Autotransformer Model
Autotransformer Model
Autotransformer Model
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems in the following source:
Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections,
structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this
document.
Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive
version was subsequently published in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems, [Vol. 56, 2014].
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.005
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061513004638
1
IN
MP3 MS3
ZN
I3
L3 L3 L3
3. Symmetrical Components Model For Single Phase-to- Short-circuit reactances of the primary X1, secondary X2 and
Ground Fault tertiary winding X3, referring to Fig. 5, can be calculated by
The autotransformer model for short-circuit studies was equations (32) (34).
verified with symmetrical components [16]. Symmetrical
X HV / LV X HV / TV X LV / TV
1
components are commonly used to analyze unsymmetrical X1 (32)
2
faults in three-phase power systems since in many cases the
X HV / LV X LV / TV X HV / TV
1
unbalanced part of the physical system can be isolated for a X2 (33)
study, while the rest of the system is being considered to be in 2
balance. In such cases, the aim is to find the symmetrical
X HV / TV X LV / TV X HV / LV
1
components of the voltages and the currents at the point of X3 (34)
2
unbalance and connect the sequence networks.
Fig. 5 shows equivalent scheme for the analysis of single Reactances of the transformer windings in positive (X11, X12,
phase-to-ground fault on HV side of three-phase X13), negative (X21, X22, X23) and zero (X01, X02, X03) sequence
autotransformer. systems are determined by the equations (35) (37).
LV network X11 X 21 X 01 X1 (35)
X12 X 22 X 02 X 2 (36)
ZHVN impedance ZLVN impedance of
of the HV active the LV active network X13 X 23 X 03 X 3 (37)
network
Equivalent scheme of single phase-to-ground fault on HV side
HV
network
modeled using symmetrical components is shown in Fig. 6.
Total impedances of the positive, negative and zero sequence
HV winding LV winding Tertiary winding
X1 X2 X3 networks are determined using the equations (38) (41).
Fig. 5. Equivalent scheme of single phase-to-ground fault on HV side of Z1HVN Z1LVN X 11 X 12
Z1 (38)
three-phase autotransformer Z1LVN Z1HVN X 11 X 12
Per unit impedances of active networks can be calculated by Z 2 HVN Z 2 LVN X 21 X 22
equations (24) and (25). Z2 (39)
Z 2 LVN Z 2 HVN X 21 X 22
Sb
Z HVN (24) X 03 Z 0 LVN X 02
S scHV Zp (40)
X 03 Z 0 LVN X 02
Z LVN
Sb
S scLV
(25)
Z0
Z 0 HVN Z p X 01 (41)
Z 0 HVN Z p X 01
Sb is base power and SscHV and SscLV are short-circuit powers of
active networks. ZHVN
Currents relevant to the base power are given by equations
(26) - (28). Positive X12
Sb sequence ZLVN X11
I r1 (26) network X13
3 U r1 1-system
U=1 p.u.
Sb
I r2 (27)
3 U r2 ZHVN
Sb
I r3 (28) Negative X22
3 U r3 sequence ZLVN X21
network X23 I
The per unit short-circuit impedances are calculated by
2-system
equations (29) (31).
ukr12
X HV / LV (29) ZHVN
100
u kr13 X02
X HV / TV (30) Zero
100 sequence ZLVN X01
u kr 23 network X03
X LV / TV (31) 0-system
100
Fig. 6. Single phase-to-ground fault on HV side modeled using symmetrical
components
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IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS
IASNS IASNS
IASNS=IBSNS=ICSNS
IAPNP IAPNP
ICSNS
ICSICP0 IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
ICPICS=0 ICS=0
IBSNS
ICPNP ICPNP IBSNS
I3N3 I3N3 IASIBSICSIAPIBPICP0
I3N3 IBPNP IBPNP=IBSNS
IBPNP
IBPNP=IBSNS
a) b) c)
Fig. 9. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for double phase-to-ground fault (phases A and B) on HV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c)
HV side only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.
IBSNS
IBPNP=IBSNS IBSNS
IBPNP=IBSNS ICSNS IAS=IBS=ICS=0 ICSNS
IBPNP IBPNP
ICSICP0 ICPNP ICSICP0
ICPNP
I3N3 I3N3
IASNS IASNS
IAPNP I3N3 IAPNP
IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS
a) b) c)
Fig. 10. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for double phase-to-ground fault (phases A and B) on LV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c)
HV side only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.
IASNS=IBSNS=ICSNS
IASNS IASIBSICS0
IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS
IAPIBPICP0
IASNS
IAPNP IBSNS=ICSNS IAPNP IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
IBSICSIBPICP0
IBS=ICS=0
IBPNP=ICPNP
IBPNP=ICPNP I3N3
I3N3
I3N3
a) b) c)
Fig. 11. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for single phase-to-ground fault (phase A) on HV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c) HV side
only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.
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a) b) c)
Fig. 12. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for single phase-to-ground fault (phase A) on LV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c) HV side
only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.
References
[1] J. J. Winders, Jr., Power Transformers Principles and Applications,
PPL Electric Utilities, Allentown, Pennsylvania, Marcel Dekker, 2002.
[2] V. Behjat, A. Vahedi, A. Setayeshmehr, H. Borsi, E. Gockenbach,
Sweep frequency response analysis for diagnosis of low level short
circuit faults on the windings of power transformers: An experimental
study, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 7890, November 2012.
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