structural insulated
panels, marine
applications, siding, webs
of wood I-joists, concrete
forming, pallets, industrial
containers, mezzanine
decks, and furniture.
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood

Oriented Strand Board

- Made from waterproof heat-
cured adhesives and
rectangular shaped wood
strands that are arranged in
cross-oriented layers
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood
Oriented Strand Board
- Its combination of wood
and adhesives create a
strong, dimensionally stable
panel that resists
deflection, delamination,
and warping; likewise,
panels resist racking and
shape distortion when
subjected to demanding
wind and seismic
conditions
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood Cross Laminated Timber
- It consists of several layers
of kiln-dried lumber boards
stacked in alternating
directions, bonded with
structural adhesives, and
pressed to form a solid,
straight, rectangular panel
and consist of an odd
number of layers (usually,
three to seven,) and may
be sanded or prefinished
before shipping
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood

Cross Laminated Timber

- It is used for long spans in
walls, floors, and roofs
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood
Structural Composite
Lumber
- a family of engineered
wood products created by
layering dried and graded
wood veneers, strands or
flakes with moisture
resistant adhesive into
blocks of material known as
billets, which are
subsequently resawn into
specified sizes
Common Construction Products
Made of Wood
Structural Composite
Lumber
- Includes Laminated Veneer
Lumber (LVL), Parallel
Strand Lumber (PSL),
Laminated Strand Lumber
(LSL), and Oriented Strand
Lumber (OSL)
- Typically used as rafters,
headers, beams, joists,
studs, columns, and I-joist
flange material
S4S VS S2S

S2S (Surface Two Sides)

- The board has been run
through a planer
producing two flat faces,
but the edges are left
rough.
S4S VS S2S

S4S (Surfaced on 4 Sides)

- The board has been
surfaced on both faces
(S2S) and received a rip
on both edges, resulting
in a board with two flat
and parallel faces and
two flat and parallel
edges.
Lumber vs Timber
Timber
- Pieces of wood over 5 inches wide by
5 inches thick (regardless of length)
- Any timber pieces that exceed 8" wide
by 8" thick are referred to as beams
- They are often used to construct the
frames of large structures such as
buildings and bridges
- Timber is also commonly utilized in
large quantities for railroad ties, mine
shaft supports and crossbeams on
utility poles.
Lumber vs Timber

Lumber
- Pieces of wood that are smaller
than 5 inches wide by 5 inches
thick (regardless of length)
- These pieces are machine-planed
and sawn to fit certain
dimensional specifications (e.g.,
2x4", 2x8", etc.) and are primarily
used in residential construction.
Lumber vs Timber
Uses of Lumber

It can be used in the framing of

walls, for outdoor canopies,
flooring and ceiling, and
hardwood floors.
Uses of Lumber

It can also be used in temporary

structures such as for shuttering
and scaffolding
Uses of Lumber

It can also be used permanent

structures such as  acoustic
barriers, jetties, footbridges, road
bridges, posts and fencing.
Measuring Lumber

Lumber is measured in terms of

board foot which is equal to 144
cubic inches, or the volume of a
board 1 foot long x 1 foot wide x 1
inch thick.
 STRUCTURE OF WOOD

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic,

cellular and anisotropic material.

Hygroscopy - the phenomenon of

attracting and holding water
molecules from the surrounding
environment, which is usually at
normal or room temperature.

Cellular - consists of living cells

Anisotropic - having a physical

property that has a different value
when measured in different directions.
A simple example is wood, which is
stronger along the grain than across it.
STRUCTURE
OF WOOD
-In coniferous
softwood species,
the wood cells are
mostly of one kind,
as a result the
material is much
more uniform in
structure than that
of most hardwood
GRAINS

KNOTS
STRUCTURE
OF WOOD
- Since the source tree has been exposed to many
factors in nature especially wind, making it
necessary for the trunk to have two material
properties
- The center is in compression and the
outer layers are in tension
-The stressing is achieved as the
inner sapwood shrinks as it dries
and becomes heartwood

- Heartwood has lower moisture

content and thus is more resistant to
compressive forces
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

-DENSITY = indicator of wood strength; higher density meaning

stronger wood

-GROWTH RATE = for softwood, slower growth rate means slower

expansion thus having higher density and higher strength
= hardwood density is not necessarily an issue
concerning its strength

-MOISTURE CONTENT = the moisture content in wood will affect

itsstrength; wet is weak, as dry is strong
-OTHER PROPERTIES AFFECTING STRENGTH = slope of grain, knots,
shakes and checks
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

-ABILITY TO RESIST APPLIED OR EXTERNAL FORCES

= STIFFNESS AND ELASTICITY - PROPERTY TO RETAIN NATURAL

SHAPE AND SIZE OR RESIST DEFORMATION WHEN ACTED UPON BY
EXTERNAL FORCES
- MATERIALS DIFFICULT TO BEND OR DEFORM ARE STIFF;
OTHERWISE, FLEXIBLE

= TENSILE STRENGTH - DEPENDENT UPON FIBER DIMENSIONS AND

ARRANGEMENTS
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

= COMPRESSIVE OR CRUSHING STRENGTH - ABILITY TO RESIST

LOAD ACTING UPON ITS CROSS - SECTIONAL AREA

= SHEAR STRENGTH - SHEAR STRENGTH DEVELOPS AT (1) ALONG OR

(2) ACROSS THE GRAIN
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

= TRANSVERSE OR BENDING STRENGTH (FOR BEAMS) - WHEN

LOADS ARE APPLIED PERPENDICULAR TO THE LONG SPAN OF THE
BEAM, SHORTENING FIBERS ON THE APPLIED SURFACE AND
LENGTHENING THE FIBERS OF THE OPPOSITE SURFACE

= TOUGHNESS - TOUGHNESS IS DEPENDENT ON THE STRENGTH,

COHESION,QUALITY, LENGTH, AND ARRANGEMENT OF FIBER AND
PLIABILITY OF THE WOOD
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

= HARDNESS - IS (1) RESISTANCE TO INDENTATION AND (2) RESISTANCE TO

ABRASION OR SCRATCHING

= CLEAVABILITY - ABILITY OF WOOD TO SPLIT WHEN ACTED UPON BY A

FORCE LIKE A WEDGE

= RESILIENCE - AMOUNT WORK THE MATERIAL WOULD DO UPON BEING

RELEASED FROM A STATE OF STRESS
Testing to determine Mechanical Properties

Tensile Testing - Test pieces are screwed into

or gripped in jaws and stretched by moving
the grips apart at a constant rate while
measuring the load and the grip separation.

Impact Strength - is measured by allowing a

pendulum to strike a grooved machined test
piece and measuring the energy absorbed in
the break .
 Testing to determine Mechanical
Properties

Hardness – the common methods are:

Vickers (AS1817) which uses a microscope to
measure the depression caused on a
polished surface by a diamond indenter with
a load of kilograms.

Microhardness where loads less then 1kg

are used for Vickers or Knoop indenters.
Knoop indenters are common in the USA
where they are used for thin sheet. There is
good evidence that loads of less than 100gm
give significant inaccuracies in results.
Testing to determine Mechanical Properties

Brinell (AS1816) which uses

large loads (up to 3000kg) on a
rough polished surface and gives
impressions from 2 to 6mm.

Rockwell (AS1815) which forces a

pointed probe into the surface
and measures the increase in
penetration when the load is
increased from one level (minor
load) to another (major load). The
penetration is in tens of
micrometres and if the sample
deforms or moves, significant
errors may arise.
Testing to determine Mechanical Properties

Rebound (AS2731) where the

bounce of a ball indicates the
resistance to surface deformation
(i.e. hardness).

Electronic rebound (ASTM A956)

which uses the ratio of spring
driven impact velocity to rebound
velocity to give an LD value which
is converted into conventional
hardness numbers.

Scratch (Mohs) or file tests are

fairly qualitative and imprecise.
Organisms that
Degrade Wood

•Fungi

•Bacteria

•Insects.
 
Other Causes for
wood deterioration
•Exposure to sunlight

•Exposure to moisture and heat

cycles

•Changes in moisture content

These will cause:

•Surface erosion
(photodegradation)
•Checking, splitting and warping
• Shrinkage and swelling
•Disintegration and decay