International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law

Volume 1, Issue 2

International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law

Volume 1, Issue 2

Evolution of Women Entrepreneurship in

India
Kriti Suri​1​ and Aishwarya Verma​2

This Article is brought to you for “free” and “open access” by the International Journal of Policy
Sciences and Law. For more, visit ​http://ijpsl.in/
To submit your manuscript, email it to us at ​[email protected]​ ​or ​click here​.

1​ ​
Symbiosis School of Economics, Symbiosis International University, Pune
2​​
India Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal

903
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

Abstract
Women have been an integral part of our society but because of many societal norms,
they stand behind male members of the family, not because they are incompetent but because of
the male chauvinism that has persisted across different eras. Whenever we read about the role of
women, they are always represented as the sophisticated, dependent, and professionally
incapable human being, which stands to be false. Sexism is one of the major outcomes being
nurtured under the patriarchal society. This paper highlights the evolution of women with
patriarchy as the key focus across different centuries and all that needs to be implemented and
changes that have to be made to eradicate it from the root, for creating a gender-neutral
professional environment for everyone.
Keywords:​ Entrepreneurship, Development, Women, Indian society

1.0 Introduction
This world was constructed in such a way that every single living and non-living thing
present on this planet maintains an equilibrium. Human beings have an integral role in it too,
considering the history and the present scenario. From eras, we have been witnessing changes
that have taken place in terms of roles and statuses among human beings. Women have played a
central role in terms of maintaining the stability & development of society as a whole. However,
despite having such a fundamental role, the need to maintain gender equality and a sustainable
environment is always emphasized upon. The sole reason being the inequality and dominance of
a particular gender throughout different domains like workforce, household, agriculture,
education, etc. There has been an enormous evolution in the status of women, but still, women
have to fight for basic human rights and needs.
The seed of patriarchy has been sown centuries back which has now turned into a tree
with roots & branches so widespread that it is overshadowing the other budding trees of the
society. Women have been majorly overlooked when it comes to professional life, patriarchy has
played a crucial role in creating a prejudice that women aren’t good professionals and can only
do household chores.

904
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

For centuries, women haven’t been provided with proper education from the initial stage,
and empowerment of women has just been limited to mere participation in a formal system,
which later results in financial dependence on male members of the family. Financial
dependence gives male members of the family the upper hand to dominate the female
counterpart and make all the decisions for them. The dominance of male member can be felt
when he plays the role of a father by neglecting the education of his daughter even though she
wants to study, husband by controlling all the expenses, decisions, social life as well as sexual
life, and boss by not evaluating a female subordinate according to her capabilities and work.
Women usually have less accessibility to facilities like education, medical care, employment,
entrepreneurship, training. The ability to control her sexual life is also taken away which results
in losing control over her choice to become a mother and making decisions about her children’s
life.

2.0 Women Entrepreneurship in India

Women's development has been considered the key to the overall sustainable
development of a nation. A female who plays an intriguing role by frequently interacting and
actively adjusting herself with socio-economic, financial and support spheres in society is called
a woman entrepreneur (Pirakatheeswari, 2015, p. 129). Women Entrepreneur is an individual
who acknowledges moving apart to meet her necessities and becomes monetarily autonomous. A
powerful urge to accomplish something positive is an inbuilt nature of entrepreneurial women,
who are equipped for contributing qualities in both family and public activity. "Women
entrepreneur alludes similarly to somebody who has begun a one-woman business, to somebody
who is ahead in a privately-run company or association or, to somebody who is an investor in a
public organization which she runs". Women have the potential and the assurance to set up,
maintain and regulate their undertakings in an orderly way.
The Government of India has defined a women entrepreneur enterprise as, “​An enterprise owned
and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving
at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”​

905
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

Women tend to go into businesses or start their ventures as soon as they complete their
education. According to a review led by Women and Entrepreneurship in India, 58% of women
entrepreneurs are in the age group of 25-30. Ordinarily, most women based organizations are
miniature undertakings, proficient administrations, clothes and extras, and food and drinks. As
indicated by different assessments, women represent 25-35% of workers at new companies and
the number is expanding. As per financial speculators and other capital financial specialists, a
developing number of women, encouraged by prominent startup examples of overcoming
adversity both in India and the globe, are increasing. (Hariharan & Murugan, 2014, p. 96).

A woman entrepreneur is one who incubates new ideas, starts her enterprise with these
ideas, and provides added value to a society based on their independent initiative. Women in
India are faced with many problems to get ahead in their life in business. Women entrepreneurs
face many problems in their efforts to develop their enterprise (Vijayakumar & Jayachitra, 2013,
p. 14). There are umpteen problems faced by women at various stages beginning from their
initial commencement of enterprise, in running their enterprise. Despite many problems, a
distinguishing feature of a woman entrepreneur is the willingness to work hard. She has to follow
the principle, “Hard-work is the key to success.” She works for challenge, accomplishment and
service to others.

3.0 The Changing Role of Women Entrepreneurs Through The Decades

Indians have always been entrepreneurs, no matter which sphere they work. Since ages,
we have seen businesses being passed on from fathers to their sons and businesses going from
rags to riches. The male dominance in society has never let the females realise their true
potentials. The existence of patriarchy and other societal norms barred them from entering into
the family business or to do something of their own. The women were accountable for doing
daily house chores, looking after the children and elderly people in the family etc. It is said that
the family is a chariot with wheels which are driven by both the male and female members of the
family. If one of the wheels is lagging, the chariot i.e. the family will not be able to grow and
develop (Chavan & Murkute, 2016, p. 610). In the same way, when we speak about a nation,
women entrepreneurship plays a dominant role in economic development and makes significant
contributions to the economic growth of the country. The development of the country would be

906
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

very slow if women entrepreneurship is ignored and stopped to join the mainstream of
productive activities. It was not until the 1960s that women brought in the transformation in their
status and evolution of the female entrepreneurs in the Indian society.

● The 1960s
Indian society has always been dominated by men. The women have never had a say in
the decisions relating to family matters or even relating to their own lives. The state of the Indian
economy was even worse compared to the present scenario. The practise of female foeticide and
malnutrition in girl children was quite prevalent. The United Nation Children’s Fund put forth a
figure of around five million girls missing in the country due to the above practices. The violence
on the grounds of dowry was quite prominent which led to the implementation of Dowry
prohibition Act to decrease this practice as well as crimes reported in the society. It was not quite
late for women to realise their true potential. This period marked the starting point for women to
see themselves as bread earners from bread makers in the family. Their role changed from being
mere guardians of home to legitimate participants in the discourse of life.
The women during this period were motivated to start their small size enterprises at the
ease of their homes. Many of them started some of the enterprises single-handedly. They got
occupied in activities like making papads, pottery, bangle making etc. to earn a source of
income. The period also saw the need for imparting education to children. Not only the male
child but in some places, the families started sending their girls to school. Ritu Kumar, the
famous international designer from the Indian origin, brought in profound changes with
establishing her brand regarding female entrepreneurship. She believed that India is a large
reservoir of artistic skills which can be utilised and help transform the status of Indian women.
With her International experience and delicate skills present in Indian society, she took a step
forward to start her brand. Due to societal constraints and lack of finance, she started her journey
in a small village in Kolkata with block printing (M. Charantimath, 2013, pp. 1–3).

● The 1970s
This period brought a change in the needs of women. Compared to the previous periods,
where all women looked up for home, marriage and children, they now aspired to have an
occupation. They were very much willing to take up the challenge of balancing their roles in

907
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

social and occupational sectors, balancing their personal and professional lives; balancing
between taking care of their family and their businesses/jobs. The beginning of the 70s also
bought in a wave of feminist activism and voices were raised against issues like gender
inequality, rape, spousal violence faced by women, ​sati​, divorce laws, political representation
and land rights. The wave of women asking for their rights began. The term ‘women
entrepreneurship’ came into existence.
Another notable recognition came for the country with the establishment of Biocon, an
Indian biopharmaceutical company under the leadership of Kiran Mazumdar Shaw.
The company has now spread its wings all over the global markets including the developed
countries like the United States and Europe. The company caters to the needs of a hundred and
twenty-one countries worldwide. Ms Shaw has faced her hardships but she always had the
courage and determination to set up her enterprise. While trying to set up an efficient
biotechnology startup in the country, she faced financial and infrastructural challenges. It was
difficult for her to educate people about the need for good cheap drugs. However, her persistent
efforts paid off when she finally set up a Research and Development Team (R&D) in 1984. The
team was assigned to research on finding new enzymes to develop affordable drugs. But she
received her breakthrough when in 1987, Narayanan Vaghul of ​Industrial Credit and Investment
Corporation of India (​ICICI) helped her with a humongous financial aid. Kiran didn’t only find
success but also did face bankruptcy at times when finances were low. Yet her hard work paid
off as she set up two subsidiary bodies – ​Syngene a​ nd ​Clinigene ​(Sharma, 2020)​. T
​ he number of
women entrepreneurs during this period did not see an enormous increase. The crime rate against
women related to molestation, rapes etc. showed a spatial increase and the decade laid the
foundation for the 1980s where women were more confident, working with a vision to make
their place in the business market.

● The 1980s
The decade brought in a great spurt of technological advancements along with
professional education. The priority was shifted to education with the coming of the fourth
five-year plan. The changing nature of dealing with crimes against women was quite visible.
Several non-profit organizations and political parties raised their voices which caught up media’s
attention. The notable change was brought in by Mary Roy, a female activist who won a lawsuit

908
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

which made a girl child hold equal rights for the inheritance of property/ land as the male child.
The lawsuit saw bearing its fruits in the state of Kerala where literacy gained importance over
time for both the genders.
This decade saw markets filled with men which resulted in greater hardships for women.
Despite the difficulties in the market, ​Vandana Luthra Curls and Curves (​VLCC), currently the
biggest wellness companies in India entered the market under the leadership of Vandana Luthra.
The company has now spread its wings in eleven Asian countries and there were a set of troubles
faced by her when she began with this venture. She was determined to do something in the
healthcare sector and hence, put forward this idea with a small bank loan (Drilers, 2019). The
decade saw the rise in several women who became aware of the rights available to them.
Education was encouraged for girl children and they were no longer confined to stay back at
homes and help their mothers. There was an increase in the number of females going to school
and taking up professional education.

● The 1990s
The era of independence began for women in the country. They were confident in what
they did and became goal-oriented. This century saw about 1,96,000 women entrepreneurs
emerging, overshadowing the men in society. The zeal in the women entrepreneurs attracted
foreign aids from all over the world to support the establishment of women enterprises and
non-profit organisations rising in their support. Earlier the females were looked upon strangely
for running small businesses like xerox stores or grocery shops, the wave bought in by the
industrial policy of 1991 created a pool of opportunities for both males and females in the
country (Chavan & Murkute, 2016, p. 608). This policy promoted liberalization, globalization
and privatization. The women can now be seen in every sector/ industry- a service industry or a
trading business. As the development process continued, the reasons for women entering the
industry varied. While some entered to expand their family business or set up something on their
own to become financially independent, some took it to bring their families out of debts.
This decade brought in many changes along with the biggest achievement for the women
entrepreneurs. The planning commission and the Indian government recognized the efforts put in
by these entrepreneurs and threw light on the need for these women entrepreneurs for the
economic growth of the country. Framing and implementation of several policies as an aid to

909
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

these women were seen as the only effective and efficient strategy for reducing the urban and
rural poverty levels. The aid was also extended to them in the form of subsidies, tax waivers and
concessions for their goods and services being produced. The eighth five-year plan formulated at
the beginning of this decade saw the need to formulate certain special programs which can help
rural women engage in income-generating activities and take up new employment opportunities.
These are some of the plans launched during the Eight-Five Year Plan: Prime Minister Rojgar
Yojana and Entrepreneurship Development Programmes(EDP’s) were introduced to develop
entrepreneurial qualities among rural women. ‘Women in agriculture’ scheme was introduced to
train women farmers having small and marginal holdings in agriculture and allied activities. To
generate more employment opportunities for women Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC) took special measures in remote areas. Women cooperatives schemes were formed to
help women in agro-based industries like dairy farming, poultry, animal husbandry, horticulture
etc. with full financial support from the Government (Vijayakumar & Jayachitra, 2013, p. 16).

● 21st Century
With struggles faced overtime by the entrepreneurs, they are now being recognised as the
innovators and innovating new things to compete with others, which is recognised as the most
difficult task an entrepreneur undergoes. As per the research conducted in the first part of the
century, it has been shown that the women-owned firms may have underperformed at aggregate
levels compared to men-owned firms, but they are more likely to stay in business for a longer
period. The performance not being up to the mark is the outcome of various challenges a woman
faces while establishing her business in the market (Pahwa & Chakraborty, 2007, pp. 1–3). Male
entrepreneurs are more likely to be driven by the motive to earn lots of money whereas for
females it is the way to seek greater control over their professional as well as personal lives
(Tiwari & Tiwari, 2007, pp. 1–3). Earlier for Women, there were only 3 Ks: Kitchen, Kids,
Knitting, then came 3 Ps: Powder, Pappad, Pickles and now at present there are 4 Es: Electricity,
Electronics, Energy, Engineering. Indian women have undergone a long way and are becoming
increasingly visible and successful in all spheres and have shifted from the kitchen to a higher
level of professional activities (Gurnani, 2014, p. 943).

910
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

4.0 Push and Pull Factors

Analysing the case of famous women entrepreneurs, something that was common in them
is their determination. According to a study conducted, it was shown that most of the women
were attracted to enter the market to get a better life, be financially independent and support their
families with additional income (Ibemcha Chanu, 2018, p. 1050). There have been certain pull
factors (motivational factors) captivating many women in the entrepreneurship field over the
years.
1. Being dominated by men in the society, women feel the need to do something of their
own as a matter of their self-respect and personal development.
2. They are motivated enough to take the risks and face the challenges to make their place in
the market.
3. Their determination and perseverance have helped them achieve in every field.
4. Over the years, the aids provided by the government and simplification of rules has been
an added benefit for women to set up their enterprises.

Women, as the history recalled, have been confined to the four walls of their houses
carrying out their daily activities. With times passing, women may have moved out of those
homes but remained confined in those four walls of the society, where she struggles and fights
the orthodox beliefs and thoughts of the people. The push factors/challenges they face are quite
similar among the group.
1. Social Norms​: Women faced a great deal of resistance because of the socio-cultural
norms present across different centuries. Society has played a crucial role in shaping the
status of women. Women are generally compressed between the traditions and their
dreams. They are not liberated enough to choose what they want to pursue. Society is not
supportive enough to promote working women because they consider household chores
as the primary objective of women’s life. Women who are working aren’t appreciated for
their work and their work is always treated secondary in comparison to the male members
of the family irrespective of the position, salary and the status they hold. There are huge
family-related expectations from a woman which aren’t present in the case of men. Due
to the reproductive responsibilities present with them, their job has been limited to taking

911
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

care and nurturing family members. This somehow limited the opportunities in the labour
market.
2. Education​: The education of women has been discredited for centuries. Education was
considered as something which should only be limited to men and women were excluded
due to the gender roles ascribed which were limited only to the household. This is the
reason why the literacy rate of women in India is among one of the lowest in the world.
The girls weren’t allowed to study and in case they were allowed it can only last till the
age of 8-10 years, and after that, they were married off. This ultimately leads to the
ignorance of their right to education and economic contribution, hindering their
opportunity to entrepreneurship.
3. Poverty​: This scenario plays a very important role in obstructing the way to
entrepreneurship for women. Lately, across all the countries, it is observed that women
have been either entirely or majorly dependent on their male counterparts for financial
needs. The inequality of distribution in income has severely affected the growing slope of
women entrepreneurs. Because of these reasons, women were highly dominated and were
made to live according to male family members. Hence, they weren’t allowed to become
financially dependent, and if, in this situation, they become a widow or get separated
from their husband, it harshly affects their socio-economic conditions and pushes them
towards poverty.
4. Lack of self-confidence: Every human being requires inspiration & certainty for their
dream to become reality but in the case of women, the seed of their dreams & aspirations
die before it can prosper. They might gather the courage to follow their dreams but
society, even the family members of the women, drags them down. They aren't given
space since childhood and it becomes a habit with time to depend on others, so even if
they get the opportunity, they don't have enough confidence in themselves to become
self-sufficient.
5. The conflict between work and domestic commitments​: Unlike men, women are expected
to take care of the family and household chores along with their careers because of the
gender-defined roles by society. There are cases where women are allowed to work only
till they get married, till they become mothers or after their kids grow up. All these kinds
of situations create a conflict between their career as well as their personal life. Women

912
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

aren’t appreciated when they prioritize their job, this pushes them towards conflicts &
disturbing situations which also influences their efficiency & motivation.
6. Family & Tax Policies: ​The regulatory bodies like Tax policies, Social Welfare System &
family policies highly affect the cost and effectiveness of the entrepreneurship of women.
Maternity leave policies and provision of different organisations also affect the work-life
of women because in most cases it is observed that they either end up losing their
position or restrictive leaves.

5.0 Government Programmes and Policies

The life of women not only as an entrepreneur but also as an individual has been full of
hardships and a continuous struggle to make their place in this male-dominated society. With
these challenges they face, there were some policies and programmes which acted as a catalyst to
drive these entrepreneurs towards their goals. These programmes have resulted in successful
outcomes to help in various decades and continue to do so.

1. Setting up of Self-Help Groups​: A Self-Help Group(SHG) is a small voluntary

association of people who come together to find a solution to a common issue. It usually
consists of people from the same socio-economic background or same gender. In India,
women are having harder lives (in rural areas in particular) and they have to discharge the
onerous tasks of running households, collection of firewood for cooking, fetching
drinking water and taking care of the children. In the labour market, (as rural
non-agricultural labour) they earn Rs. 44 per day while their male counterparts earn Rs.
67 per day (United Nations, 2002, pp. 1–3). The SHGs help them in availing better access
to credit, additional family income, and also look after better nutrition to children and
improvement in school attendance.
2. Integration of women in development​: This came in as a separate chapter focussing on a
few major suggestions to include women in the development process by the Government
of India. It was suggested to treat women as a specific target group in all major
development programs of the country. The suggestions were further given and
implemented for imparting vocational training, assistance to market their products in the
market and their involvement in the decision-making process.

913
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

3. Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)​: The Women Entrepreneurship Platform was

launched by ​National Institution for Transforming India(​NITI) Aayog in partnership with
Small industrial Development Bank of India​(S
​ IDBI) to provide a platform for budding

women entrepreneurs of India. It has been established on the base of 3 pillars :

● Iccha Shakti: I​ t represents the motivation & confidence of women to work as
entrepreneurs.
● Gyaan Shakti: It represents the power of knowledge that can be provided as
support for women entrepreneurs to grow faster.
● Karma Shakti: It represents the support provided to women entrepreneurs in
upscaling their venture.
This scheme focuses on providing incubation for women entrepreneurs and
accelerating the process.
4. Trade-Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development(TREAD) Scheme​: This
scheme aims at providing economic empowerment to women by imparting required
entrepreneurial skills, training, counselling extension activities and development of
personality with the help of NGOs. The Government of India not just focuses on the skill
development part through this scheme but also financial assistance by granting 30% of
the total cost of the project and the rest 70 % to be covered through a loan.
5. Udyogini Scheme​: This scheme by the Government of India focuses on the women who
are working in the field of agriculture or small ventures and have income less than or
equal to 45,000 with special benefits to the widow, disabled and ST/ST category women.
6. Annapurna Scheme​: This scheme was implemented by the government of India for
women who want to establish a food catering business. The Government of India offers a
loan of 50,000 with a repayment duration of 3 years.

6.0 Road Ahead

Across different countries, it is very much evident that the life of women entrepreneurs
has been severely affected because of the patriarchal attributes of the society. It is crucial to
acknowledge the repercussion of the male-centric society in the life of women and their changing
roles so far. To make the condition better for women entrepreneurs, public policies can be
formulated keeping in consideration the following necessary points which are as follows:

914
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

● Help women to develop a positive attitude and self-confidence with the help of different
role models and ambassadors of the world. The idea is to raise awareness in women about
the potential of entrepreneurship.
● Training women to develop skills required for successful entrepreneurship and leading a
venture so that they can work efficiently with proper risk management and optimum use
of the management resources available.
● It was observed that women have faced several barriers related to financial aspects, so it
is necessary to impart financial literacy to them, so that they can make informed
decisions related to their ventures. Efforts should be made to remove the financial gap
between men and women.
● Networking plays a crucial role in entrepreneurship. It helps in accessing business ideas,
customers, investors etc. Women should be helped in creating good networks with people
belonging to their field of interest.
● For women to become successful entrepreneurs, it is really necessary for policymakers to
work towards formulating policy frameworks in such a way that tax policies and family
law doesn’t drag them down. Removal of economic disincentives in tax-benefits, stronger
policy in addition to the family and social policy to make sure that women don’t face
discrimination of any kind in the workplace.

7.0​ ​Conclusion
One question that arises after the whole analysis of the evolution of women entrepreneurs
and the support required by them in prospering is whether women should be given the support
through special agencies or through integrating it in the mainstream programmes. European
Union in its framework towards women empowerment and support for entrepreneurship uses
both the approaches to tackle these issues depending on the societal attitude towards women as
well as the situation in the labour market. More efforts should be made in terms of creating an
environment that can provide social security with lesser barriers. It is necessary to implement a
gender-neutral education system which can impart the learnings related to entrepreneurship in
the society so that gender-related issues in the field can be removed. It can be observed across
different centuries that the condition of women entrepreneurs has become better with time but
the main issue is the patriarchal system that has existed in India since ages. With times changing,

915
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

the women have also become the bread earners in the family and some are getting support from
their families. Despite the positive changes quite evident, there are many changes which have to
be done to make a woman feel celebrated in society.

References
Chavan, V., & Murkute, D. P. (2016). Role of women entrepreneurs in the Indian
economy. ​International Journal of Science Technology and Management​, ​5​(3), 604–612.
https://www.ijstm.com/images/short_pdf/1459447053_1204B.pdf
Drilers. (2019, August 17). ​Top 10 women entrepreneurs in India!
https://www.drilers.com/post/top-10-women-entrepreneurs-in-india
European Union. (2016). ​Policy Brief on Women’s Entrepreneurship.​
https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/Policy-Brief-on-Women-s-Entrepreneurship.pdf
Gurnani, P. (2014). Changing Status of Women-owned Enterprises in Indian
Insight. ​Global Journal of Finance and Management, ISSN 0975-6477​, ​6​(9), 933–944.
https://www.ripublication.com/gjfm-spl/gjfmv6n9_20.pdf
Hariharan, D. N. P., & Murugan, R. (2014). Analysis of Women Entrepreneurship
in India. ​American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social
Sciences, ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696​, 95–98.
http://iasir.net/AIJRHASSpapers/AIJRHASS14-545.pdf
Ibemcha Chanu, A. (2018). A Study on Motivational Factors of Women in
Entrepreneurial Ventures of Assam Hills. ​International Journal of Research and
Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138​, ​5​(2),
1049–1055. ​http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_943.pdf
M. Charantimath, P. (2013). ​Entrepreneurship Development and Small Business
Enterprises:​ Pearson Education India.
Pahwa, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2007). ​Women Entrepreneurship and Economic
Development.​ Sarup & Sons.
Pirakatheeswari, P. (2015). Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurs in
India in the era of Globalization. ​Pacific Business Review International​, ​8​(2), 128–134.
http://poster.pacific-university.ac.in/2015/2015_month/August/15.pdf

916
International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law
Volume 1, Issue 2

R. (2020, February 1). ​Success Story of Vandana Luthra – The Founder of VLCC.​
The CEO Story. ​https://theceostory.in/blog/vandana-luthra-the-founder-of-vlcc/
Sharma, A. (2020, June 8). ​‘Successful Woman Entrepreneur’: A Title from 70’s n
’80s.​ ChaaiCoffee. ​https://chaaicoffee.com/indian-women-entrepreneurs/
Thakur, A. K., & Rahman, R. (2009). ​Women Entrepreneurship​. Deep
Publications.
Tiwari, S., & Tiwari, A. (2007). ​Women Entrepreneurship and Economic Development.​
Sarup & Sons.
United Nations. (2002). ​Women in India, How free? How equal? Data on
population and literacy based on the 2001 census.​
Vijayakumar, A., & Jayachitra, S. (2013). WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN
INDIA - EMERGING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES. ​International Journal of
Development Research, ISSN: 2230-9926,​ ​3(​ 4), 12–17.
https://www.journalijdr.com/women-entrepreneurs-india-emerging-issues-and-challenges

917