MAPEH

MUSIC
MUSIC OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The Transitory Period and the Musical Movement

Impressionism

Expressionism Music of the 20th

Modern Nationalism
Century (Transitory)

Neoclassicism Avant-Garde

IMPRESSIONISM

As the world entered the 20th century, a new era in music was introduced and
impressionism was one of the earliest musical forms that paved the way to this
modern era. Impressionism is a French movement in the late 19th and early 20th
century.
- This movement characterizes its works centered on nature and its beauty,
likeness and brilliance.

Features of Impressionism

- colors (texture, timbre)

- combinations (chromatic scale, made of 12 tones: 8 whole tones, and 4 half
tones; pentatonic scale)
- attempt not to depict reality, but merely to suggest it.

Sample artwork: Impression Sunrise by Claude Monet

Renowned Musicians of Impressionism

 Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
- He was born on August 22, 1862, in a small town called St. Germain-en-
Layein-in France.
- He composed a total of more or less 227 masterpieces which include
orchestral music, chamber music, piano music, operas, ballets, songs, and
other vocal music.
- He was known as the “Father of the Modern School of Composition” and a
foremost impressionist composer. He made his impact on the styles of the
later 20th century composer like Igor Stravinsky.
- He died on March 25, 1918 due to cancer.

Debussy’s mature creative period was exemplified by the following works

- String Quartet
- La Mer (1905)
- Première Arabesque
- Clare de Lune (Moonlight) – the third and most famous movement of Suite
bergamasque. This piece has been once used for the movie “Twilight.”

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

- Joseph Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, France to a Basque mother and
a Swiss father. He was a famous persona and at age 14, he entered the Paris
Conservatory where he was musically nurtured by a prominent French
composer, Gabriel Faure. The compositional style of Ravel is mainly
characterized by its distinctively innovative but not atonal style of harmonic
treatment.
- His works are defined with intricate and sometimes modal melodies and
extended chordal components.

Ravel’s works

- Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899)

- String Quartet (1903)
- Sonatine for Piano (c. 1904)
- Rhapsodie Espagnole
- Bolero
- Jeux d’Eau or Water Fountains
- Miroirs
- Gaspard de la Nuit
- Nobles et Sentimentales

EXPRESSIONISM

The term “expressionism” was originally used in visual and literacy arts and
was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg because
 like the painter Wassily Kandanlinsky (1866-1944), he veered away from the
“traditional forms of beauty,” to convey powerfully fillings in his mask.
- This movement presents atonality and the twelve-tone scale revealing
composer’s mind, expressing strong emotions, anxiety, rage, and alienation.
It expresses the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical
reality.

Features of Expressionism

- a high degree of dissonance

- extreme contrasts of dynamics
- constant changing of textures
- “distorted”
- angular melodies with wide leaps

Sample artwork: The Scream by Edvard Munch

Prominent Musician of Expressionism

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

- Arnold Schoenberg was born on September 13, 1874 in a working-class
suburb of Vienna, Austria. He taught himself music theory but took lessons
in counterpoint. His works were greatly influenced by the German composer
Richard Wagner as evident in this symphonic poem Pelieas et Melisande,
Op. 5 (1903), a counterpart of Debussy’s opera of the same title.
- Schoenberg’s style in music reformed from time to time. From the early
influences of Wagner, his tonal preference gradually revolved to something
dissonant and atonal, as he explored the use of chromatic harmonies. He
was responsible for the establishment of the twelve-tone system.
- He died last July 13, 1951 in Los Angeles, California, USA where he had
settled since 1934.
- 213 musical compositions

His works

- Verklarte Nacht (Transfigured Night, 1899)

- Three Pieces for Piano, Op. 11
- Pierrot Lunaire
- Violin Concerto
- Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein.

NEOCLASSICISM

Neoclassicism music is different from the two movements. This is light,

entertaining, cool, and independent of its emotional content. The composition
style used by the composer was the seven-note diatonic scale. This period
 combines tonal harmonies applying with slight dissonance which has a three-
movement format like shifting time signatures, complex but exciting rhythmic
patterns, as well as harmonic dissonance that produce harsh chords.
- This movement of music seeks to return in aesthetic precepts associated
with the broadly defined concept.
- The composers in this time were Francis Poulenc, Igor Stravinsky, Paul
Hindelmith, and Sergei Prokofieff.

Neoclassicism’s Famous Musicians

Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)

- He was born in Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), Russia on June 17, 1882.
Stravinsky’s early music reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian
composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. But in his first notable composition,
“The Firebird Suite” (1910), which was composed for Diaghilev’s Russian
Ballet, his skillful handling of material and rhythmic inventiveness went
beyond anything written by his Russian predecessors. He added a new
ingredient to his nationalistic musical style. The Rite of Spring (1913) was
another outstanding work showcasing his new technique.
- The proponent who is considered as a great trendsetter of the 20th century.
- 127 musical works
- He died last April 6, 1971.

Notable works of Stravinsky

- Ballet Petrouchka (1911) – featuring shifting rhythms and polytonality, a

signature device of the composer.
- The Nightingale (1914)
- Three Tales for Children (1917)
- Duo Concertant (1932)
- The Rake’s Progress (1951) – a full-length opera

Sergei Prokofieff (1891-1953)

- He was born last 1891 in Ukraine. He combined the movements of music
like Neoclassicism, Nationalism, and Avant-Garde composition. With his
progressive technique, pulsating rhythms, melodic directness, and a
resolving dissonance he was uniquely recognized. In writing symphonies,
chamber music, concerte, and solo instrumental music, he became a
productive and prolific composer. He worked and linked with other
composers, combined styles of Haydn and Mozart as classicist and Igor
Stravinsky as neoclassicist also inspired by Beethoven with two highly
regarded violin concerte and two string quartets.
- Known for his creation “Peter and the Wolf” which is intended for children
audiences. He was also given a chance to contact with Diaghilev and
Stravinsky for Romeo and Juliet for ballet, and War and Peace for opera.
 - He died in Moscow on March 15, 1953.

Bela Bartok (1881-1945)

- Bela Bartok was born last March 25, 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos, Hungary
(Romania). Began lessons with his mother and made folk songs
transcription. He opened the way to new modal kinds of harmony and
irregular meter. He was a Hungarian composer and pianist, created a
distinctive musical style using folk music. He excelled in instrumental music
writing many works for solo piano pieces, six string quartets, and other
chamber music, three concertos for piano, one for violin, and several
compositions for orchestras, the reinterpreted, traditional-musical. He
utilized changing meters and strong syncopations in his music style.
- The six string quartet is the greatest achievement of his creative life that
lasted for full 30 years for their completion.
- He was born to musical parents and died on September 26, 1945 in New
York City due to leukemia.
- 700 musical pieces

Notable works of Bartok

- The concerto – five movement work featuring the exceptional talents of each
various soloist in an intricately constructive piece.
- Allegro Barbaro – drew percussive sounds with swirling rhythms where a
solo piano is punctuated.
- Mikrokosmos – 13 years as one of the exceptional works of Bartok. It
contains a collection of six books as a legacy in music introducing and
familiarizing contemporary harmony and rhythm to the piano students
technically and progressively.

AVANT-GARDE

This form of music was considered as the vanguard of experimentation or

innovation period. The existing aesthetic and conventional type of music has
been put on to criticize, rejecting the status quo in favor of unique or original
elements. Adopting extreme composition within a certain tradition the so-called
“Experimental Music.”
- This deals with the parameters of sound in space with an absence of
traditional rules on harmony, melody, and rhythm.

Well-known Musicians of Avant-Garde

George Gershwin
- He was considered as a phenomenal composer, a cross-over artist, and a
father of American Jazz. Noteworthy of evidence with his numerous songs,
 serious compositions remain highly popular in the classical repertoire, and
with the mixture of the primitive and sophisticated music which lasted long
after his death.
- 369 musical compositions
- He was fascinated with classical music influenced by Ravel, Stravinsky,
Berg, and Schoenberg as well as the group of contemporary that shapes the
character of his major works like half jazz and half classical known as “Les
Six.” He died last July 11, 1937 in Hollywood, California, USA.

Works of Gershwin

- Rhapsody in Blue (1924)

- American in Paris (1928)
- Porgy and Bess (1934)

Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)

- This notable composer was born in Massachusetts, the USA; he commended
himself as a charismatic conductor, pianist, composer, and lecturer to his
many followers. On November 14, 1943, he was requested to be a substitute
for the ailing Bruno Walter in conducting the New York Philharmonic
Orchestra in a concert.
- 90 compositions
- He composed the music for the film On the Waterfront (1954). He was fondly
remembered for his television series “Young People’s Concerts.”
- Died in October 14, 1990 in New York City, USA.

Notable Works of Leonard Bernstein

- West Side Story (1957) – the American version of Romeo and Juliet
- Candide (1956) – a Broadway hit
- Mass (1971)

Phillip Glass (1937)

- He is one of the Avant-Garde composers who also explored the areas of
ballet, opera, theatre, film, and even television jingles. His style of music was
criticized as uneventful and shallow because of its application to new sound
yet effective and compelling style.
- He was born in New York, USA of Jewish parents, and learned violin and
flute at the age of 15. He was inspired by a renowned Indian satirist Ravi
Shankar, and assisted the soundtrack for Conrad Rooks film Chappaqua.

Renowned Works of Glass

- Music in Similar Motion (1969)

- Music in Changing Paris (1970)
 - Einstein on the Beach (1976) – based on the lives of the prominent people in
the world like Mahatma Gandhi, Leo Tolstoy, Martin Luther King, and
Egyptian pharaoh.

MODERN NATIONALISM

Nationalistic composers and musical innovators were misled in the 20 th century

music development combined with modern techniques with folk materials.
Prominent Russian composers like Bela Bartok and Sergei Prokofieff who were
the neoclassicist infused classical techniques crossing rhythms and shifting
meters. They made extensive use of polytonality that uses two or more tonal
centers simultaneously.

ARTS
EXPRESSIONISM: A BOLD NEW MOVEMENT

In the early 1900s, there arose in Western art world movement that came to be
known as expressionism. Expressionist artists created works with some more
emotional force, rather than with realistic or natural images. To achieve this,
they distorted the outlines, applied strong colors and exaggerated forms. They
worked more with their imagination and feelings, rather than with what their
eyes saw in the physical world.

NEOPRIMITIVISM

Neoprimitivism was an art style that incorporated elements from the native arts
of the South Sea Islanders and the wood carvings of African tribes which
suddenly became popular at that time. Among the Western artists who adapted
these elements was Amedeo Modigliani, who used the oval faces and elongated
shapes of African art in both his sculptures and paintings. (Ethnocentric)

Figure 1. Yellow Sweater Figure 2. Head by

by Amedeo Modigliani Amedeo Modigliani
 FAUVISM

Fauvism was a style that used bold, vibrant colors and visual distortions. Its
name was derived from les fauves (“wild beasts”), referring to the group of
French expressionist painters who painted in this style. Perhaps the most
known among them was Henri Matisse. (combination of post-impressionism
and expressionism )

Figure 3. Blue Window Figure 4. Woman with a

by Henri Matisse Hat by Henri Matisse

DADAISM

Dadaism was a style characterized by dream fantasies, memory images, and

visual tricks and surprises – as in the paintings of Marc Chagall and Glorgio de
Chirico below. Wishing to protest against the civilization that had brought in
such horrors, these artists rebelled against established norms and authorities,
and against the traditional styles in art. They chose the child’s term for
hobbyhorse, dada, to refer to their new “non-style.”

Figure 5. Melancholy
and Mystery of a Street Figure 6. I and the
by Glorgio de Chirico Village by Marc Chagall
 SURREALISM

Surrealism was a style that depicted an illogical, subconscious dream world

beyond the logical, conscious, physical one. Its name came from the term
“super-realism,” with its artworks clearly expressing a departure from reality –
as though the artists were dreaming, seeing illusions, or experiencing an altered
mental state.

Figure 7. Diana by Paul Figure 8. Personages

Klee with Star by Paul Klee

Many surrealists’ works depicted morbid or gloomy subjects, as in those by

Salvador Dali. Others were quite playful and even humorous, like those
above.

SOCIAL REALISM

Social realism expressed the artist’s role in social reform. Here, artists used
their works to protest against the injustices, inequalities, immorality, and
ugliness of the human condition. It adheres to reality and avoids romantic
embellishments. In different periods of history, social realists have addressed
different issues: war, poverty, corruption, industrial and environmental
hazards, and more – in the hope of raising people’s awareness and pushing
society to seek reforms. Ben Shahn’s Miners’ Wives, for example, spoke out
against the hazardous conditions faced by coal miners, after a tragic accident
killed 111 workers in Illinois in 1947, leaving their wives and children in
mourning.

Figure 9. Guernica by
Pablo Picasso
 Pablo Picasso’s Guernica has been recognized as
the most monumental and comprehensive statement of social
realism against the brutality of war. Filling one wall of the
Spanish Pavilion at the 1937 World’s Fair in Paris, it was
Picasso’s outcry against the German air raid of the town of
Guernica in his native Spain.
Created in the mid-1900’s Guernica combined
artistic elements developed in the earlier decades with those still
to come. It made use of the exaggeration, distortion, and shock
Figure 10. Krista by
technique of expressionism. At the same time, it had elements of
Paolo Baen Santos the emerging style that would later be known as cubism.

ABSTRACTIONISM

The abstractionist movement arose from the intellectual points of view in the
20th century. In the world of science, physicists were formulating a new view of
the universe, which resulted in the concepts of space-time and relativity. While
expressionism was emotional, abstractionism was logical and rational. It
involved analyzing, detaching, selecting, and simplifying. (Focuses on
intellectualism since it is the year of science). The following art styles are the
groups under abstractionism.

CUBISM

The cubist style was derived from the word cube, a three-dimensional geometric
figure composed of lines, planes, and angles. Cubist artworks were, therefore, a
play of planes and angles on a flat surface. Foremost among the cubists was
Spanish painter/sculptor Pablo Picasso, considered as father of Cubism.

Figure 11. Seated Figure 12. The Three Figure 13. Woman with
Woman by Pablo Picasso Musicians by Pablo a Guitar by Georges
Picasso Braque
 FUTURISM

It is an art of fast-paced, machine-propelled age. Artists draw inspiration

through motion, force, speed, and strength of mechanical forms. This
movement began in Italy in the early 1900s.

Figure 14. Dynamism of Figure 15. Movement

a Cyclist by Umberto and Sensation by
Boccioni Giacomo Balla

MECHANICAL STYLE

In the mechanical style of art, basic forms such as planes, cones, spheres, and
cylinders all fit together in a precise and neat manner. This is the result or
continuation of the futurist movement.

Figure 16. The City by Figure 17. Mechanical

Fernand Léger Compositions by
Fernand Léger

NON-OBJECTIVISM

The term non-object works in the non-objectivism style did not make use of
figures or even representations of figures. This style came from the logical,
geometrical conclusion of abstractionism. Non-objectivism is also called pure
art or minimal art and did not refer to recognizable objects or forms in the
outside world.

Figure 18. New York City

I by Piet Mondrian

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

THE NEW YORK SCHOOL

In the 1920s and 1930s, aspiring young American painters, sculptors, and
writers sailed to Europe to expand their horizons. But during the dark days of
World War II, a reverse migration brought European scientists, architects, and
artists to American shores. New York, in particular, became a haven for the
newly-arrived artists and their American counterparts. The result was the
establishment of what came to be known as “The New York School”—as opposed
to “The School of Paris” that had been very influential in Europe. The daring
young artists in this movement succeeded in creating their own synthesis of
Europe’s cubist and surrealist styles. Their style came to be known as abstract
expressionism.

ACTION PAINTING

They worked on huge canvasses spread on the floor, splattering, squirting, and
dribbling paint with no planned pattern or design in mind. The total effect is
one of vitality, creativity, “energy include visible.” This one form of abstract
expressionism was seen in the works of Jackson Pollock. Also called gestural
painting.
 COLOR FIELD PAINTING AND ITS PAINTERS

In contrast to the vigorous gestures of the action painters, another group of

artists who came to be known as “color field painters,” used different color
saturations to create their desired effects.

AFTER “THE NEW YORK SCHOOL”

By the early 1960s, the momentum of The New York School slowed down. In
its place, a new crop of artists came on the scene using lighter treatment and
flashes of humor, even irreverence, in their artworks. The movements they
brought about have come to be called:

NEODADAISM

The neodadaism of the 1960s wanted to make reforms in traditional values. It

also made use of commonplace, trivial, even nonsensical objects. But unlike
the angry, serious tone of the original Dadaists, the neodadaists deemed to
enjoy nonsense for its own sake and simply wanted to laugh at the world.
Their works ranged from paintings, to posters, to collages, to three-
dimensional “assemblages” and installations. These made use of easily
recognizable objects and images from the emerging consumer society.
 CONCEPTUAL ART

As the term implies, conceptual art was that which arose in the mind of the
artist, took concrete form for a time, and then disappeared. A key difference
between a conceptual artwork and a traditional painting or sculpture is that
the conceptualist’s work often requires little or no physical craftsmanship.
Conceptualists questioned the idea of art as objects to be bought and sold.
Instead, they brought their artistic ideas to life temporarily, using such
unusual materials as grease, blocks of ice, food, even just plain dirt. (focuses
on behind the scenes)

POP ART OR POPULAR ART

Pop Art was brash, colorful, young, fun, and hostile to the artistic
establishment. It was hugely successful and became an icon of the 1960s. the
champions of Pop Art were Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol (the leading figure
of Pop Art), and Tom Wesselmann. It coincided with the globalization of pop
music and youth culture, personified by Elvis and The Beatles.

Figure 19. Campbell’s Figure 20. Marilyn Figure 21. Whaam! by

Soup Cans by Andy Monroe by Andy Warhol Roy Lichtenstein
Warhol

OP ART OR OPTICAL ART

 This was yet another experiment in visual experience – a form of “action
painting,” with the action taking place in the viewer’s eye. This is a style of
abstractionism popular in the 1960s where lines, spaces, and colors were
precisely planned and positioned to give the illusion of movement. Thus, the
sense of sight appreciates the artworks.

Figure 22. Movement in Figure 23. Intrinsic Figure 24. Vega-Nor by

Squares by Bridget Harmony by Richard Victor Vasarely
Riley Anuszkiewicz

FAMOUS FILIPINO COUNTERPARTS OF EXPRESSIONISM

Jose T. Joya
- Joya was a Filipino abstract artist and a National Artist of the Philippines
awardee. He was a printmaker, painter, mixed media artist, and a former
dean of the University of the Philippines' College of Fine Arts. He pioneered
abstract expressionism in the Philippines. His canvases were characterized
by "dynamic spontaneity" and "quick gestures" of action painting.

Figure 25. Granadean

Arabesque by Jose T.
Joya

Alfonso Angel Yangco Ossorio

- He was a Filipino American abstract expressionist artist who was born in
Manila in 1916 to wealthy Filipino parents from the province of Negros
Occidental. His heritage was Hispanic, Filipino, and Chinese.

Figure 26. Angry Christ Figure 27. Forearmed,

Mural by Alfonso mixed media
Ossorio assemblage by Alfonso
Ossorio
 CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS

INSTALLATION ART

Installation art is a contemporary art form that makes use of sculptural

materials and other media to modify the way the viewer experiences a
particular space. It is also called environmental art, project art, and temporary
art. It creates an entire sensory experience for the viewer that allows him to
walk through them. An example is the Cordillera Labyrinth (the one on the
left) by Roberto Villanueva. (sensory experiences)

PERFORMANCE ARTS

Performance art is a form of modern art in which the actions of an individual

or group of a particular place and in a particular time constitute the work. It
can happen anywhere, at any time, or for any length of time. It does not
include such acts as theater, dance, music, mime, juggling, and gymnastics.
However, it is usually reserved for more unexpected, avant-garde, and
unorthodox activities intended to capture the audience’s attention.

Additional:

Still Life - A work of art in which ordinary household objects such as vases of
flowers, plate, fruit, food, and the like are depicted as the main subject.
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION
LIFESTYLE AND WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

The way in which individual lives is called lifestyle. This includes the typical
patterns of an individual’s behavior at home, in school, or at work. These
patterns of behavior are related to elevate or reduced health risk.

Remember This!

- Risk factors are variables in your lifestyle that may lead to certain diseases.
- Aside from genetics or heredity, age, and physical make-up are some factors
that cannot be changed. However, your lifestyle can go around these factors
to gain more benefits.

Did You Know That?

- An unhealthy lifestyle can shorten your lifespan. These diseases, known as

non-communicable diseases, kill 36 million people each year. Also called
chronic diseases, they are of long duration, and are generally of slow
progression. The four main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like
enlargement of the heart and hypertension), cancer, chronic respiratory
diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma), and
diabetes.

WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

This is the process of adopting long-term lifestyle modification to maintain a

healthy body weight on the basis of a person's age, sex and height.
You may find other individuals lucky because they eat a lot but do not gain
weight as much as you do.
You might also think it’s that though you limit your food intake, you do not lose
as much weight as you want to. This is because your weight is a result of
metabolic responses of your body to your food intake, energy expenditure, and
physiologic process.

REMEMBER: Simple elimination of food or addition of physical activity does not

encompass the entirety of weight management.

TWO KEY ROLES IN WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

1. Energy Expenditure – amount of energy you spend through physical activity.

2. Energy Consumption – amount of energy you take in through food.
 FORMULA TO WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

o Weight Gain – energy consumed is greater than energy expended (more food
intake but less physical exertion)
o Weight Loss – energy consumed is less than energy expended (more physical
exertion but less food intake)
o Weight Maintenance – energy consumed equals energy expended (physical
exertion is the same with food intake)

COMMON TIPS TO WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

 Including fruits and vegetables in your meals

 Reducing intake of sweets
 Preparing your meals in a healthier way
 Decreasing portion sizes

BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)

This is a rough measure of body composition that is useful for classifying the
health risks of body weight.
It is based on the concept of a person’s weight should be proportional to height.

BMI = = = 23.kg/m² (NORMAL)

CLASSIFICATION BMI
Underweight <18.5
Normal 18.5 – 24.9
Overweight 25.0 – 29.9
Obesity (I) 30.0 – 34.9
Obesity (II) 35.0 – 39.9
Extreme Obesity (III) 40.0

PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST

Fitness is a universal concern. In whatever activities and undertaking you do,

your fitness should always be taken into account to perform them effectively
and efficiently.
If we are to become strong and productive members of our community, we must
address the very basic requirement of such a goal, the sustaining base of any
endeavor we undertake, fitness.
Physical Fitness

- A person who is free from illnesses and can do physical or sports activities
and still has the extra energy to do more activities is considered to be
physically fit.

HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS

These are the components that contribute to the development of health and
functional capacity of the body.

1. Cardiovascular Endurance
- It is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to
working muscles and tissues, as well as the ability of those muscles and
tissues to utilize that oxygen. Endurance may also refer to the ability of the
muscle to repeated work without fatigue.
3-minute Step Test – to measure cardiovascular endurance
2. Flexibility
- This refers to the ability of the joints to move through a full range of motion.
Zipper Test - a test of upper arm and shoulder girdle flexibility intended
to parallel the strength/endurance assessment of that region. The
purpose is to be able to touch the fingertips together behind the back by
reaching over the shoulder and under the elbow.
Sit and Reach – a test of flexibility for the lower extremities particularly
the hamstring. This aims to reach as far as possible without bending the
hamstring.
3. Muscular Strength
- This refers to a muscle’s ability to generate force against physical objects. In
the fitness world, this typically refers to how much weight you can lift for
different strength training exercises.
90 degrees Push Up – this aims to measure the strength of the upper
extremities.
Curl-ups – the purposes is to measure the strength of abdominal
muscles.
Basic Planks – this aims to strengthen core muscles.
4. Muscular Endurance
- This is the ability of a muscle group to resist force in a single contraction
over a period of time. (Grade 9 PE Module)
5. Body Composition
- This refers to the body’s relative amount of fat to fat-free mass.
Body Mass Index (BMI) – is the value derived from the mass (weight)
and height of a person. This is defined as the body mass divided by the
square of the body height, and is universally expressed in units of kg/m²,
resulting from mass in kilograms and height in meters.
 SKILL-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS

These are the components that contribute to the development of skills.

1. Reaction Time
- This is the ability of the body to respond to a particular stimulus in the
quickest possible time. (Grade 9 PE Module). This is the ability to move
quickly once a signal to start moving is received.
Stick Drop Test – this aims to measure the reaction time as to how fast
a person can respond to a stimulus. The higher the score, the faster your
reaction time.
2. Balance
- This refers to the ability of the body to maintain equilibrium in a static or
dynamic condition. (Grade 9 PE Module)
Stork Balance Stand Test – this aims to assess the ability to balance on
the ball of the foot.
3. Power
- The ability to transfer energy into force at a fast rate is called power.
Basketball Pass – this measures the explosive strength and power of the
upper body muscles.
Standing Long Jump – this measures the explosive strength and power
of the leg muscles.
4. Coordination
- This is the ability to use the senses with the body parts to perform motor
tasks smoothly and accurately
Paper Juggling – is a physical human skill involving the movement of
objects, usually through the air. This aims to measure the coordination
of an individual in the performance of motor tasks.
5. Agility
- This refers to the ability to change the direction quickly using a combination
of balance, coordination, speed, strength, and endurance.
Hexagonal Agility Test – this is a simple agility test to perform,
requiring limited equipment and space
6. Speed
- Speed is the ability to perform a movement in a short period of time.
40-meter Sprint – this aims to measure the running speed of an
individual.
 FITT AND THE BENEFITS OF SPORTS AND RECREATION

FITT STANDS FOR

F – Frequency, how often; this is the number of training sessions performed

during a given period of time
I – Intensity, how hard; this is the level of effort, compared to one’s effort, which
expressed as a percentage.
T – Time, how long; this refers to the duration of workout or the length of time
spent in training.
T – Type; the mode of physical activity.

Benefits of Active Participation in Sports and Recreation

1. Improved sleep
2. Improved bone density
3. Weight management
4. Reduced risk of diabetes
5. Decreased blood pressure
6. Decreased cholesterol

HEALTH
CONSUMER HEALTH

It refers to the decisions you make about the purchase of products and the use
of health information and services that will have a direct effect on your health.
This is also about developing a person’s ability to evaluate health information,
products, and services wisely and effectively.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7394 – CONSUMER ACT OF THE PHILIPPINES came into effect
on July 15, 1992. This has three objectives (Galvez Tan, et al., 2009)

1. Protect the interest of the consumer

2. Promote his/her general welfare
3. Establish standards of conduct for business and industry.

Eight Basic Rights of a Consumer

1. Right to choose 5. Right to representation

2. Right to basic needs 6. Right to health environment
3. Right to information 7. Right to safety
4. Right to redress 8. Right to consumer

HEALTH INFORMATION
 This plays a big role in the life of individuals because it may alter the health
conditions of a person.
Health information refers to the data or facts about health products and
services you can get from media and people including professionals and
agencies.

Reliable Sources of Information

1. Medical and health professionals

2. Government agencies
3. Websites
4. Local health officials
5. Educational institutions

Unreliable Sources of Information

1. Outdated customs, practices and superstitions without scientific basis.

2. Information based on ignorance and prejudice
3. Commercialized health information
4. Personal options and incomplete information
5. Quack or pseudo healers

HEALTH PRODUCTS

This is defined as those substances which gives energy or makes a person

healthy. Health products can be foods, medicines, homeopathic preparations,
probiotics, and even some traditional medicines are also prescribed by doctor or
any equivalent physician.

Examples of Health Products

FOODS

1. Natural foods – these are the foods that are not processed and whose
ingredients are all-natural products.
2. Organic foods – produced by methods that comply with the standards of
organic farming.
3. Whole foods – these are plant foods that are unprocessed and unrefined or
processed and refined as little as possible.
4. Vegetarian foods – food that meets vegetarian standards by not including meat
and animal tissue products.
5. Dietary supplements – this is intended to supplement the diet when taken by
mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid. It provides nutrients either extracted
from sources or synthetic.
 COSMETICS
- These are the substances or mixtures intended to be placed in contact with
the various external parts of the human body.
MEDICINES
- This is the field of health and healing. It is used to diagnose, cure, treat, or
prevent diseases.

HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS AND FRADULENT SERVICES

Health Services

- These are usually offered by healthcare providers. A healthcare provider is a

trained professional who provides people with healthcare.
1. Health professionals. These are individuals who are licensed to practice
medicine and other allied health programs and work in the medical profession.
They are licensed to practice medicine. Knowing each of these professionals and
their functions can give benefits such as the application of an immediate and
appropriate treatment, avoidance of time and resources wastage, and the like.
Knowing them will not also lead someone to avail of fraudulent health services.
o Anesthesiologist – specializes in administering various anesthetics to
assure proper operative procedures.
o Dermatologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin
diseases.
o Cardiologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the heart
and blood vessels.
o Allergist – specializes in diagnosing and treating body reactions resulting
from unusual sensitivity to food, medicine, dust, and other substances.
o Geriatrician – specializes in the care of the elderly and the diseases that
affect them.
o Surgeon – specializes in performing surgical operations in treating
diseases, injuries, and deformities.
o Urologist – specializes in diseases and abnormalities of the gastro
urinary tract.
o Gynecologist – specializes in diseases and care of the female
reproductive organ.
o Pulmonologist – specializes in diseases of the lungs and respiratory
tract.
o Neurologist – specializes in providing diagnosis and surgical treatment
of diseases of the nervous system.
o Gastroenterologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases in the gastrointestinal system.
o Pediatrician – specializes in children’s health care and treatment of
diseases.
 o Psychiatrist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental
disorders.
o Obstetrician – specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and
childbirth.
o Ophthalmologist – specializes in diagnosis and treatment of eye
diseases and disorders.
2. Health Facilities. These are the places that offer healthcare services.
o Hospital – an institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care
and treatment. In the Philippines, there are two classifications of
hospitals: general and specialty. General hospitals have complete
medical, surgical, and maternal care facilities. Meanwhile, specialty
hospitals handle a particular disease or condition or deal with only one
type of patient.
o Walk-In Surgery Center – a facility that offers surgery without the
patient being admitted in the hospital.
o Health Center – a facility that caters a specific population with various
health needs.
o Extended Healthcare Facility – a facility that provides treatment,
nursing care, and residential services to patients, often the elderly.
3. Health Insurance. This is the financial agreement between an insurance
company and an individual or group for the payment of healthcare needs.

QUACKERY

Quackery is a form of a health fraud, an advertisement, promotion, or sale of

products and services that have not been scientifically proven safe and effective.
It is being operated by a quack. A quack is a person who dishonestly pretends
to have medical skills or knowledge. He/she usually offer products that are
believed to have miracle benefits for your health.

Three Major Characteristics of Quackery

1. It is a big business.
2. It multiples and spreads fast.
3. It is claimed that it is for incurable conditions.

Possible Effects of Quackery

1. Taking a quack “cure” may delay or lose the chance to be healed.

2. The person may experience placebo effect – that he/she improves for natural
reasons and not because of the substance that the quack provides.
3. Loss of money
4. Giving false hopes to the sick person and the family.
5. The actual damage done to the individual by using fake products and services.
6. It may cause overdoes and over medicines.
Three Forms of Quackery

1. Medical quackery. These include cures, treatments, and remedies of various

health conditions that are drugless or bloodless in nature. Example is hilot.
2. Nutrition quackery. These involves promotion of food fads and other
nutritional practices that claim to be all-natural. These are believed to have
beneficial properties of multiple plants in one product. Example is food
supplement.
3. Device quackery. These make use of miraculous gadgets (such as dials,
gauges, electrodes, magnets, and blinkers) that are believed to cure certain
health conditions. Example is massage roller.

COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE HEALTHCARE

MODALITIES

Complementary and alternative medicines are treatments that are applied

along with typical and accepted medical treatments but are not considered
standard. These include herbal medicine, magnetic fields, nutrition therapy,
acupressure, movement therapy, mental exercises, etc. These are groups of
diagnostic and therapeutic disciplines that are used together in place of
conventional medicine.
There are four major domains of complementary and alternative medicine:
biology based practices, energy medicine, manipulative and body-based
practices, and mind-body medicine. Examples of biologically-based practices
are taking herbal medicine. Energy medicine uses magnetic fields of biofields.
Manipulative and body-based practices are bodily kinesthetic and are
concerned with movement therapy. Mind body medicine uses mental exercises
in belief that the brain is central to the health.

Herbal Medicines

- There are ten herbs that are proven and tested to have medicinal value and
approved by the Department of Health (DOH). DOH assures access to basic
public health services through the provision of quality healthcare and the
regulation of providers of health goods and services.

o Lagundi – for cough

o Sambong – for urinary
o Niyog-niyogan – for intestinal worms, particularly ascaris
o Bayabas – for antiseptic, to disinfect wounds, mouthwash, or tooth decay
o Bawang – for blood pressure control
o Akapulco – for ringworm and skin fungal infection
o Ampalaya – for non-insulin dependent diabetic patients
o Tsaang Gubat – for mouthwash and diarrhea
 o Yerba Buena – for relief from body aches and pains
o Pancit-pancitan – for arthritis and gout

Alternative Medicines

o Acupuncture. It is a form of energy medicine where long thin needles are

inserted to specific parts of the body to affect the energy flow. Acupuncture is
believed to treat musculoskeletal dysfunctions.
o Reflexology. Similar to acupuncture, reflexology focuses on treating specific
disorders through massaging the palms of the hand and soles of the feet.
o Acupressure. Acupressure uses the same technique as that of acupuncture.
The only difference is that acupressure does not use needles but hands to apply
pressure on certain points of the body.
o Ventosa Cupping Massage Therapy. This procedure is done by placing
inverted glasses that have flames from burning cotton, on specific points in the
body. It is believed to retrieve muscle and joint pains.
o Nutrition Therapy. Nutrition therapy approaches treatment of a medical
condition by providing a tailored diet for the patient.