MODULE 1 - : Codes and Regulations

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – College of Engineering & Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Engr. Orlando Cruz Sico Jr.
CEP352/351C – Building System Design & Computation 6. The building should provide the degree
MODULE 1______________________________ of shelter with proper content of air,
temperature, light & acoustics.
B uilding Design is a process of providing all

PREPARATION OF BUILDING PLANS AND
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
information necessary for construction of a
building that will meet the proponents’ or Briefly defined, construction plans consist of
owners’ requirements and also satisfy the public drawings, diagrams and notes showing the
health, welfare & safety requirements base of layout of floors and uses; the elevations or views,
the given applied codes and standards by the cross-sections; specified materials, other
authority. relevant information about the structure. In
general, building plans consist of the following:
Codes and Regulations:
TYPICAL DOCUMENTS REQUIREMENTS FOR
1. National Building Code of the Philippines SECURING A BUILDING PERMIT IN THE
2. Architectural Codes PHILIPPINES
3. National Structural Code of the
Philippines 1. Properly filled – up application forms
4. Electrical Code of the Philippines duly signed and sealed by
5. Fire Code of the Philippines professionals:
6. National Plumbing Code • Building Permit Forms
7. Sanitation Code of the Philippines • Electrical Permit Forms
• Sanitary Permit Forms
Objectives of Building Design: • Other Required Forms
1. Produce drawings or plans that will show 2. Complete Set of Detailed Plans
what is to be constructed. • Architectural plans and detail
2. Provide specifications that will state drawings.
what materials and equipment that are • Structural design computations and
to be incorporated in the building. detail drawings.
• Electrical plans, load analysis,
Building design principles: computations and riser diagrams,
1. The building should be constructed to Specifications.
serve the purposes specified by the • Plumbing plans, details of septic
client. vault, diagrams of plumbing lines,
2. The design should be constructed by Specifications.
known techniques and with available • Mechanical plans and
labor and equipment. Specifications, where required.
3. The building should be usually pleasing • Others: Landscaping and interior
both inside and outside. designs, etc.
4. No part of the building should be posed 3. For construction of Two – Storey
hazard to its occupants. Building
5. The building should be constructed to • Structural Design Analysis – signed
minimize adverse impact on the and sealed by Civil Engineer at
environment. every page
MODULE 1. Building Design Introduction

For construction of more than Two – estimators, specifications writers and

Storey Building: administrative employees, the Architect must
• Boring and Plate load Test also avail of the technical expertise of Engineers
• Seismic Analysis and Consultants to assist in producing all
4. Proof of Property drawings and accompanying documents for a
• Photocopy of Transfer Certificate given project. Engineers/experts supplementing
of Title the regular work force of the Architect's office
• Photocopy of tax Declaration of are the following:
Property – lot (Certified True Copy)
1. Professional Electrical Engineer or Master
• Photocopy of Current Tax Receipt Electrician - prepares, signs and dry-seals
• Contract of Lease the Electric Plans; including the application
5. Bill of Materials, Cost Estimate and for an electrical permit to be issued by the
Construction Specification concerned government office and the utility
• Signed and sealed by an Engineer company to supply electric power for the
or Architect. project.
6. Survey Lot Plan 2. Sanitary Engineer or Master Plumber -
7. Location Clearance prepares, signs and dry-seals the Plumbing
8. PTR and PRC license of all concerned Plans; including the application for the
engineers and architects plumbing permit from the concerned
9. DOLE Clearance. government unit.
10. Other supporting papers, application 3. Civil – Structural Engineer - designs and
for utilities or clearances required by computes the correct sizes for structural
LGU rules and regulations. frames and other critical parts to achieve
The plans and companion documents are signed economy in the construction, strength,
and dry-sealed by the architect and the stability and safety of the building; signs and
engineers who prepared them. The project dry-seals his work.
owner must also sign them to signify his 4. Mechanical Engineer - prepares plans for
approval. mechanical installation; signs and dry-seals
the plans and application for permit to place
TEAM PLAYERS IN THE PLANNING AND the equipment indicated in the drawings.
CONSTRUCTION OF A PROJECT 5. Geodetic Engineer - draws the lot plan
based from the data on the OCT or TCT of
The principal players assuming lead roles in
the project site if not yet available; or
initiating a project and preparing their plans and
implementing them are the following: surveys the land, computes boundaries; and
locates or relocates concrete Iot
1. Project Owner or Proponent monuments; signs and seals his work.
2. Architects, Engineers and Consultants 6. Geo-technical Engineers – provides proper
3. Contractor, Builder, Construction study of the subsurface condition of the
Manager or Administrator site.
7. Other experts, if required by the nature of
ENGINEERS AND CONSULTANTS REQUIRED IN
the project or by the owner are: Landscape
PREPARING BUILDING PLANS
Architects, Interior Designers,
Aside from his regular staff consisting of Environmental Planners, etc.
draftspersons, architectural designers,
MODULE 1. Building Design Introduction

CEP352/351C – Building System Design & Computation The project designer needs all the technical
MODULE 2______________________________ information about the lot/project site to help
him determine the ideal size, shape, orientation
and placement of the proposed structure when
S pace planning is an in-depth analysis of how he prepares the Site Development Plan for the
physical space is used in structures. It considers project.
the purpose of spaces and who will use TYPES OF LOT
them. Space planning is a process that takes
several steps, and it's an important component • Interior Lot
for the work of building designers. • Inside Lot
• Corner Lot
LOT PLAN • Through Lot
The project owner - aside from giving the • Lot bounded by 3 or more open spaces
guidelines and requirements to be taken into
account in drawing the plans - should also
provide the architect with the information about
the area, shape, boundaries and characteristics
of the terrain on which the building will be
erected. The ideal source of the required
information is the Lot Plan prepared by a
licensed Geodetic Engineer or Land Surveyor. On
this plan are plotted the land monuments
(represented by circles) and the bearings and
distances of the boundaries based on the
technical descriptions appearing on the Original
Certificate of Title (OCT) or Transfer Certificate of
Title (TCT) of the land. Where the terrain of the
land is so uneven and rugged, contour lines and
notes should be included on the lot plan.
LOCATION/VICINITY MAP OF THE PROJECT SITE
The Lot Plan is prepared by the Geodetic

Engineer on a prescribed drawing sheet. Among
other standard drawings to be shown thereon is
the Location or Vicinity Map where the exact
position of the project site in a subdivision or
community is pinpointed. Details shown on the
location map are the lots, blocks and the
network of roads in the area, etc.
MODULE 2. Technical Documentation

SITE INSPECTION
To acquaint the designer with actual conditions

of the project site, the project owner should
invite and accompany him to inspect it. This will
result in further exchange of views on how best
to achieve their common goal before the plans
are started. It will also enable the architect to
evaluate the negative and positive features of
the land and take them into consideration in
developing the design and plans.
BUILDING PLANS DEVELOPMENT
The development of the building design and

plans generally comes in two stages.
PREPARATION OF THE PRELIMINARY

THE SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN STUDIES
ln the Site Development plan, the position, shape 1.1 ln the first stage, pic prepares
and dimensions of the proposed project are presentation drawings reflecting his
shown. The improvements proposed to be best concept of the project. The
introduced on the property are also indicated. plans he produced must conform to
the reasonable wishes of the project
owners and the building laws and
regulation, among other
considerations.
1.2 Initial drawings produced - are
presented to the owner for his study
and approval. A rough estimate of
the project cost, which may be
calculated based on the floor area of
the proposed structure is also
shown.
DRAFTING THE FINAL WORKING

DRAWINGS
2.1 The second stage involves drafting

the complete construction drawings of
the project following the owner's
approval of the preliminary design
studies.

MAKING A ROUGH ESTIMATE OF THE PROJECT

COST
A very common practice employed by architects,

engineers, builders and estimators to determine
the probable cost of a project is to first compute
the floor area in square meters. This area is
multiplied by an assumed value (or unit cost) and
the result would be the estimated cost of-the
structure to be built. The assumed value to be
multiplied by the area of the building is usually
based on historical records of the architect or
estimator. However, the amount may also come
from other reliable sources.

CEP352/351C – Building System Design & Computation determine how many doors and
windows are in the plans.
MODULE 3______________________________
e. Property Line– the boundary line
Architectural Plan between two porperties.
Designed and used by architects to f. Floor Finishes
show overall appearance, inside and outside g. Section Lines
the structure, to provide precise h. Furnitures and Appliances
measurements and other details for
construction. i. Alphabet of Lines – line symbols used
in technical drawing which enables
Objectives: engineers/designers to express
1. To develop a design idea into a features of designed products
coherent proposal. clearly and accurately.
2. To communicate idea and concept. j. Architectural Symbols - symbols used
3. To convince clients of the merits of a to show different features of a
design. building.
4. To provide details for the
contractors. 3. Elevations
5. To provide records of the completed - a plan showing different views
work. (front, rear, right and left side) of the
6. To make a record of an existing project with doors and windows
building. schedule and other details such as
the materials to be used in finishes.
Components of Architectural Drawing 4. Sections
- a plan from a cutting plane in floor plans
1. Site Development Plan showing the interior details of the project.
- a landscape plan showing the
location and the outside view of the 5. Finishes (Wall, Ceiling, Floor, Paint)
project with its surrounding including - a plan that provides the details for
landscaping and garden elements. wall, ceiling, floor, and paint finish so
2. Floor Plan as the client will imagine the
- A drawing to scale showing the appearance of the project.
arrangements of rooms & spaces 6. Doors and Windows Schedule
from a building viewed from above. - schedule provides details of the
Ff. are to consider: doors and windows of what
materials to be used.
a. Grid Lines – defines the coordinate 7. Perspective View
system or the column location of the - usually done and rendered from
building. SketchUp/Revit so as to provide a
b. Room dimensions & designations – completed project view to the
dimensions are important to client.
determine the area of such portion
in plans. Also, designations are “To ensure public safety & welfare, the
included to show what kind of Area following must be properly considered on
is in the plan. plans.”
c. Floor or Room Elevation - to indicate
wether the floor is above or below a Basic Architectural Codes:
fixed reference point. 1. Doors:
d. Schedule of Doors & Windows - to a. Doors, windows, and the like less
show where and what type of door than 2.40m above the pavement
or window is in the plan. Also to or ground level shall not, when
fully opened or upon opening,
MODULE 3. Architectural Plans

project beyond the property line 0.75 m – less than 10

except fire exit doors. occupants
b. Common width for door:
- 1.0m > width > 0.80m for b. Rise and run the of stairs.
habitable rooms The riser shall not exceed
- 1.10m for bedridden patients. 20mm and the thread shall
- height = 2.0 to 2.1m not less than 250 mm or using
c. The height of the handle should this formula:
fall within 0.90m and 1.10m above
the floor. Tread + Riser = 450 mm.
d. min. thickness = 35mm 2 x Riser + Tread = 650 mm.
2. Hallway
a. min. width = 1.20m 9. Landings
3. Parapet Wall a. There shall not be more than
a. min. height = 1.0m 3.60 m vertical distance
4. Wall between landings.
a. 4’’ CHB Wall for interior b. Minimum width of landing =
b. 6’’ CHB Wall for exterior minimum width of stairs
5. Ceiling Heights 10. Ramps
a. first storey = 2.70m -ramp slope shall not exceed 1 in 8.
b. second storey = 2.40m
c. succeeding storeys = head-room 11. Lights and ventilation
clearance of 2.10m a. Percentage of site
6. Size and Dimension of Rooms occupancy (to be
- Minimum sizes of rooms and their discussed).
least horizontal dimensions shall be b. Court – an unoccupied
as follows: space between building and
a. Rooms for Human Habitations – 6 lot line, open & unobstructed
sqm with at least dimension of 2m; from ground upward. Shall
b. Kitchen – 3.0 square meters with at have a minimum width of
least dimension of 1.50 meters; 2.00m.
c. Bath and toilet – 1.20 sqm with at c. Setbacks – vacant spaces
least dimension of 0.90 meter. between the building and lot
7. Exits – at least one exits if within lines. (to be discussed).
occupants load 8. Two if more than Drawing Paper
the minimum no. of occupants.
- Distance to exits from any point
of the building must not more Format A Series
than 45 meters if there is no Size mm x mm in x in
sprinkler system. 0 841 × 1189 33.1 × 46.8
- Minimum size of exit must be 0.90 1 594 × 841 23.4 × 33.1
width by 2.00 m height
2 420 × 594 16.5 × 23.4
- Corridors and exits balconies
3 297 × 420 11.7 × 16.5
shall not be less than 1.10 m
4 210 × 297 8.27 × 11.7
width.
8. Stairs 5 148 × 210 5.83 × 8.27
a. minimum width of stairs. 6 105 × 148 4.13 × 5.83
1.10 m – more than 50 7 74 × 105 2.91 × 4.13
occupants 8 52 × 74 2.05 × 2.91
0.90 m – less than 50 9 37 × 52 1.46 × 2.05
occupants 10 26 × 37 1.02 × 1.46


CEP352/351C – Building System Design & Computation
MODULE 4______________________________
4. Details
Structural Design - separated plan showing the specific
details such as cross section, steel
A n art and science of reinforcement, sizes from a portion of
understanding the behaviour of structural a plan.
members (footings, slabs, columns, beams, 5. Schedules
etc.) which are subjected to loads and - schedule provides section, sizes, and
designing them with economy to give a safe, steel reinforcement of beams, slab,
serviceable and durable structure. column, and footing.
Structural Plan
Process of Structural Design
Designed by Structural Designer and
used by engineers, especially Civil Engineers, A. Structural Planning & Layouting
concerning with the load-carrying members
of the structure showing their details, 1. Ideal position & orientation of columns
specifications, and schedules. a. Columns should preferably be
positioned symmetrically about the
Objectives: center of the building.
1. To determine the methodology to be b. Should preferably be located “at” or
used in constructing a project. “near” the corners of the building & at
beam intersections.
2. Safety: The structure should be able
c. Avoid larger center-to-center distance
to carry all expected loads safely, between columns.
without failure, that is, without
breaking or collapsing under the 2. Established design criteria
loads.
3. Stability: The structure should not a. Selection of materials & their strength
move (by sliding or overturning) b. Established all loads which the building
under the expected loads. requires.
4. Serviceability: The structure should c. Types of loads
c.1. Dead Load – includes the weights of
not deform or crack unreasonably
all materials to be used in the building.
under the expected loads. c.2. Live Load – building occupants
5. Durability: The structure should last for including fixtures/furnitures
a reasonable period of time. c.3 Lateral Load – wind & earthquake
forces
Components of Structural Drawing
1. Construction Notes & Specifications 3. Structural Analysis
- shows the general notes, methods, a. Study of stresses, strains, & slope
& specifications to be used during deflections of structural members.
construction.
4. Structural Design
2. Foundation Plan a. Designing the members considering the
- is a plan view drawing, showing the strength, economy, & serviceability.
location and size of footings,
columns, 5. Structural Detailing
foundation walls, and supporting a. Preparation of structural drawings &
beams such as footing tie beam and informations needed for construction.
grade beam.
3. Framing Plan FOUNDATION PLAN
- is a plan view drawing, showing the location and
- shows the location and sizes of
size of footings, columns, foundation walls, and
columns, beams, and slab supporting beams such as footing tie beam and
designations. grade beam.
MODULE 3. Structural Plans

overlap to each other. They may be

rectangular, tee-shaped or trapezoidal in
shape.
Why a Foundation is provided
o Distribute the weight of the structure over a
large area of soil.
o Avoid unequal settlement.
o Prevent the lateral movement of the structure.
o Increase structural stability.
Types of Foundation
A. Shallow Foundation – the width of the

foundation is greater than the depth of the
foundation
1. Isolated Spread Footing – the most 4. Strap or Cantilever Footing – consists of

common and simplest type of footing and single footing connected with a strap
used to support a single column only. beam. Generally, when the edge of the
footing cannot be extended beyond the
property line the exterior footing is
connected by strap beam with interior
footing.
2. Wall or Strip Footing – used to distribute 5. Raft or Mat Footing – consist of a concrete
loads of structural load-bearing walls to the slab placed over the entire building area.
ground and runs along the direction of the Used when the SBC is relatively low.
wall. Stone, brick, reinforced concrete etc.
are used.
Width = 2-3 times the width of wall
B. Deep Foundation – the width of the

foundation is smaller than the depth of the
foundation.
3. Combined Footing – provided when the
SBC is low and isolated footings are

1. Pile Foundation – a long and slender

members with small cross sectional area
that transmit loads to deeper and stronger
strata which are beyond the reach of
shallow foundations. Also used to anchor
structures against uplift forces.
Building Codes
1. Footings shall be of sufficient size and strength

to support the load of the dwelling and shall
2. Pier Foundation – is a cylindrical structural be at least 250 millimeters thick and 600
member which transfer heavy load from millimeters below the surface of the ground.
superstructure to the soil by end bearing.
Unlike pile, it can only transfer load by 2. Footings located at least 2.40 meters below
bearing and by not skin friction. grade along national roads or public highway
may project not more than 300 millimeters
beyond the property line.
3. Foundations may be permitted to encroach

into public sidewalk areas to a width not
exceeding 500 millimeters; provided, that the
top of the said foundations is not less than 600
millimeters below the established grade; and
provided further, that said projection does not
obstruct any existing utility such as power,
communication, gas, water, or sewer lines,
unless the owner concerned shall pay the
corresponding entities for the rerouting of the
parts of the affected utilities.
3. Caisson Foundation – is a watertight

retaining structure used as a bridge pier,
construction of dam etc. It is generally
used in structures which requires
foundation beneath a river or similar water
bodies. There are several types of caisson
foundation such as:
o Box Caissons
o Floating Caissons
o Pneumatic Caissons
o Open Caissons
o Sheeted Caissons
o Excavated Caissons

MODULE 4.1_____________________________
FOUNDATION DESIGN & DETAILING
Foundation Plan
• A plan layout of footings, footing tie beams, wall footing, columns and slabs on fill. All in
reference to grid lines.
Footings are strutural

members used to support
columns and walls. And to
distribute column & wall
loads.
𝑃
𝜎= = 𝑆𝐵𝐶
𝐴
Wall Footing
• A strip footingused to support all types of wall (load bearing, non-load bearing, retaining,
etc.)
• Specifications: CHB Wall (6” CHB for all exterior walls, & 4” CHB for all interior walls).
MODULE 4.1 Foundation Design and Detailing

Isolated Footing
• Isolated footing is the single or individual footing which transfers load to the underground
soil. It is provided when a single column is to be provided. A foundation is the part of the
substructure which makes a direct contact or rested inside the ground.
Notes: 1. No footing shall rest on fill

2. Minimum concrete cover = 75mm
3. Section 5.15.7, the depth of footing above
bottom reinforcement may not be less than
150 mm for footing in soil.
The required footing area A as per NSCP Section

5.15.2.2 is:
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 =
𝑞𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑎
For permissible soil pressure, we should take into

account the weight of all objects above the lower
base of the footing, we will call this effective soil
pressure, qe.
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − Σ𝛾ℎ
Then; 𝐿 = 𝑊 = √𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 if square footing.
For the depth of footing:
Ultimate pressure is to be considered to for finding the

depth of the footing,
1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣′𝑑
For isolated footing, the critical sections for shear are

discussed as follows:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝜙𝑉𝑐
The shear strength of slabs and footings in the vicinity

of the columns, concentrated load, or reactions is
governed by the more severe of the two conditions.
• Wide-beam shear : 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐴𝑊𝐵−𝑆 )

1
𝑉𝐶 = √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
• Two way shear or Punching Shear: 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐴𝑃−𝑆 )

1
𝑉𝐶 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑏 𝑑
3 𝑐 𝑜

For the thickness of the footing

1
𝑡 = 𝑑 + (Ø 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑐𝑐
2
Distribution of flexural or Main Reinforcement

Footing may be classified as a one-way footing or two way footing. One-way footings are those,
which are reinforced in one direction only, while two-way footings are reinforced in two directions.
For simplification and for plates purposes only we will be using minimum requirement for flexural
reinforcement of the footing
𝐴𝑠 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) = 0.005𝐿𝑑
Sample Problem: Prepare a footing detail for grid B-2. SBC = 120kPa, f’c=20.7 Mpa



MODULE 4.2_____________________________
COLUMN DESIGN & DETAILING
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that

transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. In other words, a column is a compression member. It is used to support beams, floors,
and roofs.
There are several types of columns which are used in different parts of structures. Column is a
vertical structural member that carry loads mainly in compression. It might transfer loads from
a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.
Commonly, columns also carry bending moments about one or both of the cross-section
axes. In this article, different types of columns used in building construction will be discussed.
TYPES OF COLUMNS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Columns are classified based on the several conditions which include:
1. Based on Types of Reinforcement

2. Based on Types of Loading
3. Based on Slenderness Ratio
4. Based on Shape
5. Based on Construction Material
MODULE 4.2 Column Design and Detailing

1.1. Tied Column
This type of column is commonly construction

from reinforced concrete. Longitudinal
reinforcement are confined within closely spaced
tie reinforcement. It is estimated that 95% of all
columns in buildings are tied.
Fig. 1: Tied column
1.2. Spiral Column
Spiral column is also construction from reinforced

concrete. In this type of column, longitudinal bars
are confined within closely spaced and
continuously wound spiral reinforcement.
Spiral reinforcement provide lateral restrains
(Poisson’s effect) and delays axial load failure
(ductile).
Fig. 2: Spiral Column
1.2. Composite column
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe
with or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.
This type of column have high strength with fairly small cross section, in addition to
exhibit good fire performance.
Fig. 3: Composite column

2. Based on Types of Loading
2.1. Axially Loaded Column
- If vertical axial loads act on the center of

gravity of the cross-section of the column,
then it is termed as axially loaded column.
- Axially loaded column is rare in construction
since coinciding vertical loads on the
center of gravity of column cross section is
not practical.
- Interior column of multi-storey buildings with
symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all
sides is an example of this type of column.
Fig. 3: Axially loaded column
2.2. Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading
- When vertical loads do not coincide with

center of gravity of column cross section, but
rather act eccentrically either on X or Y axis
of the column cross section, then it is called
uniaxially eccentric loading column.
- Column with uniaxial loading are generally
encountered in the case of columns rigidly
connected beam from one side only such as
edge columns.
Fig. 4: Column with uniaxial eccentric loading
2.3. Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading
- When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of

gravity of column cross section and does not act on either
axis (X and Y axis), then the column is called biaxially
eccentric loaded column.
- Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner columns
with beams rigidly connected at right angles at the top of
columns.
Fig. 5: Column with biaxial eccentric loading

3. Based on Slenderness Ratio

- Based on slenderness ratio, (effective length/ least lateral dimension), columns
are categorized as follow:
3.1. Short Column
- If the ratio effective length of the column to the least

lateral dimension is less than 12, the column is called as
the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure
compression failure).
Fig. 6: Short column
3.2. Long Column
- If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral

dimension exceeds 12, it is called as long column. A long column
fails by bending or buckling.
Fig. 7: Long column
4. Based on Shape
4.1 Shape of Reinforced Concrete Column
4.1.1 Square or Rectangular Column

- They are generally used in the
construction of buildings. It is much
easier to construct and cast
rectangular or square columns
than circular ones because of
ease of shuttering and to support it
from collapsing due to pressure
while the concrete is still in
flowable form.
Fig. 8: Square column

4.1.2. Circular column
- They are specially designed

columns, which are mostly used in
piling and elevation of the
buildings.
Fig. 9: Circular column
4.1.3. L-Shape Column
- Commonly, L-shaped column is utilized

in the corners of the boundary wall and has similar
characteristics of a rectangular or square column.
Fig. 10: L-shaped column
4.1.4. T-Shape column
- It is utilized based on design requirements of a

structure. T-Shaped column is widely used in
the construction of bridges.
Fig. 11: T-shaped column
4.2. Shape of Steel Column
- There are different standard and built up shape of steel columns which are
shown in Fig. and Fig. Common shapes of steel columns include Wide Flange,
I, channel, equal angle, and Tee-shape.

Fig. 12: Steel column cross section shape (Standard)
Fig. 13: Steel column cross section shape (built up)
4.3. Shape of Composite Column

- The usual shape of composite columns are shown in Fig.
Fig. 13: Composite column shape

5. Based on Construction Material
- Types of columns based on construction materials include Reinforced

Concrete, Steel, timber, Brick, Block, and Stone Column.
6.
Fig. 15: Types of Column; A-reinforced concrete, B- steel, C-timber, D-brick, E-block,
and F-stone

FOR LABORATORY COMPUTATIONS
REINFORCED CONCRETE TIED COLUMN
- has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in position by lateral

reinforcement called lateral ties.
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 0.80(0.85𝑓 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡)
where:
∅ = 0.70
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
These maximum load limits govern wherever the

moment is small enough to keep the eccentricity
under 0.10h where h is the column width parallel to
the applied moment.
Minimum Requirements:
Limits of reinforcement for tied columns (Section 5.10.9)
I. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and Ast shall not be more than 0.06Ag.
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within rectangular. With a
minimum diameter of 16mm.
Sizes and spacing of main bars and ties
I. Sh or clear distance between longitudinal bars must not exceed 150mm, otherwise
provide additional ties. Also It shall be not less than 1.5db nor 40mm and 4/3
aggregate size. (Section 5.7.6.3)
II. dt, Minimum diameter of lateral ties = 10 mm for 32mm Ø or less vertical bars ; or
12 mm for larger than 32mm Ø and bundled longitudinal bars. (Section 5.7.10.5.1.2)
III. Vertical Spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following: (Section 5.7.10.5.1.2)
a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)
b. 48 x dt (dt = tie bar diameter)
c. Least dimension of the column
IV. Sc, or concrete clear cover is equal to 38mm or 40mm.
V. Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall
have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an included angle of
not more than 135˚.
Notes:
a. Splice of vertical bars shall be located at the midheight of th column.
b. Spacing of ties within confinement zone “y” must be at 0.10 m, where confining
zone “y” largest between ; maximum column dimension. 1/6 clear height of
the column, and 450 mm.

REINFORCED CONCRETE SPIRAL COLUMN
- A circular column concrete core with vertical bars encolsed by spirals
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 0.80(0.85𝑓 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡)
where:
∅ = 0.75
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
These maximum load limits govern wherever

the moment is small enough to keep the
eccentricity under 0.05h where h is the column
width parallel to the applied moment.
Limits of reinforcement for spiral columns (Section 5.10.9)
I. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and Ast shall not be more than 0.06Ag.
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 6 for bars. With a minimum diameter of
16mm.
Sizes and spacing of main bars and ties

I. For cast – in – place construction, size of the spiral shall not be less than 10 mm.
(Section 5.7.10.4.2)
II. Clear spacing s between spiral or pitch shall not exceed 75mm, nor less than 10
mm. (Section 5.7.10.4.3)
III. Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1 ½ extra turns of spiral
bar. (Section 5.7.10.4)
IV. Splices of spiral reinforcement shall be lap splices of 48db but not less than 300
mm or welded. (Section 5.7.10.5)
V. The percentage of spiral steel ρs is computed from the following equation.
𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 4𝑎 ∗ (𝐷 − 𝑑 )

ρ = =
𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ, 𝑠 𝑠∗𝐷
VI. The minimum spiral percentage is given by: (Section 5.10.9.3)
𝐴 𝑓𝑐
ρ = 0.45 ∗ −1 ∗
𝐴 𝐹𝑦
where:
𝑎 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 415 𝑀𝑝𝑎.


MODULE 1 - : Codes and Regulations

Uploaded by

MODULE 1 - : Codes and Regulations

Uploaded by

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – College of Engineering & Technology

Civil Engineering Department

B uilding Design is a process of providing all

MODULE 1. Building Design Introduction

For construction of more than Two – estimators, specifications writers and

MODULE 1. Building Design Introduction

LOCATION/VICINITY MAP OF THE PROJECT SITE

The Lot Plan is prepared by the Geodetic

MODULE 2. Technical Documentation

To acquaint the designer with actual conditions

BUILDING PLANS DEVELOPMENT

The development of the building design and

PREPARATION OF THE PRELIMINARY

DRAFTING THE FINAL WORKING

2.1 The second stage involves drafting

MODULE 2. Technical Documentation

MAKING A ROUGH ESTIMATE OF THE PROJECT

A very common practice employed by architects,

MODULE 2. Technical Documentation

MODULE 3. Architectural Plans

project beyond the property line 0.75 m – less than 10

MODULE 3. Architectural Plans

MODULE 3. Architectural Plans

CEP352/351C – Building System Design & Computation

MODULE 3. Structural Plans

overlap to each other. They may be

A. Shallow Foundation – the width of the

1. Isolated Spread Footing – the most 4. Strap or Cantilever Footing – consists of

B. Deep Foundation – the width of the

MODULE 3. Structural Plans

1. Pile Foundation – a long and slender

1. Footings shall be of sufficient size and strength

3. Foundations may be permitted to encroach

3. Caisson Foundation – is a watertight

MODULE 3. Structural Plans

CEP352/351C – Building System Design & Computation

FOUNDATION DESIGN & DETAILING

Footings are strutural

MODULE 4.1 Foundation Design and Detailing

Notes: 1. No footing shall rest on fill

The required footing area A as per NSCP Section

For permissible soil pressure, we should take into

Then; 𝐿 = 𝑊 = √𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 if square footing.

For the depth of footing:

Ultimate pressure is to be considered to for finding the

For isolated footing, the critical sections for shear are

The shear strength of slabs and footings in the vicinity

• Wide-beam shear : 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐴𝑊𝐵−𝑆 )

• Two way shear or Punching Shear: 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐴𝑃−𝑆 )

MODULE 4.1 Foundation Design and Detailing

For the thickness of the footing

Distribution of flexural or Main Reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) = 0.005𝐿𝑑

MODULE 4.1 Foundation Design and Detailing

MODULE 4.1 Foundation Design and Detailing

MODULE 4.1 Foundation Design and Detailing

CEP352/351C – Building System Design & Computation

COLUMN DESIGN & DETAILING

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that

TYPES OF COLUMNS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Columns are classified based on the several conditions which include:

1. Based on Types of Reinforcement

MODULE 4.2 Column Design and Detailing

1. Based on Types of Reinforcement

1.1. Tied Column

This type of column is commonly construction

Fig. 1: Tied column

1.2. Spiral Column

Spiral column is also construction from reinforced

Fig. 2: Spiral Column

1.2. Composite column

Fig. 3: Composite column

MODULE 4.2 Column Design and Detailing

2. Based on Types of Loading

2.1. Axially Loaded Column

- If vertical axial loads act on the center of