CAHSEE Geometry and Measurement Teacher Text - UC Davis - August 2008
CAHSEE Geometry and Measurement Teacher Text - UC Davis - August 2008
CAHSEE Geometry and Measurement Teacher Text - UC Davis - August 2008
CAHSEE on Target
Mathematics Curriculum
Published by
The University of California, Davis,
School/University Partnerships Program
2006
Director
Sarah R. Martinez, School/University Partnerships, UC Davis
Editor
Nadia Samii, UC Davis Nutrition Graduate
Reviewers
Faith Paul, School/University Partnerships, UC Davis
Linda Whent, School/University Partnerships, UC Davis
The CAHSEE stands for the California High School Exit Exam. The
mathematics section of the CAHSEE consists of 80 multiple-choice
questions that cover 53 standards across 6 strands. These strands
include the following:
Each student will receive a separate workbook for each strand and will
use these workbooks during their tutoring sessions. These workbooks
will present and explain each concept covered on the CAHSEE, and
introduce new or alternative approaches to solving math problems.
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1. Pick the attribute you want to measure (such as the length, the
width, the perimeter, the area, the volume, the weight, the surface
area).
Example: Maurice would like to know how long his desk is. This
involves the following steps:
1. Pick the attribute of the desk to measure: length
2. Choose the unit of measure: combination of feet & inches
3. Measure the length of the desk: Use a ruler to find the
number of feet and inches.
On Your Own:
Evelyn would like to know how heavy her puppy is. She must….
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
6 feet ● 12 inches
1 foot
6 ● 12 inches = 72 inches
Eric is 72 inches tall.
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
* Means that you will need to memorize these conversions for the
CAHSEE. The others will probably be given to you.
You should also know the standard abbreviations and symbols for
units of measure:
Note: You should also know standard conversion factors for time:
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Steps:
20 ft ● 12 in
1 1 ft
20 ● 12 in = 20 ● 12 in = 240 inches
1 1 1
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
In the above, problem, we could also have written the fraction (in the
third step) as follows:
Steps:
1 yard
3 feet ← Feet in Denominator
5
15 feet ● 1 yard ← We are really just multiplying 15 ft by 1!
1 13 feet
5 ● 1 yd = 5 yds
1
Answer: There are 5 yards in 15 feet.
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Steps:
Since we are given the unit of tons in the problem, we want tons
to appear in the denominator of the fraction so we can cancel out
common units:
13
Solve: 3¼ ● 2000 lbs → ● 2000 = 6,500 lbs
4
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.1
3. Mr. Adam buys 18 quarts of milk each week for his 5 children.
How many gallons of milk does this equal?
4½ gallons
4. Rita needs 6 cups of milk for a pie recipe. How many fluid ounces
of milk does this represent?
48 fluid ounces
75 ft
2640 ft
1.1
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
7 yards
48 inches
540 minutes
660 seconds
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Steps:
3 feet = 1 yard
3 feet
1 yard ← Yards in Denominator
4 ● 3 feet = 12 feet
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.1
Example: Order the following lengths, from smallest to largest:
5' 35" 3' 20"
Notice that the measures are expressed in different units. The first is
expressed in feet ('), the second in inches ("), and the third in both
feet (') and inches (").
12" = 1'
5 ft ● 12 in
1 ft
5 ft ● 12 in ← We can cancel out common units.
1 ft
5 ● 12 in = 60 in
• To convert 3' 20" to inches, let's first convert the 3 feet and then
add the 20 inches at the end:
3 ft ● 12 in
1 ft
3 ft ● 12 in ← We can cancel out common units.
1 ft
3 ● 12 in = 36 in
3' 20' = 36 in + 20 in = 56 in
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.1
On Your Own:
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.1
5 lb 45 oz 4 lb 6 oz
5 lb = 80 oz 45 oz 4 lb 6 oz = 70 oz
45 oz 4 lb 6 oz 5 lb__
Smallest Largest
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.1
3. The table below shows the departure and arrival times for four
different trains from Sacramento to Santa Barbara.
Hint: Figure out the travel time for each train. Then compare.
5. Miriam spent 450 minutes studying for her final exam in algebra.
Express the time in hours and minutes.
Answer: 7 ½ hours
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.1
1. Maria rode her bike 1 14 miles. How many feet did she ride on her
bike? (5,280 feet = 1 mile)
A. 6,340
B. 6,600
C. 7,180
D. 7,392
1
A. of a meter
1000
1
B. of a meter
100
C. 100 meters
D. 1000 meters
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.1
4. The table below shows the flight times from San Francisco (S.F.) to
New York (N.Y.).
5. A boy is two meters tall. About how tall is the boy in feet ( ft ) and
inches (in ) ? (1 meter ≈ 39 inches)
A. 5 ft 0 in.
B. 5 ft 6in.
C. 6 ft 0 in.
D. 6 ft 6 in.
6. Juanita exercised for one hour. How many seconds did Juanita
exercise?
A. 60
B. 120
C. 360
D. 3,600
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
There are two methods that we can use to solve this problem:
• With Algebra
• Without Algebra
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
A. Length
Note: The units of the numerators must be the same, and the
units of the denominators must be the same. In the example
above, we will set the unit of the numerator as inches and the unit
of the denominator as yards:
inches inches
=
yards yards
1 inch = 2 inches
10 yards x yards
1x = 20 ← Cross multiply
x = 20 The actual length of the room is 20 yards.
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
B. Width 1.2
Let's look at this problem again and solve for the actual width of the
classroom:
Width:
Let y = the actual width of the classroom
1 inch = 1.5 inches
10 yards y yards
1y = 15 ← Cross multiply
y = 15 The actual width of the room is 15 yards.
We can also solve this problem without algebra. Just apply the ratio
of the actual size to the scale size.
Length
Scale: 1 scale inch represents 10 yards
Width
Scale: 1 scale inch represents 10 yards
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1 6 scale scale
= ← Set up your proportion: =
18 x actual actual
x = 108 ← Cross multiply
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
With Algebra:
1 5
=
18 x
x = 90
Without Algebra:
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1 foot
675 km
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.2
A. 6 cm
B. 24 cm
C. 36 cm
D. 54 cm
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Example: A car that travels 60 miles in one hour travels at the rate of
60 miles per hour.
5mi
First, let's write this as a ratio:
60 min
1mi
If not, reduce it to its lowest terms:
12 min
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
12 1 15 1 8 1 6 1
= = = =
60 5 60 4 24 3 54 9
• With Algebra
• Without Algebra
1 = x ← Miles
5 50 ← Minutes
5x = 50 ← Cross multiply
5x = 50 ← Divide both sides by 5 to isolate the x.
5 5
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.3
60x = 360
x=6
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
• Find the rate (by reducing the given ratio to lowest terms:
8 1
= Rate: 1 mile per 5 minutes
40 5
• Multiply the rate (in fraction form) by the quantity we are given in
the problem (50 minutes).
1 mi_ ● 50 min
5 min
10
1 mi_ ● 50 min ← Cancel out common units and factors!
1 5 min
Solve: 1 mi ● 10 = 10
1 mile ● 10 = 10 miles
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Rate is 60 mph
9
1 hour _ ● 270 miles → 9 hours = 4.5 hours
260 miles 2
2. Irma ran 18 miles at the speed of 4½ miles per hour. How long did
it take her to run that distance?
Rate: 4.5 mph → 4.5 miles : 1 hour → 4.5 miles
1 hour
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Example: Tim ran 150 meters in 25 seconds, and Evan ran 90 meters
in 15 seconds. Based on these rates, which statement is true?
A. Tim’s average speed was 4 meters per second faster than Evan’s
average speed.
B. Tim’s average speed was 2.4 meters per second faster than
Evan’s average speed.
C. Tim’s average speed was 2 meters per second faster than Evan’s
average speed.
D. Tim’s average speed was equal to Evan’s average speed.
To solve this problem, we need to find the rate in reduced form for
each runner. Once we have both rates in reduced form, we can
compare them:
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
In this problem, it may be easiest to use the unit of feet, since two
rates are expressed in feet. Also, we may wish to use minutes, since
two rates are expressed in minutes.
We can now multiply the rate (35 yd/min) by the conversion factor
(expressed in fraction form) and cancel out common units:
continued →
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1 hour____
60 minutes
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1.3
1. Beverly ran six miles at the speed of four miles per hour. How long
did it take her to run that distance?
2
A. hr
3
1
B. 1 hrs
2
C. 4 hrs
D. 6 hrs
2. Sixty miles per hour is the same rate as which of the following?
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
On the CAHSEE, you will be asked to find the perimeter (the distance
around the outside of an object or shape) and area (the size of the
inside of an object or shape) of both polygons and circles.
Think of two other situations where you would need to know the
perimeter. (Possible answers below)
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
• To determine the amount of wallpaper trim needed to go
around a room
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Note: Although 3 and 3.5 are shown only once in the figure, we need
to count them twice, since the sides opposite are of equal measure:
On Your Own:
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2.1
2. A rug measures 5 feet by 2 feet. Find the perimeter.
5 + 5 + 2 + 2 = 14 feet
5 + 5 + 5 = 15 Perimeter = 15 inches
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
4. Find the perimeter.
Perimeter = 44 cm
Perimeter: 48 feet
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
When would you ever need to measure area? List three situations
below that would require the measure of area:
i. Rectangles
A = bh
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
On Your Own:
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Practice
2.1 & 2.4
1. What is the area of the rectangle below?
Area = 10 in²
Area = 6 units²
Height Base
5 ft = 60 in 12 ft = 144 in
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1 & 2.4
5. Find the area of the wall hanging below:
Area = 90 ft²
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
3. Find the area of a square whose base is 11'. Area = 121 ft²
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
5. The wall hanging below measures 10' by 10'. Find the perimeter
and the area of the hanging.
Perimeter: 40 ft
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
iii. Triangles
Note: Since the sum of all angles in a triangle is equal to 180º, each
of the three angles in an equilateral triangle is equal to 1/3 of 180º, or
60º.
4. A right triangle has a right angle (an angle that measures 90º).
Note: The two sides that form the 90º angle are perpendicular.
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
1
Area of a Triangle = bh
2
Note: Base (b) and height (h) are the horizontal and vertical sides
of the triangle, respectively. The diagonal line is called the
hypotenuse and is not used to find the area of the triangle.
1
A= bh
2
1
A= (8)(6) = 24 square inches
2
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Base = 9 Height: 10
1
A= bh
2
1
A= (9)(10) = 45 units²
2
Note: The diagonal line is the hypotenuse. Use only the base and
height to solve this problem.
1
A= (4)(3) = 6 units²
2
1
A= (9)(3) = 13 ½ cm²
2
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
4. In the equilateral triangle below, the height is 2 units and the
base is 4 units. What is the area of the equilateral triangle?
1
A= (4)(2) = 4 units²
2
Now find the area of one of the right triangles. (Note: We use the
same height but half of the base.)
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
To find the area of a circle, just take the square of the radius (r) and
then multiply it by the number ∏ (pi), which rounds to 3.14.
A = ∏ ● r²
A = ∏ ● (4 cm)²
A = 3.14 ● 16 cm² = 50.24 cm²
Note: On the CAHSEE, answer choices may be given in terms of ∏.
In these problems, you will not need to multiply by 3.14. Just solve
for r² and write ∏ beside the answer.
For the example above, write the area in terms of ∏: A = 16∏ cm²
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
Example: Find the area of the circle below.
Note that in this example, we are given the diameter, not the radius.
To find the area, we need to first figure out the radius.
A = ∏r²
2. Diameter = 15 mm Radius = 7½ mm
5. Diameter = 22 mm Radius = 11 mm
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Practice: 2.1
3. Find the area of the smaller circle. Give your answer in terms of ∏.
A = 1∏ in² = ∏ in²
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2.1
4. Find the area of a circle with a radius of 3 inches.
A = 9∏ in²
A = 16∏ cm²
6. In the circle below, r is equal to 9 cm. Find the area of the circle.
A = 81∏ cm²
A = 4∏ in²
A = 9∏ cm²
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Circumference 2.1
d = diameter
r = radius
∏ ≈ 3.14
Since we are given the diameter, let's use the first formula: C = ∏d
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
C = ∏(6) = 18.84 cm
C = 2∏(4) = 8∏ cm = 25.12 cm
C = 2(∏)(2) =12.56 cm
C = ∏(10) = 31.4 cm
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
A. 44 square units
B. 60 square units
C. 88 square units
D. 120 square units.
2. Louis calculated the area of the circle below and got an answer of
50.769 cm2. He knew his answer was wrong because the correct
answer should be about:
A. 4 X 4 X 4 = 64
B. 3 X 3 X 40 = 360
C. 31 X 4 X 4 = 496
D. 3 X 40 X 40 = 4800
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
3. The two circles shown below have radii of 3 cm and 6 cm.
Circle x Circle y
4. The width of the rectangle shown below is 6 inches (in.). The length
is 2 feet (ft).
6 in.
2 ft.
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.1
5. In the figure below, the radius of the inscribed circle is 6 inches (in ) .
What is the perimeter of square ABCD?
A. 12∏ in.
B. 36∏ in.
C. 24 in.
D. 48 in.
6. The points (1, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3), and (5, 1) are the vertices of a
polygon. What type of polygon is formed by these points?
A. Triangle
B. Trapezoid
C. Parallelogram
D. Pentagon
Solution:
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Cube Three-dimensional
solid whose bases
(faces) are squares
Cone Three-dimensional
triangular solid
whose base is a circle
Three-dimensional
Pyramid triangular solid
whose base is a
rectangle
Cylinder Three-dimensional
rectangular solid with
two congruent bases
that are circles
Sphere Three-dimensional
circular solid with all
points the same
distance from the
center
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
On the CAHSEE, you will be asked to find the volume and surface
area of solid figures. Solid figures are three-dimensional. Unlike
two-dimensional figures, which are flat, three-dimensional
figures have depth.
A. Volume
Let's look at the various types of prisms that may appear on the
CAHSEE.
i. Rectangular Prisms
Example
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Volume of a Rectangular Prism 2.1 & 2.3
V = 6 ● 3 ● 5 = 90
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V = 144 cm3
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
V = 40 units3
V = 24 cubic units
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Volume of a Cube
To find the volume of a cube, you can apply the formula for finding the
volume of a rectangular prism (V = lwh) or, since all of the bases are
equal, you can just cube one of the sides:
Volume of a Cube = s3
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
V = (4)3 = 64 cm3
V = 27 units3
V = 1 unit3
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
On the CAHSEE, you may be asked to find the volume of a cube that
has been enlarged by a certain number or multiplied by a certain
number. Look at the following example:
Example: If the sides of the cube below are multiplied by two, the
volume of the new cube is ____.
A. Doubled
B. Multiplied by 3
C. Multiplied by 6
D. Multiplied by 8
V = 23 = 2 ● 2 ● 2 = 8
• If we multiply all of the sides by two, each side of the enlarged cube
will be 4 units (2 ● 2).
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
V = 43 = 4 ● 4 ● 4 = 64
Answer: The volume of the new cube (64) is 8 times greater than
that of the first cube (8). Therefore, our answer is Choice D.
On Your Own:
1. The sides of the cube below are multiplied by 4. Find the volume of
the new cube.
Answer: 83 = 512 m3
Should we . . .
a. Double the height?
b. Double both the length and width?
c. Double both the length and height?
d. Double the length, the width and the height.
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A cylinder is a solid in which the bases are circles and the other
surface is a rectangle wrapped around the circle. (Note: Most drink
cans are cylinders.)
V = r²∏h
Note: It is a good idea to learn the formulas for the volume of a cube,
rectangular prism, and cylinder, although, in the past, these formulas
have been provided on the CAHSEE.
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V = r²∏h
V = 45∏ in3
V = 441∏ mm3
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Note: Since each face has an identical match on the other side of the
prism; we can save time by multiplying each separate area by 2:
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
As we have learned, to find the surface area of a solid, find the area
of each face and add them all together. However, since a cube is
made of 6 equal squares, we only need to find the area of one
square (s²) and multiply this number by 6.
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SA = 6s²
On Your Own
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1. In the figure below, an edge of the larger cube is 3 times the edge
of the smaller cube. What is the ratio of the surface area of the
smaller cube to that of the larger cube?
A. 1 : 3
B. 1 : 9
C. 1 : 12
D. 1: 27
`
Which of the following changes will result in the desired box?
(V = lwh)
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A. 60π in.³
B. 120π in.³
C. 300π in.³
D. 600π in.³
A. 29
B. 75
C. 510
D. 675
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2.3
If Gina paints only the outside of the tool chest, what is the total
surface area, in square inches (in.²), she will paint?
A. 368
B. 648
C. 1296
D. 2880
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Note: The lengths of some of the sides are not written. You must
figure them out!
→
One way to make sure that you don’t forget a side in your calculations
is to put a dot in the upper left corner, and then go clockwise,
adding sides as you go around:
13 + 4 + 8 + 2 + 5 + 6 = 38 inches
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 6= 24 units
P = 13 + 7 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 = 48 units
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
We can see that this figure consists of two smaller regular figures:
One square
One rectangle
Area of Figure : 8 ● 2 = 16
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2.2
On the CAHSEE, you may also be asked to find the remaining area of
a figure or the area of a shaded part of a figure:
• We can see that this irregular figure consists of two smaller regular
figures:
Area of Figure : 8 ● 6 = 48
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
Area of Figure - Area of Figure = 48 - 8 = 40 cm²
A = (5 ● 6) + (8 ● 4) = 30 + 32 = 62 ft²
Or
A = (13 ● 6) - (8 ● 2) = 78 - 16 = 62 ft²
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Tutors: Geoboards are a great way to explore area. See the Tutor
Supplement for this strand.
• The first step is to find the number of cubes. (Don’t forget to count
the cubes that you can't see but know are there!) 12
V = s3
V = (5)3
V = 125
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2.2
Unit Quiz: The following problems appeared on the CAHSEE.
A. 40 in.²
B. 44 in.²
C. 48 in.²
D. 52 in.²
A. 2,100
B. 2,800
C. 21,000
D. 28,000
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2.2
3. In the figure shown below, all the corners form right angles. What
is the area of the figure in square units?
A. 67
B. 73
C. 78
D. 91
A. 19 in.²
B. 29 in.²
C. 32 in.²
D. 38 in.²
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2.2
A. 20
B. 30
C. 50
D. 80
6. What is the area of the shaded region in the figure shown below?
(Area of a triangle = ½bh)
A. 4 cm²
B. 6 cm²
C. 8 cm²
D. 16 cm²
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Answer Key: Geometry/Measurement
2.2
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2.2
Answer: D
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A. Congruence
Objects that are exactly the same size and shape are said to be
congruent. This means that the corresponding sides (sides that
match up) will have the same length and that the corresponding
angles (angles that match up) will be equal in degrees.
Figures that have the same shape are called similar figures. They
may be different sizes; they may even be turned (rotated). However,
as long as the shape remains the same, they are similar.
Note: They have the same shape (so they are similar), but they do
not have the same size (so they are not congruent)
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Congruent Triangles
M A
S R
A
K
B C
Q
C
L T V D
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≅ means congruent
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3.4
On Your Own:
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3.4
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3.4
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i. Translations
Notice how the size and shape of the figure remains the same. All
that changes is the position.
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3.2
Example: The triangle on the left side of the graph has been
translated 3 units down and 5 units to the right.
Notice that the size and shape of the figure remain the same. All
that changes is its position.
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1. The triangle on the left has been translated 2 units to the right.
3.2
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Which graph best represents the graph of this parabola that has been
translated 2 units up?
A B
C D
Answer: D
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3.2
ii. Reflections
What happens when you look in the mirror and raise your right hand?
Your left hand is raised in the mirror reflection.
Notice that in the mirror image, the left hand appears to be raised.
What you're seeing in the mirror is a reflection. A reflection is the
image of a geometric figure that has been flipped over a line of
reflection (or a line of symmetry). We call reflections "flips" because
the figure flips over the line of reflection.
Line of Reflection
Line of reflection
Note: The lines above are also lines of symmetry since, in each case,
the line breaks the figure into two symmetric (equal and congruent)
parts.
Examples of a Reflection:
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3.2
On Your Own:
Answer: Translation
Answer: Reflection
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3.2
3. Does the following drawing represent a translation or reflection?
Answer: Reflection
Answer: Translation
Answer: Translation
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` 3.2
6. Which figure will result if the triangle is reflected across the y-axis?
A B
C D
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3.2
7. Which type of transformation is shown below? Translation
8.
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a² + b² = c² where . . .
If we know any two sides of a right triangle, we can find the third
by plugging the known values into the formula.
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3.3
Example: Find the height of the right triangle (formed by dividing the
equilateral triangle in half).
a² + b² = c²
Note: The base of the equilateral triangle is 16. What is the base
of the right triangle? 8
b= 6
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There are three sets of Pythagorean triples that appear over and
over in math problems. Knowing them will save you a lot of time.
Every set of multiples will also give the sides of a right triangle.
If you memorize the first set of triples, you can easily find the
multiples. Just keep multiplying by the same factor.
a b c
3 4 5
6 8 10
9 12 15
12 16 20
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a b c
5 12 13
10 24 26
15 36 39
a b c
8 15 17
16 30 34
24 45 51
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b = 15"
a = 9 units
c = 10"
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3.3
4. Find the value of b.
b = 16 units
x = 15 units
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y = 3 mm
(Pythagorean Triples: 3, 4, 5)
8. Two points in the x-y-plane have coordinates (1, 5) and (3, 1). The
distance between them is equal to the square root of which
number?
Solution:
a² + b² = c²
(4)² + (2)² = c²
16 + 4 = c²
20 = c²
20 = c
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3.3
Unit Quiz: The following problems appeared on the CAHSEE:
x = 13
x = 12'
Tutors: For an overall review of this strand, play Geometry Bingo (in
the Tutor Supplement for this strand).
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