Strength Improvement Techniques

in
Pervious Concrete Pavements.
GROUP NUMBER : 01
GROUP MEMBERS: HAREESH.H(SPT18CE01)
AMRUTHA.TS(LSPT18CE029)
ANJU.R(LSPT18CE031)
CLASS: S5CE
COLLEGE: SIMAT,VAVANNUR
 INTRODUCTION
01. DEFINITION OF PCP.

CONTENTS 02. LITERSTURE REVIEW

REVIEW OF 5 JOURNALS.
OBJECTIVES
03. AIM OF THE PROJECT.
SCOPE
04. THE FIELD OF WORK.

05. RELEVANCE
THE IMPORTANCE OF WORK.
METHODODLOGY
06. PLANNING OF WORK.
OUTLINE
07. PROJECT UP-TO - THE DATE.

CONCLUSION
08. GOALS REACHED.

REFERNCE
09. JOURNALS REFERRED.
 INTRODUCTION

TS
M ID
EN
VE IG
PA R
PERVIOUS
SUSTAINABLE PERMEABLE POROUS CONCRETE
PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS PAVEMENT
 Storm water
runoff
Concretization
Natural pervious + Impervious Groundwater
PCP
ground Urbanization Layer recharge

The frequency
of flash floods

Urban Heat
Island Effects.

✔ TO REDUCE THE RUNOFF QUANTITY.

✔ STORE THE STORMWATER FOR EFFECTIVE USAGE.
✔ RECHARGE GROUND WATER EFECTIVELY.
PERVIOUS CONCRETE
PAVEMENTS! interconnected macro-pore structure.
reducing and/or eliminating fine
aggregates in the aggregate skeleton.

used in parks, footpath, parking& fuel

station pavements etc.

porosity -15 to 35 %
permeability -20 to 500 m/day
compressive strength -5.5 to 20.5 MPa
 LITERATURE REVIEW
01.

❖ To consolidate the wide range and the relevant works on PCP systems.
OBJECTIVE:
❖ To point out the importance of PCP and its benefits.
❖ To recommend the future areas of research work.

MATERIALS: ❖ PPC, PCP.

VARIABLES: ❖ Void ratio, admixtures.

❖ discussed various properties of pervious concrete like mechanical, hydrological,

RESULT:
environmental and durability aspects.
❖ Concluded that strength of PCP is inversely proportional to its permeability.
02.

❖ Provide information about Construction of PCP using new gradations, mix designs
OBJECTIVE:
as well as Functional and Structural performance characteristics.
❖ Demonstration of Test Sections.

MATERIALS: ❖ PPC, Ligno-sulphate Based Plasticizer, Aggregates & water.

TESTING: ❖ infiltration capacity was determined using a circular ring.

VARIABLES: ❖ MIX proportions, w/c ratio.

❖ Several gradations were developed, tested in the laboratory and used in the
RESULT:
construction of pilot test sections.
❖ The construction practices demonstrated in labor-based technology.
❖ Clogging impede the permeability characteristics- Regular cleaning essential.

▪ RECOMMENDATION: The finished level should always be 25-35 mm higher than the surrounding GL.
 SOURCE: K. S. Binitha, M. Priyadharshini, M. Ragul December (2017),
03. “Experimental Investigation of Pervious Concrete for Rigid Pavement”, International
Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 12.

❖ Making and studying the different properties of pervious concrete using locally
OBJECTIVE:
available admixtures.
❖ The comparison for conventional concrete and pervious concrete.

MATERIALS: ❖ Cement & Coarse aggregate, Nano-silica and polypropylene fibers.

TESTING: ❖ Compressive strength, tensile strength & split tensile strength.

VARIABLES: ❖ Strength at 7,14 & 28 days.

❖ The Comparative Study of tests done.

RESULT:
❖ Analyzed that conventional pervious concrete and pervious concrete with Nano
silica holds good for strength characteristics.
❖ The Permeability is high for pervious concrete.
 SOURCE:Eduardo Javier Elizondo-Martinez ,Valerio Carlos Andres-Valeri, Jorge
04. Rodriguez-Hernandez and Daniel Castro-Fresno(September2019), “Proposal of a New
Porous Concrete Dosage Methodology for Pavements”, Article of Materials.

❖ Making and studying the different properties of pervious concrete using locally
OBJECTIVE:
available admixtures.
❖ The comparison for conventional concrete and pervious concrete.

MATERIALS: ❖ Cement & Coarse aggregate, Nano-silica and polypropylene fibers.

TESTING: ❖ Compressive strength, tensile strength & split tensile strength.

VARIABLES: ❖ Strength at 7,14 & 28 days.

❖ The Comparative Study of tests done.

RESULT:
❖ Analyzed that conventional pervious concrete and pervious concrete with Nano
silica holds good for strength characteristics.
❖ The Permeability is high for pervious concrete.
 SOURCE:A. M. Amde and S. Rogge ,(February 2013) “Development of High Quality
05. Pervious Concrete Specifications for Maryland Conditions” Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering University of Maryland .

❖ To enhance the structural and durability characteristics of pervious concrete

OBJECTIVE:
through the use of different admixtures.

❖ Portland Cement, Coarse & fine aggregates viscosity modifier, delayed set
MATERIALS: modifier, and cellulose fibers.

TESTING: ❖ Compression Test, Tensile Test, Permeability Test, Density and Void Test,
Freeze-Thaw test, and Abrasion Test
❖ One control mix and three mix designs .
VARIABLES: ❖ water-to-cement ratios : 0.27, 0.30, and 0.33.

❖ Of the different admixtures tested, cellulose fibers had the largest impact in
RESULT:
improving freeze-thaw durability ,abrasion resistance, tensile strength.
OBJECTIVES
Determine most efficient technique for
strength improvement of PCP.

Comparison of (properties) Conventional &

Pervious Concrete.
Understand the Drawbacks of PC from case
study & Find out the Remedial Measures.

Investigate various strength improvement

techniques & recommend the most reliable
method.
SCOPE
Suggest Prominent application of sustainable
construction in India.

Find keen solution from the structural &

hydraulic elements to an economic approach.
Popularize the methodologies & techniques
for its adoption in common practice.
Investigate possible measure to increase
strength for wider range of applications.
RELEVANCE
Unique,economical & effective means to
meet the growing environmental demands.

Instrument in ground water recharging &

reducing storm water runoff.
Reduced UHI Effects.
Skid resistant riding surface.
Mitigate frost & thaw action in colder regions.
Create quiet & comfortable environment.
METHODODLOGY
INTRODUCTION
❖ History
❖ Brief Description on PCP.

1
COMPARISON
Conventional v/s Pervious. 2
CASE STUDY
❖ Detailed study over the work @ NIT.
❖ Discuss the issues in PCP after
3 implementation.
❖ Analyze the strength of pavement.
DISCUSSION
Strength improvisation 4
techniques of PCP.

CONCLUSION
5 ❖ Find out most apt method
❖ Highlight its benefits & future scope.
OUTLINE
STRENGTH
❖ A brief review of the on-going project work in progress.
IMPROVISING
TECHNIQUES
FINDINGS
FROM
CASESTUDY
PERVIOUS
V/S CASE STUDY
CONVENTIONAL
HISTORY
 HISTORY
Pervious concrete was first used in the 1800s in Europe as
pavement surfacing and load bearing walls
Cost efficiency was the main motive due to a decreased amount
of cement.
It became popular again in the 1920s for two storey homes in
Scotland and England.
It became increasingly viable in Europe after WWII due to the
scarcity of cement.
It did not become as popular in the US until the 1970s.
In India it became popular in 2000.
 PERVIOUS V/S CONVENTIONAL
Lower unit weight & drying Heavy unit weight & higher
shrinkage. drying shrinkage.

Lower pressure on formwork Self wt, pressure on formwork

during construction during construction

Higher permeability COMPARISON Impermeable surface.

Lower compressive, tensile, Effective compressive, tensile,

and bond strengths. and bond strengths.

Comparatively lesser curing

Longer curing time required time required prior to form
prior to form removal. removal.
Case Study-I: Study at the Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur)
AIM :
Provide detailed information of two successful case studies involving
construction of pervious concrete pavements in India.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH:
Identifying the construction related issues with these new mixes.
Build confidence amongst the construction agencies to implementation such
innovative plans.
 @IIT Kharagpur

Ministry of Human Resource Characterizing-new PC Mixes and

Department, GOI as part of Future Constructing pilot test sections.
WORK
of Cities mega project. FUND

AL
six gradations were used; Porosity, density,
TS

RI
PPC- binding material, ligno-sulphate -plasticizer S Compressive & Flexural Strength,

E
E

AT
( retarder and water-reducing agent). T permeability

M
3levels of W/C ratio LAB
and WORK
C/A ratio were used.
•Construction of Pilot Test Sections
✔ The pilot test section was 60m long (18 slabs)
✔ served as a parking lot and walkway inside a school campus.

Surface soil prepared (removed & cleared.)

The subgrade compacted using a 1-Tonne manual roller.
A 75mm thick sand layer was provided above the subgrade layer.
the sand layer was sprinkled with water and compacted with a metal
float.

The formwork fixed according to the size of slab(3mx2mx0.15m).

Weigh batching done & drum mixer used.
After filling the formwork completely with the fresh mixture, the
plate vibrator was used to compact.
The compacted portion was immediately treated with wax based
curing compound to avoid evaporation of water from thin cement
paste.
No additional compaction surface done-as this would lead to
blockage of surface pores.
Soon after compaction and spraying of the curing compound, the
finished layer was closed with a plastic sheet (fig4).

All the remaining 17 slabs were laid, compacted, and cured in a

similar manner for 14 days.
The joints between each slab were filled with polystyrene board
of 12.5 mm thickness.
In addition, brick edging was provided to avoid any foreign
material entering into the pervious concrete slabs.
The finished view of the pilot test sections is shown in Figure 5.
• Infiltration Capacity

The infiltration capacity was determined using a circular ring of diameter

300 mm and height 70 mm.
clay putty was spread along the perimeter of the ring.
The general setup of the infiltration ring is shown in Figure 6.

The infiltration capacity of each slab was determined at five spots.

four at the corner and one at the center.
significant changes in the infiltration capacity would indicate
non-uniformity in compaction.

Before beginning measurements, the area was pre-wetted with water.

The time taken for 20 liters poured -with a constant head of 1-1.5 cm to
completely disappear from the surface was recorded and infiltration capacity
was calculated.
It is seen that the average infiltration capacity ranged from 800-1200 m/day.
Case Study-II: Study at the Indian Institute of Technology
Tirupati and Municipal Corporation of Tirupati
AIM :
assess the field suitability of the specimen when exposed to static and
slow-moving traffic.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH:
Identify surface infiltration capacity after exposure to traffic.
Demonstrate labor-based technology in eco-friendly construction practices
which can be comfortably used by small-scale developers.
 @IIT Tirupati

As a part of the smart city project

by Municipal pervious concrete field test slabs were
WORK constructed using a single mixture type.
Corporation of Tirupati FUND

AL
binding agent-OPC 53, Surface infiltration capacity,
TS

RI
two aggregate gradations, S Porosity, density,

E
E

AT
polycarboxylic ether-based superplasticizer T Compressive strength.

M
C/A ratio - 1:3.75 LAB
W/C-ratio 0.32. WORK
•Construction of Pilot Test Sections

✔ 20 field test slabs (4m×4m×0.15m)along 125-m.

✔ The natural ground was excavated to a depth of 250 mm.
✔ Twelve passes of a static steel wheel roller of 10 metric ton were
provided

The supporting subgrade soil -gravel 75% mixed with

proportions of sand.
A strong and resilient sub-base-0.25 m supports the overlying
PC surface course & Acts as a hydraulic conduit.
Compacted with more than 6 passes of a 10-metric ton static
steel wheel roller.
mixture prepared in an in-situ type drum mixer.
the granular sub-base layer tamped gently with a mallet to
ensure a uniform slope.
sprinkling of water over sub-base for no loss of moisture.
A plate vibrator of side 2 feet for about 90 s/stretch.

Alternate slab panels were constructed, and rubber mastic pads

to serve the function of a joint filler material.
Once the compaction was accomplished, the slabs were covered
with a plastic sheet.

Pervious Concrete Construction

Chronology:(a)preparation Of Formwork(b)mixing
& Transportation(c)placement(d)vibratory
Compaction(e)Alternate panel Construction(f)final
Section Before Curing(g)curing Process Using
Plastic Sheet &Gunny Bags(h)close Up view Of
The section.
• Field Infiltration Capacity

Three trials of falling head test were conducted.

A formwork was created(5 m long).
The formwork was divided into four sections.
Positioned towards the edge of the pavement
section.

A single ring infiltration test was performed.

Multiple readings were taken on the slabs that
were exposed to large quantity of dirt and dust,
showing signs of clogging.
Based on the surface infiltration rates attained in
the field, pervious concrete slabs were classified
as excellent, good, fair, and poor.
 FINDING
❖ Curing should be done for longer duration & very effectively.
❖ Sub-base should sufficiently provided for acting as hydraulic conduit.
❖ The finished level of pervious concrete should always be 25-35 mm higher than the surrounding
ground level.
❖ P4 gradation with w/c ratio of 0.35 and c/a ratio of 0.25 be applied for parking lots
❖ P3 gradation with w/c ratio of 0.35 and c/a ratio of 0.25 be utilized as bicycle tracks and walkways.
❖ Periodic cleaning is essential .

Effective curing & sufficient cleaning strategy to avoid clogging required.

The porosity & strength are inversely proportional.
The strength improving techniques should be included for carrying more
load without compensating permeability.
 Case Study-II: High Strength Clogging Resistant
Permeable Pavement (CRP)

Pavement overlaid with pervious concrete will not only function well structurally for carrying
designed traffic loads.
but also perform well environmentally for high water absorption, noise reduction and skid
resistance.

To ensure good performance during both the construction and service periods, a PCP mixture for a pavement
overlay must possess the following properties:
• High workability for ease of placement;
• Uniform porosity or void structure throughout the pavement for noise reduction;
• Adequate bond with underlying pavement and proper strength for traffic load; and
• Sufficient resistance to wearing and freezing-and-thawing damage.
@ Laboratory
• conventional PC prepared in the lab (PC-Lab)
effective porosity :2–32% • conventional PC available in market (PC-Com)
KEY SAMPLES
particle size: (1.25– 14 mm) • high strength clogging resistant permeable
VARABLES pavement (CRP).

▪ Self-compacting mortar (cement & fine L

-grained river sand )& GRAVEL RIA Compressive Strength,
E TEST
▪ Admixture: Viscosity-modifying (VMA) AT Porosity And
M
▪ Plasticiser: Poly carboxylic-ether Type Permeability
Super plasticiser

Introducing plastic tubes of varying

LAB
diameter (3–6 mm) the number and size
WORK
-varied to achieve different porosities.
Significance of CRP over PCP :

Conventional permeable concretes rely on high porosity to achieve sufficient permeability, and
consequently are low strength systems restricted to light traffic or pedestrian pavements.

• To develop sufficient high porosity and permeability for storm-water to infiltrate throughout its
service life without requiring substantial maintenance.
• To engineer a pore structure that is uniform and low tortuosity.
• Surface runoff will be effectively transferred with a much reduced risk of retaining solid
particulates.
• Advantageous to have high compressive strength to enable use in heavily loaded applications.

Aim:

✔ Develop highly porous, low tortuous concrete without reduction in mechanical properties .
✔ Enhance the efficiency, durability and cost effectiveness of permeable pavement, thereby enabling
its wider application.
Objectives:
• The development of a new PCP system which is more durable, less prone to clogging , applicable to heavy traffic
and does not require frequent maintenance.
• Test the proposed PCP and compare with laboratory prepared and commercially available PCPs.

Sample Preparation:
1. PC-Lab:

• Cement and gravel (particle size 1.24–14 mm) at w/c ratio of

0.35 with target porosity 11–30%.
• The paste drain down effect was observed in two mixes and so a
viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) (MasterMatrix SDC)
was added to the affected mixes.
• Samples were cast in steel moulds (100 × 100 × 100 mm cubes)
and Perspex cylinders (100Ø × 150 mm), and compacted in three
equal layers using a vibrating table of adjustable intensity.
2. CRP :

• Self-compacting mortar was prepared using cement and

river sand at a w/c ratio of 0.4.
• A poly carboxylic-ether type super-plasticiser
(Master-Glenium 315C) was utilized at 0.25% wt. of
cement to achieve the desired workability.
• CRP with target porosity ranging from 2–30% were
prepared by introducing plastic tubes
• The number and size (dia 3–6 mm) of the plastic tubes
were varied in order to achieve different porosities.
• The CRP samples were cast in steel moulds (100 × 100
× 100 mm cubes or 100 × 100 × 500 mm prisms) and
Perspex tubes (100Ø × 150 mm),
• with the plastic tubes held in place using two steel
meshes fixed at the top of the moulds.
 • All CRP and PC-Lab samples were covered with wet
hessian and polyethylene sheet for 28 days prior to testing
for compressive strength, porosity and permeability.
• For CRP, the protruding part of the plastic tubes was
trimmed using a hot wire in order to produce a flat surface
for testing.

3. PC-Com :

• 24 permeable concretes available on a commercial basis (PC-Com) were acquired and tested as a comparison against
those samples which had been prepared in the laboratory.
• The PC-Com samples were 100Ø × 150 mm cylinders and their porosity ranged from 15–32%.
• These samples were made of cement, limestone coarse aggregate of 4– 10 mm particle size, super-plasticizer.
Results and discussion:
✔ COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:

• Porosity, cement content, w/c ratio, compaction during placement and the characteristics of the aggregate influence the
compressive strength of permeable concrete.
• For conventional PCs(PC-LAB & PC-COM), compressive strength ranged from 6 to 32 MPa for porosities of 12–32%.
• The compressive strength for CRP from 19 to 59 MPa for porosities of 12–30%.
• As expected, strength was inversely proportional to porosity.
• At comparable porosity, the compressive strength of PC-Lab< PC-COM < CRP .
• In fact, the compressive strength of CRP is about twice that of PC-Lab or PC-Com at similar porosity.
• This is attributed to higher cement paste content, the modified pore distribution and the lack of coarse aggregate in CRP.

❑ According to the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges(2015), the characteristic compressive
strength for pavements used in highways should reach at least 25 MPa .
❑ All of the CRP apart from the 30% porosity sample have achieved 28-day compressive strength
values that are much greater than 25 Mpa, In contrast, conventional permeable concretes typically
have strengths lower than 25 Mpa.
✔ FLEXURAL STRENGTH:

• The flexural strength for CRP ranged from 1.9–4.4 MPa for porosities
ranging from 4 to 30%.
• Flexural strength was inversely proportional to porosity and was
substantially lower than compressive strength.
• Decreasing the diameter and number of vertical tubes led to improved
interlocking and this meant that fracture has to propagate through a
thicker mortar matrix, thus increasing strength.
• the flexural strength of CRP was only 5–13% of its compressive
strength. In contrast, the flexural strength of conventional concrete is
about 10–15% of its compressive strength .
• the flexural strength of CRP is slightly higher than that of
conventional PC of similar porosity.

• ACI 325 (1991) states that the 28-day flexural strength for pavements should reach 3.9 MPa .
• It is interesting to note that all of the CRP samples with porosity < 20% satisfy this criteria.
✔ PERMEABILITY:

• Permeability varied across an order of magnitude from 0.1–1.7

cm/s for conventional PC, and from 0.6– 11.9 cm/s for CRP with
porosity.
• For similar porosities, the permeabilities of CRP > PC..
• The permeability of the densest CRP (< 5% porosity) were as high
as the permeability of the most porous PC tested (> 30%
porosity).
✔ Therefore, CRP can be engineered with low porosity and very
high strength (> 50 MPa), yet with equal flow performance to
conventional PC.
• This striking behavior can be explained by differences in the pore
structure.

• The pores in conventional PC have a complex structure with variable cross-sections and random
interconnectivity Which are highly tortuous and heterogeneous.
• Conversely, CRP has a homogenous pore structure of constant cross-section and tortuosity . Therefore, flow
occurs much faster through CRP compared to conventional PC, resulting in substantially higher
permeability.
✔ FLOW REGIME:

• It should be noted that flow in CRP occurs through small tubes at a

very fast rate, unlike seepage flow in conventional permeable
pavements.
• Therefore, the flow in CRP is best modelled as flow through pipes.
• The flow through a circular pipe is typically laminar - Re ≤ 2300,
turbulent - Re ≥ 4000 and transitional in between .
• The results presented in Figure 7 show that the flow regime in all
CRP, except the 30% P samples, were within the laminar region.
• The 15% P and 21% P samples were close to the transitional
regime, and this could have contributed to the high calculated
permeability.
Delivering CRP On Site:

• The development, preparation and performance evaluation of CRP through small-scale laboratory samples is done.
• For this concept to be a truly successful innovation, it is also necessary to examine the means by which CRP can be
scalable and delivered on site.
• The use of highly flow able self-compacting mortar will facilitate this, but formation of the vertical pore channels of
low tortuosity remains a challenge.

The possible methods that are currently being investigated for further development are:
1. Use of a grid of solid channels that is filled with self-compacting mortar.
• Subsequently, the grid is dissolved leaving vertical pore channels in the hardened mortar.
• The challenge is to engineer the grid such that it has sufficient initial strength and rigidity, yet can be easily
and fully dissolved.
• There is also a need to ensure that the process does not cause groundwater contamination or clogging of the
aggregate sub-base layer.
2. Placing a grid of vertical hollow tubes (Figure-a) directly on
the aggregate sub-base layer.
• Self-compacting mortar is then poured over the grid to the
required pavement thickness and the grid is buried
permanently in the hardened mortar (Figure –b&c).
• The advantage of this method is its simplicity and
scalability.
• Once the mortar has set, any protruding tubes can be cut
down flush to the mortar surface using a hot wire
device(Figure-c).

3. A grid of protruding rigid pins.

• Where each pin is fitted with a plastic tube that is cast into self-compacting mortar (Figure d–f).
• The pins should be pushed into the aggregate sub-base to avoid blockage of the tubes with self-compacting mortar.
• The grid is then lifted and reused, leaving behind the embedded tubes to form vertical channels. This method can
be scaled up to lift large grids.
• It is also proposed that these grids would interlock and stack vertically enabling a large number to be transported
and positioned on site.
 • Clearly, more work is needed to evaluate the feasibility of these approaches and to carry out a detailed cost-benefit
analysis.
• The deployment and installation costs are largely unknown now and these will be highly dependent on the chosen
delivery method and economies of scale.
• However, the long-term operational cost of CRP is expected to be lower than conventional permeable pavements as it
requires less maintenance over time.
• Furthermore, CRP is expected to be more durable and have longer service lives, hence lowering lifetime costs and
promoting sustainability.

Conclusion:
✔ A new type of permeable pavement that is resistant to clogging, yet achieves high permeability and compressive
strength that can be poured on site has been developed.
✔ The high-strength clogging resistant permeable pavement (CRP) was tested against a wide variety of conventional
laboratory prepared and commercially available permeable concrete (PC) samples.

CRP can be engineered with low porosity (5%) to achieve high compressive strength (> 50 MPa) and high
permeability (> 2 cm/s), but does not clog despite extensive cyclic exposure to flow containing sand and clay.
The deployment of a high-strength clogging resistant permeable pavement will reduce the need for time consuming and
expensive maintenance, a significant advantage over conventional permeable pavements, which will reduce the
long-term operational cost of the system.
CONCLUSION
• Conventional PC rely on high porosity to achieve sufficient
permeability, and consequently are low strength systems restricted to
light traffic or pedestrian pavements.
• CRP improve the efficiency, durability and cost effectiveness of
permeable pavement, thereby enabling its wider application.

A Comparative assessment on various properties of

conventional & pervious concrete is fulfilled.
The Case studies successfully completed & its limitations are
thoroughly analyzed.
Recognized that Reduced strength & clogging are the main
drawbacks faced after implementation of PCP.

An experimental case study on new type of high strength

clogging resistant permeable pavement (CRP) is accomplished.
REFERENCE
1. Alalea Kia, Hong S. Wong & Christopher R. Cheeseman (april 2019) High-strength
clogging resistant permeable pavement, International Journal of Pavement Engineering.
2. Kia, A., Wong, H. S., and Cheeseman, C. R., (2018), Defining clogging potential for
permeable concrete., Journal of Environmental Management, issue:193, 221–233.
3. Pankajjoon,(2018) ,”PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM” Assistant Professor Ganga
Technical Campus, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India.
4. Er. L. S Yadav, Prof. Suresh Singh Kushwah, Prof. Shalini Yadav (July-2017) ”A review
on status and feasibility of using pervious concrete pavement for construction of new
roads in india” ,International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering Volume
4, Issue 11.
5. K. S. Binitha, M. Priyadharshini, M. Ragul(December 2017),“Experimental Investigation
of Pervious Concrete for Rigid Pavement”, International Journal of Emerging
Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 5, Issue 12.
6. A. M. Amde and S. Rogge ,(February 2013 ),“Development of High Quality Pervious
Concrete Specifications for Maryland Conditions”, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering University of Maryland.
7. Sumanasooriya, M.S. and Neithalath, N(2011), Pore structure features of pervious
concretes proportioned for desired porosities and their performance prediction, Cement
and Concrete Composites, volume 33 (8), page 778–787 .
Thank you.