A.

Illustrate & Describe each of the following wood joinery methods:

1. butt joint - A butt joint is a simple and classic wood joinery in which one end grain
bumps into another end grain at a 90-degree angle. With this wood joint, the two pieces are
not carved or shaped to lock into each other, but are instead held together with bolts and
screws.It is simple to carry out because it merely entails cutting the material into proper
lengths and putting them together.

2. miter joint -

A mitered butt joint is identical to a butt joint, except that the two boards are attached at an
angle instead of a square (forming a corner). As a result, the mitered butt joint will be more
aesthetically acceptable because no end grain will be visible. This is the simplest wood joint
that may be connected together without any cutting. However, the wood should be cut at a
45° angle.
 3. dado joint

A dado is a slit or trench carved into the surface of a piece of material, most commonly
wood. Simply described, it is a square grooved slot on one board that will accept another
board. It is the strongest wood joint, consisting of a three-sided channel cut in the grain of a
workpiece.
 4. lap joint

This is a sort of wood joint in which the wood component overlaps. These are common
forms of wood joints that can be full or half lapped. A full-lap joint requires no material to be
removed from either of the linked pieces, but a half-lap joint necessitates the removal of
material from both. Normally, half of the thickness of each wood piece is removed in half-lap
joints.
 5. bridle joint

Bridle joints are similar to mortise and tenon joints in that a tenon is cut at the end of one
wood piece and a mortise is cut on the other to accept it. T-bridle joints attach the ends of
one component to the middle of the other, most typically on corners.

The T-bridle joint is strong and excellent for attaching two parts together. Because the bridle
junction has a wide glue surface area and is very simple to execute, word workers prefer to
use it on large pieces.
 6. dowel joint

Dowel joints are both visually appealing and stronger than other types of joints. It is useful
to unite two pieces of wood by drilling dowel holes in each piece and connecting them with
wooden pegs (dowels). These dowels function as mechanical fasteners, spanning the two
boards and holding everything together. This wood joint improves the stability of weak wood
joints like the butt joint.
 7. mortise and tenon joint

In this joint, mortise refers to a pocket or groove cut in wood, and tenon refers to a positive
component of another wood piece that is put into the mortise. The mortise and tenon joint
also enhances the appearance of the wood. This traditional wood joint has been used since
the dawn of time and remains one of the strongest and most elegant methods of attaching
wood. One disadvantage of this connection is that it is difficult to make since precise
measuring and cutting are required.
 8. box joint

Box joints are created by cutting complementing, interlocking features in two pieces of wood
and gluing them together at right angles. The huge gluing surface area of the glued box
connection results in a strong bond.Box joints have open visible joints and parallel cutting.
They are used for box corners or box-like constructions as an alternative to dovetail joints.
 9. dovetail joint

One or more tapered projections on one piece connect with corresponding grooves on the
other to form a dovetail joint. Dovetail joints are both elegant and powerful, and they are
also the most difficult to execute. It is created by hand, utilizing a combination of saw and
chisel work, or cut with a variety of router templates, assuring precise pin and tail alignment.
 10. tongue and groove joint

It is also a type of wood joint that aids in the installation of wood boards and components.
This is a common wood joint produced by joining two or more pieces of wood edge to edge.
A tongue protrudes from the center of one piece to fit into a matching pocket, groove in the
other, similar to a mortise-and-tenon joint.
 11. cross lap joint

Cross-lap joints are made out of two pieces of wood or metal that are linked at right angles
by overlapping them in the middle of one or both components. Accurate measuring yields a
cross-lap junction with the mating pieces neatly interlocked and their faces flush.

12. splice joint

In woodworking, a splice junction connects two components end to end. When the material
being linked is not available in the appropriate length, a splice joint is employed. It's a
replacement for other joints like the butt joint and the scarf joint. Splice joints are more
powerful than unenforced butt joints and may be more powerful than scarf joints.
 13. finger joint

A finger joint, also known as a comb joint, is a type of woodworking junction produced by
cutting a set of complementary, interlocking profiles in two pieces of wood and then gluing
them together. The name "finger joint" comes from the cross-section of the joint, which
resembles the interlocking of fingers between two hands. The sidewalls of each profile
enhance the surface area for gluing, resulting in a strong bond that is stronger than a butt
joint but not as cosmetically pleasing.

14. birdsmouth joint

A birdsmouth joint, also known as a bird's beak cut, is a type of woodworking joint used to
connect a roof rafter to the top plate of a supporting wall in light frame construction. It is a
rafter indentation formed by a "seat cut" (the face of which rests on the top plate) and a
"heel cut" or "plumb cut" (the face of which lies parallel to the supporting wall), forming the
shape of a bird's mouth.

15. biscuit joint

This is another method of attaching two pieces of wood that does not require the use of
nails or screw holes. It is a joinery technique in which crushed wood chips (the biscuit) are
sandwiched between two pieces of wood of equal length. It is a modern woodworking joint
used exclusively for constructing table tops, relying on glue and beechwood biscuit swelling
to keep the boards in place.
 16. pocket hole joint

Even inexperienced woodworkers will recognize this joint. Using pocket joints, holes are
bored at an angle, usually 15 degrees, into one workpiece and then attached to a second
piece with self-tapping screws. Because this drilling must be exact, it is normally done with
a commercial jig.

It is marketed as the quickest and easiest technique to attach two components without
clamping them. It's a fantastic solution for cabinet face frames and other applications that
don't require a lot of strength.
17.Half-lap joint

A half-lap joint, as previously stated, entails removing half of each board being
joined in order for them to fit together. This joint only requires two cuts and a
chisel cleanup. To help square the frame, the half-lap joint features substantial
glue surfaces and a shoulder. Although this form of wood junction might weaken
two neighboring boards, it is also stronger than butt joints. This is a simple wood
joint that adds ornamentation and structure.
18. Cross-Dowel Joint
They are extremely similar to dowel-type wood joints. The only difference is that a threaded
metal dowel is put into the drilled groove. A screw is inserted and tightened to provide a pull
effect in this joint, which is often employed in factory-made furniture.

Cross-dowel joints create strong, solid right-angle joints that can tolerate tremendous
torque. If you take this joint apart and put it back together multiple times, it may not lose
strength or wear out from friction.

19.Groove Joint

A groove is a slot or gap cut into a wooden item that runs parallel to the grain in this wood
joint. As a result, the groove differs from the dado, which runs perpendicular to the grain.
They can be used in cabinets and other carpentry projects. Groove joints are commonly
utilized in panel construction and drawer bottoms.

20.Rabbet Joint
A rebate joint is a groove or dado on the edge of a lumber piece that forms a lip. The lip
may now be snugly fitted into the groove. Cabinets and similar assemblies can be
strengthened by utilizing rabbets to connect the back to the sides of the box. These joints
are not as robust and are frequently supported by screws, nails, or dowels.
 17 to 20. Any four (4) other joinery methods

B. Illustrate & Describe two (2) samples each of the following steel wood connectors:

1. post bases

Post bases are connectors that link a structural wood post (vertical part) to the concrete
foundation. Post bases are elevated 1" to avoid contact of the wood post with potential
water, and the bottom of the post base is meant to be flush with the concrete.

2. post caps

Post caps are used to connect a wood beam to the top of a wood post. They pass the load
into the post and, eventually, into the foundation. Post caps are available in a number of
sizes to meet various beam and post designs.

3. beam/joist Hangers

Joist hangers can be used to reinforce any load-bearing connection. Joist hangers employ
face mount attachments to secure joists to ledger boards and beams. Joist hangers are
available in a variety of sizes.

4. multiple truss hanger

This heavy strength multipurpose hanger is intended to support many trusses.Primary

girders, purlin-to-beam connections, and main trimmer joists are all examples of structural
elements. Timber, masonry, and concrete are all examples of building materials. All timber
widths are available. increased overall burden performance. Bolted, nailed, or a
combination of the two.

5. framing angles

Fasteners such as framing anchors, framing angles, joist, purling, and beam hangers,
truss plates, post caps, post anchors, sill plate anchors, steel straps, and nail-on steel
plates are examples of proprietary items. Framing connectors are frequently used for a
variety of reasons, including their ability to provide connections within prefabricated
light-frame wood trusses, to resist wind uplift and seismic loads, to reduce the overall
depth of a floor or roof assembly, and to withstand higher loads than traditional nailed
connections.

6. deck ties

Deck ties are connectors used in deck building to ensure code compliance, specifically
where the deck joins to the house and where the deck posts and railing posts are joined.
Fence brackets both strengthen and beautify the connection between fence rails and posts.

7. hurricane ties

Hurricane Ties are attached to three types of wood: a vertical post, a perpendicular top
plate or wall plate, and a rafter. Hurricane ties, also known as rafter or truss ties, are used to
secure rafters, trusses, or joists to the timber framework for deck or roof building. This is
done to resist uplift and lateral stresses caused by a hurricane or heavy storm.

8. holdowns/tension ties

Holdowns, also known as hold downs or tension ties, are important parts of a continuous
load route. They are commonly employed in light-frame construction to counteract shear
wall overturning or wind uplift stresses. These connectors are used to support concrete or
masonry walls to roof framing in panelized roof construction.

9. plywood sheathing clips

They are also known as H-clips or panel sheathing clips and are used to strengthen
unsupported sheathing edges and create a 1/8" gap to handle shrinkage and expansion of
roof sheathing.

10. wooden stud shoe

- Designed to strengthen, protect, and reinforce notched timber studs for plumbing and
other activities. The galvanized stud shoes protect the plumbing from penetrating nails and
other fasteners, as well as adding strength and structural integrity to the studs. To meet
your application, multiple stud sizes and two different style options are offered.

C. Dry Wall Construction.

 Illustrate the anatomy of a wooden dry wall by showing the parts of the framing involving
wooden studs (not metal studs). Label the parts.