Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical Components
Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman

Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
CUET
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Preliminaries….
The method of symmetrical components, first developed by

C.L. Fortescue in 1918.
Analysis by symmetrical components is a powerful tool

which makes the calculation of unsymmetrical faults almost
as easy as the calculation of symmetrical three-phase faults.

Symmetrical Components…Definition
Fortescue's theorem
Three unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system can be resolved into three

balanced systems of phasors . The balanced sets of components are:
1. Positive-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in

magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in phase, and having the
same phase sequence as the original phasors,
2. Negative-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in

magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in phase, and having the
phase sequence opposite to that of the original phasors, and
3. Zero-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude

and with zero phase displacement from each other.

Vc1 Va2
Va1
Vb2
Va0
V
Vc0 b0
Vc2
Vb1
Positive-sequence Negative-sequence Zero-sequence

components components components
Fig. 3-1 Three sets of balanced phasors which are the symmetrical
components of three unbalanced phasors
Va0
Va Va2
Va2
Vc1
Vc
Va1
Vc0
Vc2 Vb2
Vb
Vb0 Vb1 Vc2

Vb2
Va0
Vb0
Vc0

Va0
Va Va2
Vc1
Vc
Va1
Vc0
Vc2
Vb
Vb0 Vb1
Vb2

The original phasors expressed in terms

of their components are:
Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0 ........................(3.1)
Vb  Vb1  Vb 2  Vb 0 ........................(3.2)
Vc  Vc1  Vc 2  Vc 0 .........................(3.3)

Operators
Shorthand method of indicating the rotation of a phasor through 120.
The letter a is commonly used to designate the operator that causes a

rotation of 120 in the counterclockwise direction.
a = 1120 = 1j2/3 = -0.5 + j0.866

a2 = 1240 = -0.5 - j0.866 a -a2
a3 = 1360 = 10 = 1
-1, -a3 1, a3
a2 -a
Fig. 3-12 Phasor diagram of the various

powers of the operator a

The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Resolve three unsymmetrical phasors
into their symmetrical components
Vc1 Va2
Va1
Vb2 V
Vb0a0
Vc0
Vc2
Vb1
Vb1  a 2Va1 Vc1  aVa1

Vb 2  aVa 2 Vc 2  a 2Va 2 ......................(3.4)
Vb 0  Va 0 Vc 0  Va 0

From equations (3.1) – (3.4)
Va  Va 0  Va1  Va 2 ...................(3.5)
Vb  Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2 ..................(3.6)
Vc  Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2 ..................(3.7)
In matrix form
Va  1 1 1  Va 0 
V   1 a 2 a  V ...............(3.8)
 b    a1 
Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2 
Let
1 1 1 
 
A  1 a 2 a .............................( 3.9)
1 a a 2 
 
1 1 1 
1 
A -1  1 a a 2 .............................( 3.10)
3
1 a 2 a 
 
Premultiplying both sides of eq. (3.8) by A-1
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a a 2  V ...............(3.11)
 a1  3   b 
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc 
 
From eq. (3.11)
Va 0 
1
Va  Vb  Vc  ........................(3.12)
3
1
 
Va1  Va  aVb  a 2Vc ..................(3.13)
3
1
 
Va 2  Va  a 2Vb  aVc ..................(3.14)
3
If required the components Vb0, Vb1, Vb2, Vc0, Vc1 and Vc2 can also be found.

Va 0 
1
Va  Vb  Vc  ........................(3.12)
3
Eq. (3.12) shows that no zero sequence components exist if the sum of the
unbalanced phasors is zero. Since the sum of the line-to-line voltage phasors
in a three-phase system is always zero, zero-sequence components are
never present in the line voltages, regardless of the amount of unbalance.
The sum of the three line-to-neutral voltage phasors is not necessarily zero,
and voltages to neutral may contain zero-sequence components.

The equations for currents can be written as
I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2 ...................(3.15)
I b  I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2 ...................(3.16)
I c  I a 0  aI a1  a 2 I a 2 ...................(3.17)
I a 0  I a  I b  I c  ........................(3.18)
1
3
1
 
I a1  I a  aI b  a 2 I c ...................(3.19)
3
1
 
I a 2  I a  a 2 I b  aI c ..................(3.20)
3

In a three-phase Y-connected system, the neutral current
In is the sum of the line currents:
I a  I b  I c  I n .........................(3.21)
Comparing eqs. (3.18) and (3.21) gives
I n  3I a 0 ...................................(3.22)
 In the absence of a path through the neutral of a three-phase system,

In is zero, and the line currents contain no zero-sequence components.
 A -connected load provides no path to neutral, and line currents

flowing to a -connected load contain no zero-sequence components`


Book: Power System Analysis and Design

by: Glover and Sarma

Sequence Impedances
In any part of a circuit, the voltage drop caused by current of a certain

sequence depends on the impedance of that part of the circuit to
current of that sequence.
The impedance of any section of a balanced network to current of one

sequence may be different from impedance to current of another
sequence.

Sequence Impedances
The impedance of a circuit when positive-sequence currents alone are

flowing is called the impedance to positive-sequence current or
positive-sequence impedance.
+
Va1 -
Ia1 Z1

Sequence Impedances
The impedance of a circuit when negative-sequence currents alone are

flowing is called the impedance to negative-sequence current or
negative-sequence impedance.
+
Va2 -
Ia2 Z2

Sequence Impedances
The impedance of a circuit when zero-sequence currents alone are

flowing is called the impedance to zero-sequence current or zero-
sequence impedance.
+
Va0 -
Ia0 Z0

Sequence Networks
The analysis of an unsymmetrical fault on a symmetrical system consists in

finding the symmetrical components of the unbalanced currents that are
flowing.
Since the components currents of one phase sequence cause voltage drops
of like sequence only and are independent of currents of other sequences,
in a balanced system, currents of any one sequence may be considered to
flow in an independent network composed of the impedances to the
current of that sequence only.
The single-phase equivalent circuit composed of the impedances to

current of any one sequence only is called the sequence network for that
particular sequence.

Sequence Networks
Sequence networks carrying the currents Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are
interconnected to represent various unbalanced fault conditions.
To calculate the effect of a fault by the method of symmetrical

components, it is essential to determine the sequence impedances
and to combine them to form the sequence networks.

Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators
Ia
a
+ Fault occurs at the terminals of the

In Ea unloaded generator and fault currents Ia,
- Ib and Ic flow in the lines.
Zn - Eb
-
+
+ Ec
b
Ib Fault involves ground and In flows to the
c
neutral to the generator.
Ic
Fig. 3-13 Unloaded generator grounded through a reactance

Ia1
a
Z1 Reference bus
+ -
Ea -
Ea
- + Va1
- Eb
Z1 - + Z1 Z1
E Ib1 +
+ c b a
c
Ia1
Ic1
(a) Positive-sequence current paths (b) Positive-sequence network
Fig. 3-14 Paths for current of each sequence in a

generator and the corresponding sequence networks
 Generated voltages are of  Positive-sequence  The impedance may

positive sequence only, since the network is composed of an be subtransient, transient
generator is designed to supply emf in series with the or synchronous reactance
balanced three-phase voltages. positive-sequence impedance depending on the
of the generator. conditions of the circuit.

Ia2
Reference bus
a -
Z2
Z2 Va2
Z2 Z2 Ib2
c b
+ a
Ia2
Ic2
(c) Negative-sequence current paths (d) Negative-sequence network

 The reference bus for the positive- and negative-sequence networks is

the neutral of the generator.
 So far positive- and negative-sequence components are concerned, the

neutral will be at ground potential since the neutral-ground connection will
carry no positive- or negative-sequence current.

Ia0
Ia0 Reference bus
a -
Ib0 = Ia0
Ic0 = Ia0 Zg0 3Zn
Z0 Va0
Zn Zg0 Ib0
b Zg0
c Zg0 + a
Ia0
Ic0
(e) Zero-sequence current paths (f) Zero-sequence network

The voltage drop in generator Since this voltage drop is due only to zero-
neutral impedance = ZnIn sequence current, an impedance (3Zn) is placed
= Zn(3Ia0) in the zero-sequence network in series with the
= (3Zn)I0 generator zero-sequence impedance Zg0.
Total zero sequence impedance, Z0 = 3Zn + Zg0

Ia1
a Reference bus
Z1 -
-
+ Ea
Ea
-
- Eb Z1
+ Va1
Va1  Ea  I a1Z1.........(3.23)
- + Z1
Z1 Ib1 + a
+ Ec b
c
Ia1
Ic1
(a) Positive-sequence current paths (b) Positive-sequence network
Ia2
a Reference bus
-
Z2
Z2 Z2 Ib2 Z2 Va2 Va 2   I a 2 Z 2 .........(3.24)
c b
Ic2 + a
Ia2
(c) Negative-sequence current paths (d) Negative-sequence network
Ia0
Ia0 a Reference bus
Ib0 = Ia0 -
Ic0 = Ia0 Zg0
Va 0   I a 0 Z 0 .........(3.25)
3Zn
Zn Zg0 Ib0 Z0 Va0
c b Zg0
Zg0
Ic0 + a
Ia0
(e) Zero-sequence current paths (f) Zero-sequence network

Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads
a
+ Ia
c
+ Ic ZY ZY Vag  Z Y I a  Z n I n
 Z Y I a  Z n I a  I b  I c 
In
N
 Vag  Z Y  Z n I a  Z n I b  Z n I c .......(3.26)
Vag
Vcg ZY Zn
Ib Similarly,
b
Vbg  Z n I a  Z Y  Z n I b  Z n I c .......(3.27)
+
Vbg
g - - -
Vcg  Z n I a  Z n I b  Z Y  Z n I c .......(3.28)
Fig. 3-15 Balanced-Y impedance load
Eqs. (3.26) – (3.28) can be rewritten in the matrix form
Vag  Z Y  Z n  Zn Zn I a 

  
Vbg    Z n ZY  Z n  Z n   I b 
Vcg   Z n
  Zn ZY  Z n   I c 
Va  Z Y  Z n  Zn Zn I a 

or, V    Z Y  Z n  Z n   I b .......(3.29)
 b   Zn
Vc   Z n Zn ZY  Z n   I c 
More compactly,
V p  Z p I p .........(3.30)
Vp  Vector of line-to-ground voltages (or phase voltages)

Ip  Vector of line currents (or phase currents)
Zp  3  3 phase impedance matrix
Previously found,
Va  1 1 1  Va 0  Va  1 1 1  V0 

V   1 a 2 a  V  or, V   1 a 2 a  V 
 b    a1   b   1 
Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2  Vc  1 a a 2  V2 
V p  AVs .........(3.31) From (3.30) - (3.32)

similarly, I p  AI s .........(3.32) AVs  Z p AI s .........(3.33)
Vs  vector of sequence voltages Premultiplying both sides of (3.33) by A-1,

Is  vector of sequence currents
 
A1 AVs  A1Z p A I s .........(3.34)
Vs  Z s I s .........( 3.35)

Z Y  3Z n  0 0
where, Z s  A-1Z p A   0 ZY 0 ..........(3.36)
 0 0 Z Y 
From (3.35)
V0  ZY  3Z n  0 0 I0  Do it yourself!!!!!!

V    0 ZY 0   I1 
 1 
V2   0 0 ZY   I 2 
Expanding
V0  ZY  3Z n I 0  Z 0 I 0
V1  ZY I1  Z1 I1
V2  ZY I 2  Z 2 I 2

Reference bus
-
3Zn
Va0 Z0
= ZY + 3Zn
ZY
+ Ia0
a Reference bus
-
(a) Zero-sequence network
Va1 Z1 = ZY
+ Ia1
a
Reference bus
- (b) Positive-sequence network
Va2 Z2 = ZY
a + Ia2 Fig. 3-16 Sequence networks of a

balanced-Y impedance load
(c) Negative-sequence network

Note:
1. The positive and negative sequence currents do not
flow in neutral impedances.
2. Y-load with no neutral path: 3Zn open-circuited.
Y-load solidly grounded: 3Zn short-circuited.

Reference bus
-
Z0 = 
Va0
ZY
+ Ia0 = 0
a
Reference bus
-
Va1 Z1 = ZY
+ Ia1
a
Reference bus
Va2 Z2 = ZY
a + Ia2 Fig. 3-17 Sequence networks of a

balanced-Y impedance load with
(c) Negative-sequence network neutral ungrounded

Reference bus
-
Z0 = 
Balanced- load  Equivalent Y load
Z
Va0 ZY eq 
Z 3
3
+ Ia0 = 0
a
Reference bus
-
Z
Va1 Z1 =
3
+ Ia1
a
Reference bus
Z
Va2 Z2 =
3
a + Ia2 Fig. 3-18 Sequence networks for an

equivalent Y-representation of a
(c) Negative-sequence network balanced- load

Book: Glover & Sarma 4th edition

Page: 408

Example 11.3 (Stevension 4th edition, Page 296)
Draw the negative sequence network for the system described in Example
6.10. Assume that the negative sequence reactance of each machine is
equal to its subtransient reactance. Omit resistance.
M1 200 MVA
p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k 0.5 /km X=20%
l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 13.2 kV
350 MVA 3 100 MVA X=20%
X=20% 20/230 kV 127  3/13.2 kV
X  10% X  10%

Reactance diagram
Reference bus
- - -
Eg Em1 Em2
+ + +
j0.2 j0.2745 j0.549
l m p r
k n
j0.0857 j0.1815 j0.0915
Fig. 3-19 Positive-sequence network

Reference bus
j0.2745 j0.549
j0.2
p r
k l m
n
j0.0857 j0.1815 j0.0915
Fig. 3-20 Negative-sequence network

Zero-Sequence Networks
Reference bus
Z
Z
N
Z
N
Z
(a)
Reference bus
Z
Z
N
Z
N
Z
(b)
Reference bus
Z
Z 3Ia0 3Zn
N Ia0
Z Zn
Z
N Fig. 3-21 Zero-sequence networks for
Y-connected loads
(c)

Reference bus
Z Z
Z
Z
Fig. 3-22 -connected load and its

zero-sequence network

Zero-Sequence Equivalent
Circuits of 3- Transformers
SYMBOLS CONNECTION DIAGRAMS ZERO-SEQUENCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
P Q Z0
P Q
P Q
Reference bus
P Q Z0
P Q
P Q
Reference bus
Fig. 3-23 Zero-sequence equivalent circuits for 3- transformer banks together with diagrams of
connections and the symbols for one-line diagrams.
P Q Z0
P Q
P Q
Reference bus
P Q Z0
P Q
P Q
Reference bus
P Q Z0
P Q
P Q
Reference bus

Draw zero-sequence network:
Q S
P M N
Zn R T
Reference bus
3Zn
Q S
P M N
T
R

Draw zero-sequence network:
T U
M P R S
V X
Zn N Q W Z
Reference bus
3Zn
T U
M P R S V X
Q W Z
N

Example 11.4 (Stevenson 4th ed.)
M1 200 MVA
p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k
X=20%
l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 13.2 kV
350 MVA 3 100 MVA X=20%
X=20% 20/230 kV 127  3/13.2 kV
X  10% X  10%
Draw the zero-sequence network for the system described in Example 6.10
(Stevenson 4th ed.).
Assume,
Zero-sequence reactances for the generator and motors of 0.05 p.u.
Current limiting reactors in the neutral of the generator and the larger motor are
of 0.4  each
Zero-sequence reactance of the transmission line is 1.5/km.
Solution 11.4
300 MVA
13.8 kV
20 kV M1 200 MVA
230 kV p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV
Zero-sequence leakage reactance of transformers is equal to the positive-

sequence reactance.
So, for T1, X0 = 0.0857 p.u.

for T2, X0 = 0.0915 p.u. as in Example 6.10.

Solution 11.4 (Contd….)
300 MVA
13.8 kV
20 kV M1 200 MVA
230 kV p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV
Zero-sequence impedances of generator and motors are:
Generator : X 0  0.05 p.u.

2
300  13.2 
Motor 1 : X 0  0.05    0.0686 p.u.
200  13.8 
2
300  13.2 
Motor 2 : X 0  0.05    0.1372 p.u.
100  13.8 
300 MVA
13.8 kV
20 kV M1 200 MVA
230 kV p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV
In the generator circuit, In the motor circuit,
Base Z =
202  1.333  Base Z =
13.8
2
 0.635 
300 300

300 MVA
13.8 kV
20 kV M1 200 MVA
230 kV p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV
For generator, For the transmission line,

0.4 15  64
3Z n  3  0.900 p.u. X0   0.5445 p.u.
1.333 176.3
For motor,
0.4
3Z n  3  1.890 p.u.
0.635
300 MVA
13.8 kV
20 kV M1 200 MVA
230 kV p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV
The zero-sequence network is drawn below:
Reference bus
j0.900 j1.890
j0.05 j0.0686 j0.1372
m p r
l
k n
j0.0857 j0.5445 j0.0915
Thank You

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Symmetrical Components

Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The method of symmetrical components, first developed by

Analysis by symmetrical components is a powerful tool

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Three unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system can be resolved into three

1. Positive-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in

2. Negative-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in

3. Zero-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Positive-sequence Negative-sequence Zero-sequence

Vb0 Vb1 Vc2

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The original phasors expressed in terms

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The letter a is commonly used to designate the operator that causes a

a = 1120 = 1j2/3 = -0.5 + j0.866

Fig. 3-12 Phasor diagram of the various

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Vb1  a 2Va1 Vc1  aVa1

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Premultiplying both sides of eq. (3.8) by A-1

From eq. (3.11)

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The equations for currents can be written as

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Comparing eqs. (3.18) and (3.21) gives

 In the absence of a path through the neutral of a three-phase system,

 A -connected load provides no path to neutral, and line currents

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Book: Power System Analysis and Design

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

In any part of a circuit, the voltage drop caused by current of a certain

The impedance of any section of a balanced network to current of one

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The impedance of a circuit when positive-sequence currents alone are

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The impedance of a circuit when negative-sequence currents alone are

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The impedance of a circuit when zero-sequence currents alone are

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The analysis of an unsymmetrical fault on a symmetrical system consists in

The single-phase equivalent circuit composed of the impedances to

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

To calculate the effect of a fault by the method of symmetrical

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

+ Fault occurs at the terminals of the

Fig. 3-13 Unloaded generator grounded through a reactance

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

(a) Positive-sequence current paths (b) Positive-sequence network

Fig. 3-14 Paths for current of each sequence in a

 Generated voltages are of  Positive-sequence  The impedance may

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Fig. 3-14 Paths for current of each sequence in a

 The reference bus for the positive- and negative-sequence networks is