COLEGIO DE STA. LOURDES OF LEYTE FOUNDATION INC.

Tabontabon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF NURSING

MODULE 09: NCM 100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING

MODULE OVERVIEW:
Module 09 is all about Nursing Theories. It discuss how the beginning Nursing Theorists
conceptualized and spearheaded the formation of nursing theories. This is a compilation of concepts,
assumption, and philosophies of nursing theories especially their philosophies that they firmly believe.
Moreover, the module encompasses the nursing paradigm as to Nurse, Person, Health, and
Environment of each nursing theoretical model. By so doing the learner will be able to appreciate the
nursing profession as it enhances the concepts of what is Nursing, how to nurse someone like Person,
understanding the Person and humanity as the main focus and considering the various aspects that
affect the nursing profession and persons like the Health and Environment.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
1. Describe the Meta concepts of a person, health, environment, and nursing as viewed by
different theorists.
2. Integrate relevant nursing theories in the care of the clients in a given health and nursing
situation.

COURSE CONTENT:
1. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
2. Ernestine Weidenbach

ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE - Theory of Human Becoming

Credentials and background of the theorist:

• Parse was educated at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and earned her master’s
and doctoral degree from the University of Pittsburgh.
• She became dean of the College of Nursing at Duquesne, and is currently Professor and Niehoff
Chair at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois.
• She became dean of the College of Nursing at Duquesne, and is currently Professor and Niehoff
Chair at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois.
• She became dean of the College of Nursing at Duquesne, and is currently Professor and Niehoff
Chair at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois.
 • She became dean of the College of Nursing at Duquesne, and is currently Professor and Niehoff
Chair at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois.

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS:

PRINCIPLES THAT CONSTITUTES THE HUMAN BECOMING THEORY – 3 THEMES & ITS CONCEPTS
1. Structuring Meaning – imaging; valuing; languaging
2. Rhythmicity – revealing-concealing; enabling-limiting; connecting-separating
3. Transcendence – powering; originating; transforming

1. STRUCTURING MEANING -
STRUCTURING MEANING - is the imaging & valuing of languaging.
Persons structure or choose the meaning of their realities, & this choosing happens with explicit-tacit
knowing. Sometimes questions are not answerable, because people may not know why they think &
feel one way or another. People create their reality with others. They may show or language their
reality in the ways they speak or remain silent, they move or stay still. As people language with their
realities, they language their value priorities & meanings according to this principle.

IMAGING – is an individual’s view of reality. It is the shaping of the personal knowledge. Answers to
questions emerge as persons explore meaning in the light of reality & their view of things.
- Is a personal interpretation of meaning, possibility & consequences

VALUING – is about how individuals confirm and do not confirm beliefs in the light of a personal
perspective or worldview. Persons are continuously confirming-not confirming beliefs as they are
making choices about how to think, act, & feel. These choices may be consistent with previous choices
or radically change & require a shifting of value priorities. Values reflect what is important in life to a
person or family.

LANGUAGING – is a concept that is visible & relates to how human express their imaged realities & their
value priorities. When languaging is visible to others, it is expressed in patterns that are shared with
those who are close (family members, close friends). People disclose things about themselves when they
language & when they are silent & remain still.
2. CONFIGURING RHYTHMICAL PATTERNS – is the revealing-concealing & enabling-limiting of
connecting – separating. Human beings create patterns in day to day life, and these patterns tell about
personal meanings & values. In the pattern of relating that people create, many freedom & restrictions
surface with choices, all patterns involve complex engagements & disengagements with people, ideas &
preferences.

a. REVEALING – CONCEALING – is the way persons disclose and keep hidden the persons they are
becoming with becoming visible – invisible. There is always more to tell & more to know about self as
well as others. People also disclose – not disclose differently in different situations & with different
people.
b. ENABLING – LIMITING – is related to the potentials & opportunities that surface with the restrictions
& obstacles of everyday living. Every choice has potentials & restrictions. It is not possible to know all
the consequences of any given choice.
c. CONNECTING – SEPARATING - This concept relates to the ways persons create patterns of connecting
– separating. Patterns created reveal value priorities.
- Connecting – separating is about communion – aloneness and the ways people separate
from some to join with others.
- Is attending – distancing. This explains the way two people can be very close and yet
separate.

3. CONTRANSCENDING WITH POSSIBLES – persons continuously change & unfold in life as they engage
with & choose from infinite possibilities of how to be, what attitude or approach to have, whom to
relate with, and what interests or concerns to explore.

a. POWERING – is a concept that conveys meaning about struggle & life & the will to go on despite
hardship & threat.
b. ORIGINATING – is about human uniqueness. Though people strives to be like others, yet they also
strive to be unique. Choices about originating occur with the reality of certainty –
uncertainty. It is not possible to know all that may come from choosing to be different
or from choosing to be like others. Each person defines and lives originating in light of
their world view and values. Originating and creating anew is a pattern is a pattern that
co – exists with constancy and conformity. Humans craft their unique patterning of
originating as they engage the possibilities of everyday life.
c. TRANSFORMING – is about the continuously changing & shifting views that people have about their
lives as they live what is becoming visible to them. People are always struggling to
integrate the unfamiliar with the familiar in living. When new discoveries are made,
people change their understanding & life patterns.
Transforming - is the ongoing change co-created as new information & insights become
visible as people find ways to change in the direction of their cherished hopes & dreams.

Assumptions about Humans and Becoming from Parse’s Theory

HUMANS
1. The human is coexisting while co-constituting rhythmical patterns with the universe.
2. The human is open, freely choosing meaning in situation, bearing responsibility for decisions.
3. The human is unitary, continuously co-constituting patterns of relating.
4. The human is transcending multi-dimensionally with the possible.
BECOMING
1. Becoming is unitary human-living-health.
2. Becoming is rhythmically co-constituting human-universe process.
3. Becoming is the human’s patterns of relating value priorities.
4. Becoming is an inter-subjective process of transcending with the possible.
5. Becoming is unitary human’s emerging.

PARSE SYNTHESIZED THREE ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT HUMAN BECOMING:

1. Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning in situation in the inter-subjective process of
living value priorities.
2. Human becoming is co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe.
3. Human becoming is co-transcending multi-dimensionally with emerging possible.

NURSING METAPARADIGM

NURSING - is a science and the performing art is practiced in relationships with persons in their
processes of becoming. It is guiding humans toward ways of being, finding meaning in situations,
choosing ways of co-creating their own health, and living true presence in the day-to-dayness of the
person’s life.

Fundamentals that are essential for practicing the art of nursing.

Know and use nursing frameworks and theories.
Be available to others.
Value other as a human presence.
Respect differences in view.
Own what you believe and be accountable for your actions.
Move on to the new and untested.
Connect with others.
Take pride in self.
Like what you do.
Recognize the moments of joy in the struggles of living.
Appreciate mystery and open to new discoveries.
Be competent in your chosen area.
Rest and begin anew.

HUMANS/PERSON - Intentional beings involved with their world, having a fundamental nature of
knowing, being present, and open to their world. The unitary human is one who co-
participates in the universe in creating becoming and who is whole, open, and free to choose
ways of becoming.

ENVIRONMENT- The world, the universe and those who occupy spaces along with others who freely
choose to be in the situation.

HEALTH - health is human becoming. Health is structuring meaning, co-creating rhythmical patterns of
relating, and co-transcending with possible.
- health is a flowing process, a personal creation, and a personal responsibility. As such,
personal health can be changed by changing commitment.
 2. ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH - The helping art of clinical nursing

BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST:

 Ernestine was born in Germany in 1900 to an affluent family.
 She graduated from Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts in 1922 w/ a liberal arts
degree.
 Her interest in nursing had been stimulated by the care given her ailing grandmother and the
stories told by a medical student friend of her sister.
 Received her nursing from Johns Hopkins in 1925.
 Worked at Johns Hopkins and at Bellevue in New York City.
 Attended night classes and received her master’s degree and a certificate in public health
nursing from Teachers College, Columbia University, New York in 1934.
 She was an Associate Professor Emeritus from Yale University School of Nursing.
 In 1978, she received the Hattie Hemchemmeyer award from Midwives for exceptional
Achievements in her professional life.
 She was an Associate Professor Emeritus from Yale University School of Nursing.
 In 1978, she received the Hattie Hemchemmeyer award from Midwives for exceptional
Achievements in her professional life.
 1964-she wrote Clinical Nursing-A Helping Art in which she described her ideas about nursing as
a “concept and philosophy” derived from 40 years of nursing experience.
 Patricia James, James Dickoff, and Ida Orlando Pelletier are the persons who had a great
influence in her nursing concept and theory.
 Weidenbach died in April 1999 in Florida.

ASSUMPTIONS
NURSING
 to Ernestine Weidenbach,
Nursing is nurturing and caring for someone in a motherly fashion.
That care is given in the immediate present and can be given by any caring person.
 Nursing is a helping service that is rendered with compassion, skill, and understanding to those
in need of care, counsel, and confidence in the area of health.
 Nursing wisdom is acquired through meaningful experience. Sensitivity alerts the nurse to an
awareness of inconsistencies in a situation that might signify a problem. It is a key factor in
assisting the nurse to identify the patient’s need for help.

THREE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS FOR A NURSING PHILOSOPHY:

 Reverence for the gift of life.
 Respect for the dignity, worth, autonomy, and individuality of each human being;
 Resolution to act dynamically in relation to one’s beliefs.
NURSING PRACTICE
 Is an art in which the nursing action that is based on the principles of helping.
 Nursing as a practice discipline is goal directed.
 The nurse thinks through the kind of results she wants, gears her action to obtain those results,
then accepts responsibility for the acts and the outcome of those acts.

NURSING PRACTICE HAS THREE COMPONENTS:

(1) Identification of the patient’s need for help.
(2) Ministration of the help needed.
(3) Validation that the action taken was helpful to the patient.

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PATIENT’S NEED FOR HELP

Three principles for helping:
 The principle of inconsistency/consistency
 The principle of purposeful perseverance
 The principle of self-extension

The principle of inconsistency/consistency - Refers to the assessment of the patient to determine some
action, word, or appearance that is different from that
expected.
Something out of the ordinary for this patient.

The principle of purposeful perseverance - Based on the nurse’s sincere desire to help the patient.
The nurse need to strive to continue her efforts to identify
and meet the patient’s need for help spite of difficulties she
encounters while seeking to use her resources and
capabilities effectively and with sensitivity.

The principle of self-extension - Recognizes that each nurse has limitations that are both personal and
situational.
It is important that she recognize when these limitations are reached
and that she seek help from others, including through prayer.

2. MINISTRATION OF THE HELP NEEDED

The nurse may give:
 advice or information,
 make a referral,
 apply a comfort measure,
 or carry out a therapeutic procedure.

3. VALIDATION THAT THE ACTION TAKEN WAS HELPFUL TO THE PATIENT.

After help has been ministered, the nurse validates that the actions were indeed helpful.
 Evidence must come from the patient that the purpose of the nursing action has been fulfilled.

CHARACTERISTIC OF A PROFESSIONAL PERSON THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE PROFESSIONAL NURSE:
1. Clarity of purpose.
2. Mastery of skills and knowledge essential for fulfilling the purpose.
3. Ability to establish and sustain purposeful working relationships with others, both professional and
Non-professional individuals.
4. Interest in advancing knowledge in the area of interest and in creating new knowledge.
5. Dedication to furthering the good of mankind rather than to self-aggrandizement.

NURSING METAPARADIGM:

PERSON –
 Each human being is endowed with the unique potential to develop- within self- resources that
enable to maintain and sustain himself.
 The human being basically strives toward self- direction and relative independence and desires
not only to make best use of his capabilities and potentialities, but to fulfil his responsibilities.
 Self- awareness and self- acceptance are essential to the individual’s sense of integrity and self-
worth.
 Whatever the individual does represent his or her judgement at the moment of his doing.
“An individual should want to be healthy, comfortable, and … when unimpeded, he strives by his
own efforts to achieve such states.’’ – Weidenbach

HEALTH
 The concept of health is neither defined nor describe in Weidenbach model.
 The definitions of patient nursing, patient, need- for- help, and the relationship among these
concepts, imply health- related concerns in the nurse- patient situation.

ENVIRONMENT
 Weidenbach does not specifically address the concept of environment; however, she recognized
the concept of environment.
 She said, ‘’ to facilitate the efforts of the individual to overcome the obstacles which currently
interfere with his ability to respond capably to demands made of him by this condition,
environment, situation and time.
 It is implied that the environment may produce obstacles resulting in the person experiencing a
need- for- help.
NURSING
 A clinical discipline is a practice discipline designed to produce explicit desired results.
 The art of nursing is a goal-directed activity requiring the application of knowledge and skill
toward meeting a need for help experienced by a patient.
 Is a helping process that will extend of restore the patient’s ability to cope with demands
implicit in the situation.

Prepared by:
MARIA MELANDA V. SOSING
Instructor
[email protected]
09171003456
 COLEGIO DE STA. LOURDES OF LEYTE FOUNDATION INC.
Tabontabon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF NURSING

ACTIVITY 09 - NCM 100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING

1. SUMMARIZE BY TABULATING THE METAPARADIGM IN NURSING BY THE DIFFERENT

NURSING THEORISTS.

Follow the format below:

NURSING PERSON HEALTH ENVIRONMENT

ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH

2. HOW DO YOU PERSONALLY ANALYZE THE COMPONENT OF EACH NURSING THEORY OF ROSEMARIE
RIZZO PARSE & ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH AS TO?
A. CLARITY
B. SIMPLICITY
C. GENERALITY
D. EMPERICAL PRECISION / TESTABILITY
E. DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES / APPLICABILITY

PLEASE TYPE/WRITE LEGIBLY ON A CLEAN SHORT BOND PAPER.

THANK YOU.

Prepared by:

MARIA MELANDA V. SOSING

Instructor
09171003456