Project Quality Management

1- Which of the following tools and techniques is useful to process work performance data
to identify sources of project defects during the Control Quality Process?
A- Data analysis
B- Salience model
C- Schedule model
D- Communication model

2- An effective quality audit should be:

A- Structured and independent
B- Informal and independent
C- Informal and internal
D- Structured and internal

3- A control chart should always contain:

A- Upper and lower warning limits
B- The moving average
C- Upper and lower control limits
D- Upper and lower specification limits

4- Which of the following is not a part of the data gathering tools used in Control Quality
process?
a. Checklists
b. Control Chart
c. Check sheets
d. Statistical sampling

5- Measuring the quality of items in a sample on a pass/fail basis is:

a. Biased sampling
b. Variable sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Attribute sampling

6- As project manager, you would like to show the relationship between two variables
to help your project team understand the quality impact better. Which tool should
you use?
a. Scatter Diagram
b. Run Chart
c. Fishbone Diagram
d. Pareto Chart

7- If you want to reduce the number of quality inspections and reduce the cost of quality
control for your project, which technique should you use?
a. Run Chart
b. Defect Repair Review
c. Statistical Sampling
 d. Pareto Chart

8- As a project manager, you are analyzing the costs incurred in a project. Which of the
following costs cannot be classified under cost of nonconformance?
a. Quality Assurance Costs
b. Warranty costs
c. Costs due to loss of reputation
d. Rework costs

9- As a project manager, you are responsible for determining and delivering the required
levels of both grade and quality. Select which of the following statements you disagree
with.
a. Grade relates to the product's characteristics.
b. Grade relates to the customer requirements.
c. Quality relates to the customer requirements.
D. Quality and grade of a product must be carefully managed

10- Julia is managing a water treatment plant construction project. A new

government has recently been sworn in. During the election campaign, the winning
candidate made a number of commitments regarding environmental control reforms.
Julia is not sure how the new government and its future policies might affect her
project. This is an example of:
A. Variability risk
B. Mitigated risk
C. Ambiguity risk
D. Opportunity risk

11- An organization’s value chain can be represented by a special type of flowchart

called SIPOC. SIPOC stands for:
a. Superior service, inferior service, peak hour service, optimized se and client service
b. Simple, intellectual, procedural, optimal coding
c. Sample, information, practice, organization, and control
d. Suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, and customers

12- Cause-and-Effect diagrams are used to illustrate how various factors might link to
potential problems or effects. They are also called:
a. Taguchi diagrams
b. Pareto diagrams
c. Ishikawa diagrams
d. Process diagrams

13- You are the project manager managing a project to design a print head for dot
matrix printers. In order to determine ideal settings for print quality, the quality
manager of the company suggests trying out various scenarios for printing by varying
certain parameters on the print head. Identifying such variables which influence the
product or process under development is called:
 A. Benchmarking
B. Design of Experiments
C. Statistical Sampling
D. Brainstorming

14- The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle as the basis for quality improvement is usually
attributed to:
a. Deming
b. Crosby
c. Juran
d. Pareto

15- A control chart is used to determine whether a process is stable or has predictable
performance. When a process is within acceptable limits, the process does not need
adjustment. How are these upper and lower control limits determined?
A. Statistical calculations
B. Variance analysis
C. Pareto chart
D. ROM estimate

16- You work at a software company that authors Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for
chemical companies. Prior to releasing the MSDS to the company, you have created a
list of items for review to ensure they appear in the document. These items include
chemical name, CAS#, protection required, what to do in an emergency, etc. This
list is an example of what type of tool?
a. Checklist
b. Process Improvement Plan
c. Quality Management Plan
d. Quality Metrics

17- Which of the following is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied
during the design of a product for the optimization of a specific aspect of the design?
a. Scope creeping
b. Rolling-wave planning
c. Design for X
d. Scrum master

18- Caitlin’s project is behind schedule. She is planning to crash the project by allowing
overtime to the project team. This approach can bring additional risks to the project.
Which of the following is not a valid risk in this scenario:
a. The profit margin might decrease.
b. Risk of employee attrition might increase.
c. Risk of errors and/or rework might increase.
d. The project’s acceptance criteria might get updated.

19- A project manager creates a component-specific tool to verify that a set of required
steps has been performed. This tool is called a:
 a. Risk Register
b. Assumptions log
c. Checklist
d. Plan-Do-Act-Check

20- Which of the following tools give a visual representation of an organization’s data,
described in business language that is independent of any specific technology?
a. Matrix diagrams
b. Mind maps
c. Flowcharts
d. Logical data model

21- Andy’s project stakeholders are not happy as the project is lagging behind schedule.
During the executive committee meeting, Andy requests all stakeholders to keep
their calm as most of the project deliverables have been completed and only quality
inspections of these deliverables is pending. He assures the stakeholders that he is
planning to crash the project to meet the completion deadline. What should be the
stakeholders’ biggest concern now?
A. Crashing at this stage might result in an exponential cost increas more time
will be required to recover that cost.
B. Crashing at this stage might result in undetected errors, decreased p and
increased post-implementation risks.
C. Why Andy hasn’t chosen to fast-track the project instead of crashi project.
D. Stakeholders do not know the PMBOK jargon; crashing is a schedule
compression technique.

22- Which of the following Manage Quality techniques examines problems, constraints,
and non-value-added activities that occur during project work?
a. Sensitivity Analysis
b. Expected monetary value analysis
c. Earned Value Analysis
d. Process Analysis

23- You are in the execution stage of your project, and you are informed that “corporate”
will send in a team of consultants to review whether your project activities comply
with your company’s and PMI’s policies, standards, and procedures. This is an example
of:

a. Quality Audit
b. Organizational Process Assets
c. Process Analysis
d. Recommended Corrective Actions

24- The paint on the exotic cars that are manufactured in your plant is bubbling about a
year after application. What would be the best tool for your team to use to find
potential causes of the peeling paint?
 a. Scatter diagram
b. Ishikawa Diagram
c. Control Chart
d. Inspection

25- Which process group corresponds to the “do” part of the plan-do-check-act cycle?
A- Closing
B- Monitoring and Controlling
C- Planning
D- Executing

26- The Quality Policy is the intended direction of a performing organization with regard to
quality. However, as a project manager in a performing organization, you find the
organization lacks a formal quality policy. What should you do in such a case?
a. The project management team does not need to develop a quality since the
performing organization does not have one.
b. The project management team needs to obtain the quality policy from customer.
c. A quality policy is nice to have but is not required for every project
d. The project management team will need to develop a quality policy the
project.

27- The X in the DfX can be:

a. Competing project constraints
b. Different aspects of product development
c. Design assumptions
d. Discretionary dependencies

28- Which of these statements is true?

a. The cost of correcting mistakes through an inspection is much les the cost of
preventing them.
b. The cost of preventing mistakes is generally much less than the cost of
correcting them as revealed by inspection.
c. It does not matter where a defect is captured as long as the finished product
does not have a defect.
d. The cost of correcting mistakes through an inspection is more or le same as the
cost of preventing them since the same effort goes into activities.

29- As a project manager, you are concerned with both prevention and inspection of
errors in a work product. The difference between prevention and inspection is:
a. Inspection is work the Quality Control (QC) team does; the Q Assurance (QA)
team does Prevention.
b. Inspection refers to keeping errors out of the process; prevention ref keeping
errors out of the customer’s hands.
c. Prevention refers to keeping errors out of the process; inspection ref keeping
errors out of the customer’s hands.
d. Inspection and prevention refer to the same activity depending on stage of the
 project the activity is done.

30- The Cost of Quality principle includes:

a. The costs of ensuring conformance to requirements
b. The costs involved when changes are made to the requirements
c. The cost of deploying a project Configuration Management System
d. The costs associated with eliminating requirements

31- The term ------------indicates the degree to which a particular product or service meets
requirements, while --------------- indicates a category or rank used to distinguish that from
other similar items.
A- Quality, grade
B- Grade, standard
C- Grade, Quality
D- Quality, Standard

32- Which of the following is Deming's method for continuous improvement?

a. Plan-Act-Check-Do
b. Plan-Do-Check-Act
c. Check-Plan-Do-Act
d. Plan-Check-Do-Act

33- Which process group corresponds to the "act" component of the plan-do- check-act
cycle?
a. Monitoring & Controlling
b. Executing
c. Planning
d. Initiating

34- You are a project manager for Enormous Co. and are currently engaged in a highly
visible project. The company is about to implement an independent review to ensure
that the project work is continuing to comply with the project‘s policies, processes,
and procedures. During which process would this review occur?
a. Close Project or Phase
b. Control Quality
c. Monitor Risks
d. Manage Quality

35- Statistical sampling involves choosing part of a population for inspection. Appropriate
sampling can often ------------- the cost of quality control.
A. Neutralize
B. Reduce
C. Increase
D. Mitigate

36- You are a project manager who is in charge of an important project for your
company. The project includes producing widgets for your customer. The collected
 data helps identify the greatest causes of defects in the overall process. Which
technique should you use to determine the correlation between two variables being
analyzed?
a. Statistical sampling
b. Pareto chart
c. Scatter diagram
d. Control chart

37- A planning technique used to provide products, services, and results that truly reflect
customer requirements, by translating those customer requirements into the
appropriate technical requirements for each phase of project product development, is:
a. Six Sigma
b. PDCA
c. Voice of the Customer
d. ISO

38- As a project manager, you are analyzing a process and looking for opportunities for
improvements by identifying and analyzing non-value- added activities. This relates to
which of the following tools and techniques of the Manage Quality process?
a. Quality Audits
b. Affinity diagrams
c. Interrelationship digraphs
d. Process Analysis

39- As part of the quality control in your project, you are exploring a technique that shows
the history and pattern of variation. This is a line graph that shows data points
plotted in the order in which they occurred. You are most likely looking at a:
a. Control chart
b. Pareto diagram
c. Histogram
d. Cause-and-effect diagram

40- A team of engineers is reviewing a scatter diagram to determine how the changes in two
variables in a new type of automobile tire are related. The
closer the points on the diagram Are to a diagonal line,
a. The more likely a control group is required
b. The more closely they are related
c. The less likely they are to be related
d. The less likely a control group is required

41- A project manager wants to proactively monitor a manufacturing process to determine

whether the quality level is within acceptable limits for that process. What tool will help
with this?
a. Control charts
b. Ishikawa diagram
c. Histogram
d. PERT chart
42- You are a project manager working on a project to create high-efficiency electric motors
for a company introducing a new electric golf cart. Your company’s president is
keenly interested in the project and requests a chart that shows the number of
defects by type ordered by their frequency of occurrence. Which type of chart
would BEST meet this request?
a. Histogram
b. Control chart
c. Statistical sampling
d. Scatter diagram

43- The project management team performed activities such as measuring, examining,
and verifying to determine whether work and deliverables met requirements and
product acceptance criteria. Which of the following choices refers to a different set of
activities than the ones just mentioned?
a. Walkthroughs
b. Prevention
c. Inspection
d. Reviews

44- All of the following statements are true about the cause-and-effect diagram except:
a. A maximum of six causes are listed on the cause-and-effect diagram
b. Ishikawa is another name for the cause-and-effect diagram.
c. The effect being studied is normally stated at the head of the diagram
d. The cause-and-effect diagram is one tool that can be used for problem
solving.

45- You are a project manager for an automotive parts company. Your organization was
hired to produce clutches for an exotic car company. This will involve the design and
production of custom clutches. During the course of the project, as you review a
quality control statistics chart that examines every clutch produced for the month,
you notice several cases where the spring component of the clutch is expanding
with too much force and is falling outside the upper control limit. Which type of
Quality Control tool are you most likely using?
a. Control charts
b. Statistical Sampling
c. Cause-and-Effect diagram
d. Precedence Diagramming Method

46- To create a quality product, the project management team invested in training the
project team members and purchasing high-end equipment. Such costs are:
a. Failure costs
b. Costs of Nonconformance
c. Appraisal costs
d. Prevention costs

47- A project was randomly selected for a quality audit, and the external auditor
 found various issues and nonconformance. The project manager lodged a complaint
with the quality department that this was improper procedure, and he should have
received notice since an external auditor was involved. What is your view?
a. The project manager is correct. Quality audits need to be scheduled an external
auditor is involved so that the project manager has ti prepare for them.
b. The project manager is correct. The project team must perform all q audits.
c. The project manager has no case. Quality audits may be rando performed
by internal or external auditors.
d. The project manager has no case. Quality audits are always carried external
auditors.

48- Conformance to requirements and fitness for use are key concepts in quality
management. Which of the following is another name for customer needs?
a. Scope creep
b. Process mapping
c. Voice of the Customer
d. Prompt list

49- In order to keep costs low, a project management team decided to apply statistical
sampling while inspecting some of the work products. They decided to select 10 out
of 50 engineering drawings for inspection. During which process should the sample be
collected?
a. Collect Requirements
b. Control Quality
c. Plan Quality Management
d. Manage Quality

50- Quality metrics used during the Control Quality process are defined during which
process?
a. Plan Quality Management
b. Define Scope
c. Collect Requirements
d. Manage Quality

51- Which of the following quality control tools and techniques may not be used for root
cause analysis?
a. Fishbone diagram
b. Scatter diagram
c. Ishikawa diagram
d. Cause-and-effect diagram

52- Many quality problems plagued a project. The quality of the work products deviated
considerably from specifications. The project manager decided to do a root cause
analysis. What activities does a root cause analysis include?
a. Discovery of the underlying causes of a problem
b. Problem Identification and discovery of the underlying causes problem
c. Identification of a problem
 d. Problem identification, discovery of the underlying causes of a pro and
development of preventive actions

53- Which of the following processes will determine the correctness of deliverables?
a. Plan Deliverables
b. Plan Quality Management
c. Control Quality
d. Manage Quality

54- A first-time project manager is advised by an experienced project manager to

plan for cost of quality. The first-time project manager is not sure which costs are
included in the cost of quality. What would your advice be?
A. Cost of quality only includes cost of nonconformance.
B. Cost of quality includes cost of conformance and cost of nonconform
C. Cost of quality only includes prevention costs and internal failure co
D. Cost of quality only includes cost of conformance.

55- A project manager estimated that a project would require 4375 person- hours of
effort. The project ended up using 6250 person-hours of effort. The difference
between these two figures is a:
a. Variance
b. Control Limit
c. Threshold
d. Standard Deviation

56- Sheila is the project manager of a website development project. After a detailed
discussion with the project management team, she decides to create an informal,
broadly framed quality management plan. What would your comment on this be?
a. This is incorrect. A quality management plan should be formal and broadly
framed.
b. This is incorrect. A quality management plan should be formal and detailed.
c. This is fine. The project requirements determine the style and detail quality
management plan.
d. This is incorrect. A quality management plan should be informal and highly detailed.

57- During a discussion with the quality department, Dave, a project manager, was told
that as applied to projects, the terms “prevention” and “inspection” are
synonymous. However, his understanding of the terms is different. What would you
comment on this situation?
A. The project manager is correct. Prevention is about keeping errors the process;
inspection is about keeping errors out of the customer hands.
B. The project manager is correct. Inspection is about keeping errors the process;
prevention is about keeping errors out of the customer hands.
C. The project manager is wrong. Both inspection and prevention are keeping errors
out of the customer’s hands. They are used in different contexts.
D. The project manager is wrong. Both inspection and prevention are keeping errors
out of the process. They are used in different contexts
58- Which of the following techniques focuses on identifying non-value-added activities in a
project?
A. Pareto charting
B. Process analysis
C. Root cause analysis
D. Affinity diagrams

59- A project needed to monitor the technical performance of the project and capture
data related to how many errors or defects had been identified and how many
remained uncorrected. Which of the following techniques should the project use?
a. Scatter diagram
b. Flowchart
c. Histogram
d. Control chart

60- As an independent consultant, you are working with a project manager of a spacecraft
parts manufacturing project to ensure that the team complies with organizational
quality policies and procedures. Since parts made in this project must be of high
precision and accuracy, you are documenting shortcomings within the processes and
procedures to improve the quality for customer acceptance. Which of the following
best represents the project management activity you are doing?
a. Statistical sampling
b. Quality audits
c. Quality control
d. Inspection

61- Cindy has been working in a manufacturing project as a project manager. This project is
intended to produce high-quality semiconductors to use in computers. Since
semiconductors are produced from silicon wafers, she contracted a company to
provide silicon wafers to the project on an ongoing basis. For unknown reasons, the
contractor provided low-quality wafers to the project, compromising the electrical
performance of the semiconductors. Overwhelmed by complaints from the computer
division, Cindy is now obligated to correct the manufacturing defects to avoid future
liabilities. In this scenario, the costs Cindy incurred are:
A. External failure costs or Cost of nonconformance
B. Appraisal costs or Cost of nonconformance
C. Prevention costs or Cost of conformance
D. Internal failure costs or Cost of conformance

62- Control charts are used to determine the stability of a process. Which of the following
best describes the range of the control limits applied on a control chart?
a. The control limits are determined using design for X.
b. The control limits are determined using statistical calculations.
c. The control limits are provided by the customer.
d. The control limits are based on cost tolerance
63- Some tools or techniques can be used across various project processes to plan,
execute, or control the characteristics of project elements. Which of the following is
used as a tool in both the Control Quality and Plan Quality Management
processes?
a. Expert Judgment
b. Meetings
c. Design for X
d. Audits

64- The method used in the Manage Quality process to identify the factors that may
influence specific characteristics of a product under development is:
A. The forecasting technique
B. The control chart
C. The statistical sampling
D. Design for X
 Answers

1- Answer: A
The question is asking for a tool and technique used during the Control Quality process. Data
Analysis is a tool and technique of the Control Quality process used to identify source of defects.
Page 303

2-Answer: A
To provide the best results, a quality audit should be a structured process performed by an
independent entity. Page 294

3-Answer: C
Upper and lower control limits allow the control chart to serve its purpose of indicating when a
process is in or out of control. Page 304

4- Answer: B
Control chart is a monitoring tool, while the rest of the choices are valid data gathering tools
used during Control Quality process. [PMBOK 6th edition, Pages 302, 303

5- Answer: D
Attribute sampling measures the quality of items in a sample on a pass/fail basis; variable
sampling measures the quality on a continuous scale. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 274

6- Answer: A
A scatter diagram plots several occurrences of two variables (one on each axis). Often a
relationship between the two variables can then be determined, based on how closely they fit a
geometric model. [Page 293.

7- Answer: C
Statistical sampling will provide sufficient inspection to ensure a high likelihood of a quality
product while saving money for the project. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 303]

8- Answer: A
The Quality Assurance Costs are part of the cost of conformance. The cost of non-conformance
includes the failure costs. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 282]

9- Answer: B
The grade of a product relates to the technical characteristics of the product. [PMBOK 6th
edition, Page 274]
10- Answer: C
Ambiguity risks relate to areas of the project where imperfect knowledge might affect the
project’s ability to achieve its objectives. Examples include: elements of the requirement or
technical solution, future developments in regulatory frameworks, or inherent systemic
complexity in the project. Page 398

11- Answer: D
SIPOC stands for Suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, and customers. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page
284]

12- Answer: C
Cause and Effect diagrams are also called Ishikawa diagrams. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 293]

13- Answer: B
The correct response is Design of Experiments. DOE aims at predicting the outcome by
introducing a change of the inputs/preconditions. Page 290

14- Answer: A
The plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle was defined by Shewhart and later modified by Deming. Page
275

15- Answer: A
The upper / lower control limits are statistically calculated (normally set at +/- 3 sigma). Page 304

16- Answer: A
The scenario describes a checklist that someone would use to review the document prior to its
release. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 292

17- Answer: C
Design for X is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a product for
the optimization of a specific aspect of the design. Other choices are either invalid or do not
relate to product design. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 295

18- Answer: D
Meeting customer requirements by overworking the project team may result in decreased
profits, increased levels of overall project risks, employee attrition, errors, or rework. The
project’s acceptance criteria should not get updated as a result of crashing. [PMBOK 6th edition,
Page 273

19- Answer: C
Checklists are structured tools used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed.
Checklists can be either simple or complex. Many organizations have standardized checklists to
ensure consistency in frequently performed tasks. Page 292

20- Answer: D
Logical data models give a visual representation of an organization’s data, described in business
language and independent of any specific technology. Page 284
21- Answer: B
Meeting project schedule objectives by rushing planned quality inspections may result in
undetected errors, decreased profits, and increased post-implementation risks. The other choices
are incorrect. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 273]

22- Answer: D
Process Analysis examines problems, constraints, and non-value- added activities that occur
during project work. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 292]

23- Answer: A
Any activity that is a structured and independent review to examine the project is an example of
a Quality Audit. A quality audit is a quality management tool. Page 294

24- Answer: B
All the choices are tools and techniques in quality control; however, the best choice would be the
Ishikawa or cause-and-effect diagram. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 293

25- Answer: D
The Executing process group corresponds with the "do" portion of the PDCA cycle. [PMBOK
6th edition, Page 275]

26- Answer: D
The project management team will need to develop a quality policy for the project if the
performing organization does not have a formal policy. It is also the responsibility of the project
management team to ensure that the project stakeholders are fully aware of the policy. [PMBOK
6th edition, Page 271

27- Answer: B
The X in DfX can be different aspect of product development, such as reliability, deployment,
assembly, manufacturing, cost, service, usability, safety, and quality. Page 295

28- Answer: B
This is one of the basic tenets of project and quality management. The cost of preventing
mistakes is generally much less than the cost of correcting them as revealed by inspection.
[PMBOK 6th edition, Page 274]

29- Answer: C
Prevention refers to keeping errors out of the process, while inspection refers to keeping errors
out of the hands of the customer. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 274

30- Answer: A
Quality costs are the total costs incurred by investment in preventing nonconformance to
requirements, appraising the product or service for conformance to requirements, and failing to
meet requirements (rework). [PMBOK 6th edition, Pages 282, 283

31- Answer: A
Grade is a category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use; Quality
indicates the degree to which items have meet requirements. Page 274
32- Answer: B
Deming's model is Plan-Do-Check-Act. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 275]

33- Answer: B
The "act" component of the plan-do-check-act cycle relates to the Executing process group. The
plan-do-check-act cycle was created by Shewhart and modified by Deming to illustrate how
different results from one cycle become an input to another cycle. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page
275]

34- Answer: D
Quality audits are performed during the Manage Quality process. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 294]

35- Answer: B
Appropriate sampling can often reduce the cost of quality control as it selects a part of the
population for inspection. In some application areas, it may be necessary for the project
management team to be familiar with a variety of sampling techniques. [PMBOK 6th edition.
Page 303

36- Answer: C
Scatter diagrams are used to determine if a correlation exists between two variables. Page 293

37- Answer: C
The correct response is Voice of the Customer. This is one of the non-proprietary approaches to
quality management. In this planning technique, the customer's requirements are exactly met in
the finished product during each phase of the project. [PMBOK 6th edition, Pages 145, 726]

38- Answer: D
Process analysis helps identify opportunities for improvements by identifying and analyzing non-
value-added activities. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 292]

39- Answer: A
This is most likely to be a control chart. A control chart shows the trends in a process over a
period of time. The remaining choices are not line graphs. Page 304

40- Answer: B
A scatter diagram shows the pattern of relationship between two variables. The closer the points
are to a diagonal line, the more closely they are related. Page 293

41- Answer: A
Control charts can be used to monitor any type of output variable and process performance.
Page 304

42- Answer: A
Histograms show a graphical representation of numerical data. A histogram can be used to
display how many defects were produced by type or category of cause and ordered by their
frequency. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 293]
43- Answer: B
The activities such as measuring, examining, and verifying to determine whether work and
deliverables met requirements and product acceptance criteria are variously referred to as
inspections, audits, reviews, product reviews, and walkthroughs. Prevention is not a valid term to
describe these activities. Page 675

44- Answer: A
While listing six causes is possible, there is no rule that states a maximum of six causes can be
listed. You could list four or eight, for example. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 293]

45- Answer: A
Control charts graphically display the interaction of process variables on a process. Control charts
have three lines: a center line which gives the average of the process, an upper line designating
the upper control limit (UCL) and showing the upper range of acceptable values, and a lower line
designating the lower control limit (LCL) and showing the lower range of acceptable values.
Points that fall outside of this range are evidence that the process may be out of control. [PMBOK
6th edition, Page 304]

46- Answer: D
Investments in training and equipment are examples of prevention costs. Appraisal costs include
the testing, losses due to destructive testing, and inspections. Collectively, these costs are called
Cost of Conformance. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 282]

47- Answer: C
The project manager has no case. Quality audits may be scheduled or random and may be
conducted by internal or external auditors. It is the responsibility of the project manager and the
project management to ensure that the project documentation is kept up to date and available
for any quality audit. Page 294

48- Answer: C
In quality management, customer needs and requirements are also known as voice of the
customer (VOC). [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 145

49- Answer: B
Samples are collected for inspection during the Control Quality process. Page 303

50- Answer: A
Quality metrics are operational definitions that describe a project or product attribute in very
specific terms. They also define how the quality control process will measure it. These metrics are
outputs of the Plan Quality Management process. Page 287

51- Answer: B
Of the tools listed, the scatter diagram is used to study and identify the possible relationship
between two variables. The others can be used for root cause analysis. Page 293

52- Answer: D
Root cause analysis includes all of the following: Problem identification, discovery of the
underlying causes of a problem, and development of preventive actions. [PMBOK 6th edition,
Page 292]

53- Answer: C
An important goal of quality control is to determine the correctness of deliverables. The results
of the execution of quality control processes are verified deliverables. These are then input to the
Validate Scope process for formalized acceptance. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 298]

54- Answer: B
Cost of quality (COQ) includes all costs related to quality management activities and quality issues
incurred over the life of a product. It includes cost of conformance (prevention and appraisal
costs) as well as cost of nonconformance (internal and external failure costs). [PMBOK 6th
edition, Pages 282, 283]

55- Answer: A
Variance is a quantifiable deviation, departure, or divergence away from a known baseline of
expected value. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 111]

56- Answer: C
The quality management plan may be formal or informal, highly detailed or broadly framed. Its
style and detail are determined by the requirements of the project as defined by the project
management team. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 286]

57- Answer: A
The project manager is correct. Prevention is about keeping errors out of the process, whereas
inspection is about keeping errors out of the hands of the customer. This is an important
distinction, which the project management team needs to be aware of. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page
274]

58- Answer: B
Process analysis examines problems experienced, constraints experienced, and non-value-added
activities identified during process operation. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 292]

59- Answer: C
Histograms are bar charts that are used to graphically show numeric data. [PMBOK 6th edition,
Page 293]

60- Answer: B
Ensuring that the project team complies with organizational quality policies and procedures is
done in the Manage Quality process. Quality audits are one such technique. A structured review
is performed by independent consultants or contractors to identify all shortcomings in carrying
out quality policies and procedures. These efforts should be used later to improve product quality
and reduce the cost of quality. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 294]

61- Answer: A
In this scenario, Cindy is performing warranty work to correct manufacturing defects. These
defects are identified by external customers, and the costs are known as external failure costs.
These costs are also known as costs of nonconformance because the product did not meet the
quality requirements. The cost of nonconformance is a part of the cost of quality. Therefore,
Cindy is incurring external failure costs or costs of nonconformance. Page 283

62- Answer: B
The control limits are determined using statistical calculations. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 304]

63- Answer: B
"Meetings" is a tool and technique common to both the Plan Quality Management and Control
Quality processes. [PMBOK 6th edition, Page 272]

64-Answer: D
Design for X is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a product for
the optimization of a specific aspect of the design. DfX can control or even improve the
product's final characteristics. Page 295