Math 20053 Calculus 2
Math 20053 Calculus 2
Math 20053 Calculus 2
2020
Contributor:
1
Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Pre-Requisite : CALCULUS 1
Course Description :
Course Outcomes :
7. Find the area of the plane region using rectangular method and integration.
11. Solve for the area of the region bounded by two curves.
14. Solve the volumes of solids of revolution using cylindrical shell method.
1-2 Sept. 14, 2020 Unit 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals After studying the
to Lesson 1.1: Antiderivatives course material on
Sept. 26, 2020 Lesson 1.2: Integration by Substitution Unit 1, answer Unit
Lesson 1.3: Integration Leading to Logarithm Test 1
Lesson 1.4: Integrals of Trigonometric Functions (see pages 27-31)
Lesson 1.5: Integrals Leading to Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
Lesson 1.6: Integrals of Exponential Functions
Lesson 1.7: Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Lesson 1.8: Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
3-4 Sept. 28, 2020 Unit 2: Techniques of Integration After studying the
to Lesson 2.1: Trigonometric Integrals course material on
Oct. 10, 2020 A. Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines Unit 2, answer Unit
B. Integrating Products of Secants and Test 2
Tangents (see pages 66-67)
C. Integrating Products of Cosecants and
Cotangents
Lesson 2.2: Integration by Parts
Lesson 2.3: Integration by Trigonometric
Substitution
Lesson 2.4: Integration by Algebraic Substitution
Lesson 2.5: Integration by Half-Angle Substitution
Lesson 2.6: Integration by Partial Fraction
6-8 Oct. 19, 2020 Unit 3: Definite Integrals After studying the
to Lesson 3.1: Area of the Plane Region using course material on
Nov. 7, 2020 Rectangular Method Unit 3, answer Unit
A. The Definite Integral Test 3
(see pages 85-86)
Lesson 3.2: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
A. Definite Integrals of Even and Odd
Functions
B. Wallis’ Formula
9 - 10 Nov. 9, 2020 Unit 4: Applications of Definite Integrals After studying the
to Lesson 4.1: Area of a Plane Region course material on
Nov. 21, 2020 Lesson 4.2: Area of the Region Bounded by Two Unit 4, answer Unit
Curves Test 4
Lesson 4.3: Area of a Polar Region (see pages 118-123)
Lesson 4.4: Arc Length
Lesson 4.5: Volumes of Solids of Revolution
Class Standing refers to the average of the assessment task per unit.
The Final SIS Grade equivalent will be based on the following table according to the
approved University Student Handbook.
W Withdrawn
Final grades are rounded off to 2 decimal places.
Reference Materials:
• Anton, H., Bivens, I. & Stephen, D., Calculus: Early Transcendentals (10th Edition), John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. 2012
• Ayres, Frank Jr. & Mendelson, Elliot, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Differential
and Integral Calculus (3rd Edition)
• Larson, R. & Edwards, B., Calculus (9th Edition), Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2010
• Leithold, L., The Calculus 7, Harper Collins, 1997
• Peterson, T., Calculus and Analytic Geometry, KEN, Inc., 1968
• Stein, S.K., Calculus and Analytic Geometry (4th Edition), Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, 1987
• Stewart, J., Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Edition), Cengage Learning, 2016
• UP Institute of Mathematics, Mathematics 53 Elementary Analysis I (Course Module), UP
Diliman – Institute of Mathematics, 2014
Approved by:
Cotangents ............................................................................................................................................... 48
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Determinetheantiderivativesofafunction;
2. Discusstheintegralnotation;and
3. Enumeratethebasicpropertiesofindefiniteintegrals.
In this lesson, we will discuss the relationship between the concept of derivatives and integrals. We
will introduce integrals in terms of antiderivatives, and the symbol for integration.
Definition1:Antiderivative
Afunction F iscalledanantiderivativeofafunction f onagiveninterval I if F 0(x )= f (x )
forall x intheinterval I .
3
F0(x) = x2 = f(x).
Theorem1
If F (x ) isanyantiderivativeof f (x ) onaninterval I ,thenforanyconstant C thefunction
F (x )+ C isalsoanantiderivativeonthatinterval.
) then integrating the function f(x) produces an antiderivative of the form F(x)+C.
Which will be denoted by Z f(x)dx.
In Z f(x)dx = F(x) + C, the expression Z f(x)dx is called an indefinite integral. The elongated s
that appears on the left side is called an integral sign, the function f(x) is called the integrand, and
.
Remark1
Z
1. F 0(x )dx = F (x )+ C
Z Z
d
2. If f (x )dx = F (x )+ C ,then f (x )dx = f (x ).
dx
3. Hence,differentiationandintegrationareinversesinnature.
5
1.1. ANTIDERIVATIVES
Theorem2:BasicIntegrationFormulas
1. Anantiderivativeofoneisthevariableplusanyconstant;thatis,
Z
dx = x + C
2. Aconstantfactorcanbemovedthroughanintegralsign;thatis,
Z
cf (x )dx = cF (x )+ C
3. Anantiderivativeofasumisthesumoftheantiderivatives;thatis,
Z
[f (x )+ g(x )]dx = F (x )+ G (x )+ C
4. Foranyinteger n notequalto − 1,
Z
1
x n dx = x n +1 + C
n +1
Solution:
Solution:
6 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Example 5. Evaluate.
Solution:
Example 6. Evaluate .
Solution:
7
Definition2:ParticularAntiderivativeof f
AZ particularantiderivative isanantiderivativethatsatisfieswellspecifiedconditions,i.e,
if f (x )dx = F (x )+ C and C takesaspecificvalue C 0 for C ,then y = F (x )+ C 0 isa
particularantiderivativeof f.
Example 7. Evaluate Z 5√xdx and determine its particular antiderivative passing through the point
(4, 3).
Solution: Let y = F(x) be an equation of the curve. The slope of the tangent line at a point
.
The initial condition that (4, 3) is on the curve implies that
1.1. ANTIDERIVATIVES
Note that . The initial condition that (0, 4) is on the curve implies
that
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Applytheconceptof u-substitution;and
2. Evaluateintegralsofsomefunctionsusing u-substitution.
In this lesson, we integrate functions by applying the concept of differential of composite functions
also known as Chain Rule.
Recall:
Given a differentiable functions y = F(u) and u = g(x), the chain rule states that
Theorem3:AntidifferentiationofaCompositeFunction
f (u )du = F (u)+ C .
Z f(u)du = F(u) + C
Solution:
.
10 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Example 10. Evaluate Solution:
let , then
but
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
2. Evaluateintegralsleadingtologarithm.
In this section, we will extend the concept of the power rule whenever n
= −1.
11
Recall:
The natural logarithmic function is defined for all x > 0
1. ln( ab)= ln a + ln b.
a
2. ln = ln a − ln b.
b
3. ln( ar )= r · ln a,forallrationalnumber r.
Recall: FromDifferentialCalculus,
Theorem5
Let u bedifferentiablefunctionin x.
d 1 du
1. (loga u )=
dx u ln a dx
d 1 du
2. (ln u )=
dx u dx
12 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Now, we will introduce the integration leading to natural logarithm.
In Z xndx if n = −1, then will be undefined. Since the derivative of natural logarithm
Example12. Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.
1.
but u = lnx
= ln|lnx| + C
13
but u = 2x + 5
3.
Solution:
let u = x + 1, then du = dx
Z
Z Z
but u = x + 1
4.
Solution: Let u = 1 + secx, then du = secxtanxdx.
but u = 1 + secx
= ln|1 + secx| + C
1.3. INTEGRATION LEADING TO LOGARITHM
Z
5
5. x (1 + lnx2)dx
UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Solution: Let .
but u = 1 + 2lnx
6.
Solution: Multiply both numerator and denominator by e−x.
let
but u = 1 + e−x
= −ln|1 + e−x| + C
14
15
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeandintegraloftrigonometricfunctions;
2. Enumerateandapplytheintegraloftrigonometricfunctions;and
3. Evaluatetheintegralsoftrigonometricfunctions.
In this section, we will discuss the integrals of some functions involving trigonometric functions.
If u isdifferentiablefunctionthen,
Z Z
1. sin udu = − cos u + C 6. csc u cot udu = − csc u + C
Z Z
2. cos udu = sin u + C 7. tan udu = ln | sec u| + C
Z Z
2
3. sec udu = tan u + C 8. cot udu = ln | sin u | + C
Z Z
2
4. csc udu = − cot u + C 9. sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u | + C
Z Z
5. sec u tan udu = sec u + C 10. csc udu = ln | csc u − cot u | + C
|
but v = secu + tanu
= ln|secu + tanu| + C
but u = 5x + 1
2.
but u = 2x
Solution:
17
Solution:
but u = 2x
UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
1.5. INTEGRALS LEADING TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeofinversetrigonometricfunctionsandthe
integralsleadingtoinversetrigonometricfunctions;and
2. Evaluateintegralsleadingtoinversetrigonometricfunctions.
In this section, we will discuss the integrals leading to inverse trigonometric functions. As of this lesson
there is no integrals for inverse trigonometric functions.
If u isdifferentiablefunction,then
d 1 d d 1 d
1. (arcsin u )= √ · (u) 5. (arcsecu )= √ 2 · (u )
dx 1 − u dx
2 dx u u − 1 dx
d −1 d d −1 d
2. (arccos u)= √ · (u ) 6. (arccscu)= √ 2 · (u )
dx 1− u 2 dx dx u u − 1 dx
d 1 d
3. (arctan u )= 2 · (u )
dx 1+ u dx
d −1 d
4. (arccotu)= 2 · (u )
dx 1+ u dx
If u isdifferentiablefunctionand a beanyconstant,then
Z
du u
1. √ = arcsin + C
2
a − u 2 a
Z
du 1 u
2. 2 2 = arctan + C
a + u a a
Z
du 1 u
3. √ = arcsec + C
2
|u| u − a 2 a a
1.
Solution: Let u = x, then du = dx and a = 3.
but u = x and a = 3
2.
3.
arcsec
but u = e2x and a = 4
arcsec
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeandintegralofexponentialfunctions;and
2. Evaluatetheintegralsofexponentialfunctions.
Recall: Fromdifferentialcalculus,
Theorem10:DerivativeofExponentialFunctions
If u isdifferentiablefunctionand a beanyconstant,then
d u d d u d
1. (a )= au ln a · (u ) 2. (e )= eu · (u)
dx dx dx dx
22 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Now, we will introduce the integrals of exponential functions.
Example15. Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.
Theorem 11: Integrals of Exponential Functions
1. Z ecosx sinxdx
= −Z eudu
−eu + C but u
= cosx
= −ecosx + C
2.
Solution:
but u = ex + 4 = ex + 4 −
4ln|ex + 4| + C
23
3.
Solution:
−2csc(2x)cot(2x)dx and
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Definethedifferenthyperbolicfunctions;
2. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeandintegralofhyperbolicfunctions;and
3. Evaluatetheintegralsofhyperbolicfunctions.
ex − e− x
1. Hyperbolicsine: sinh x =
2
ex + e− x
2. Hyperboliccosine: cosh x =
2
sinh x ex − e− x
3. Hyperbolictangent: tanh x = = x
cosh x e + e− x
cosh x ex + e− x
4. Hyperboliccotangent: coth x = = x
sinh x e − e− x
1 2
5. Hyperbolicsecant: sechx = = x
cosh x e + e− x
1 2
6. Hyperboliccosecant: cschx = = x
sinh x e − e− x
Here are some identities for Hyperbolic Functions that can help in simplifying the some functions.
The following identities are direct implication of the definitions of Hyperbolic Functions.
Theorem12:IdentitiesofHyperbolicFunctions
2. cosh x − sinh x = e− x
6. cosh( − x )= cosh x
3. cosh2 x − sinh2 x =1
If u isdifferentiablefunctionin x ,then
d d d d
1. [sinh u]= cosh u · (u ) 4. [coth u]= − csch2u · (u )
dx dx dx dx
d d d d
2. [cosh u]= sinh u · (u ) 5. [sechu]= − sechu tanh u · (u )
dx dx dx dx
d d d d
3. [tanh u]= sech2u · (u) 6. [cschu]= − cschu coth u · (u)
dx dx dx dx
If u isdifferentiablefunction,then
Z Z
1. cosh udu = sinh u + C 6. cschu coth udu = − cschu + C
Z
2. sinh udu = cosh u + C Z
7. tanh udu = ln | cosh u| + C
Z
3. sech2udu = tanh u + C
Z
Z 8. coth udu = ln | sinh u| + C
4. csch2udu = − coth u + C
Z Z
5. sechu tanh udu = − sechu + C 9. cschudu = ln |cschu − coth u| + C
1. Z cosh(2x − 3)dx
2. Z √tanh xsech2xdx
but u = tanhx
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Definethedifferentinversehyperbolicfunctions;and
2. Evaluatetheintegralsyieldinginversehyperbolicfunctions.
Since the hyperbolic functions are constructed using exponential functions, we expect that their
inverses can be written in terms of logarithms. In fact, the following hold.
√ 1 x +1
1. sinh− 1 x = ln x + x 2 +1 4. coth
−1
x= ln
2 x− 1
√ !
√ 1+ 1 − x 2
2. cosh− 1 x = ln x + x2 − 1 5. sech− 1x = ln
x
√ !
1 1+ x −1 1 1+ x 2
3. tanh− 1 x = ln 6. csch x = ln +
2 1− x x |x |
Theorem 16: Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Now, we will provide the integrals
yielding the inverse hyperbolic functions.
Let a> 0.
Z p
1 −1 u
1. √ du = sinh + C = ln ( u + u2 + a2 )+ C
2
u + a 2 a
Z p
1 −1 u
2. √ du = cosh + C = ln ( u + u2 − a2 )+ C
u 2 − a2 a
1 u
Z tanh − 1 + C, if |u| < a
1 a a 1 a+ u
3. 2 − 2 du = = ln + C
a u 1 − u 2a a− u
coth 1 + C, if |u| > a
a a
Example17. Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.
Theorem 17: Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1.
but u = 2x
2.
29
but
30 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
I. Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer choices. Read each
question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
a. c.
b. d.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
4. Evaluate Z 6cos(3x)dx.
a. 2sin(3x) + C c. 3sin(3x) + C
b. -2sin(3x) + C d. -3sin(3x) + C
5. What is Z 3sec(2x)dx?
a. c.
b. d.
a. - c. -
b. d.
7. Evaluate
a.c. -
b.d.
8. What is ?
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
10. Evaluate .
a. arcsec c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
32 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
b. - d. -
13. Evaluate Z e x 2 +6x+5(x + 3)dx.
14. What is ?
c. 2e√x+ C
a.
b. e√x + C d. 4e√x + C
b.d.
16. Evaluate
.
a.c.
b.d.
a. coth(e2x) + C c. - coth(e2x) + C
19. Evaluate .
1.9. UNIT TEST 1 33
a. c.
b. tanh(4x) + C d. 6tanh(4x) + C
a. 5sech√x + C c. 1sech√x +C
b. -10sech√x + C d. -20sech√x + C
a. c.
b. d.
22. Evaluate .
a. cosh−1 x − 4 + C c. sinh−1 x − 4 + C
5 5
b. 4cosh−1 x − 4 + C d. 4sinh−1 x − 4 + C
5 5
23. What is ?
a. c.
b. d.
24. Evaluate Z √xdx and determine its particular antiderivative passing through the point
(9,19).
a. c.
b. d.
1 . What is?
34 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
28. Evaluate Z e3xdx and determine its particular antiderivative whose x-intercept is ln3.
a. c.
b. d.
29. What is the particular antiderivative of
-intercept is −4?
a. c.
b. d.
a.c.
b.d.
32 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
36 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Enumerateandapplythetrigonometricidentitiesforproductsofsinesandcosinesof
differentangles;
2. Evaluateintegralsinvolvingproductsofsinesandcosineswithdifferentangles;
3. Classifythesolutionsofintegralsinvolvingpowersofsineandcosine,tangentand
secantaswellacotangentandcosecant;and
4. SolveintegralsinvolvingpowersoftrigonometricFunctions.
33
Lesson 2.1.1: Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines
2.1.1.1 Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines with the Same Angle
Useful Identities:
1. Pythagorean Identity:
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
2. Half-Angle Identities:
a. Sine Function:
b. Cosine Function:
Techniques1
Wewilldividethediscussionintothreecases.
Z
sinn x cosm xdx
a. n isodd.
b. m isodd.
Case1. If n isodd.
1. Splitoffafactorofsin x.
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = sin2k x cosm x (sin x )dx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.
sin2 θ =1 − cos2 θ
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = (sin2 x )k cosm x (sin x )dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x )k cosm x (sin x )dx
Example18. Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.
Solution:
.
2. Z sin5 xcos3 xdx
Solution:
but u = cosx
Case 2. If m is odd.
Assume that m = 2k + 1, where k ∈ Z.
Z Z
sinn x cosm xdx = sinn x cos2k +1 xdx
1. Splitoffafactorofcos x.
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = sinn x cos2k x (cos x )dx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.cos 2 θ =1 − sin2 θ
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = sinn x (cos2 x )k (cos x )dx
Z
= sinn x (1 − sin2 x )k (cos x )dx
2.
Solution:
xdx
=
=
=Z
but u = sinx
.
Case 3. If n and m are even.
1 − cos2x
sin2 x =
2
and
1+ cos 2x
cos2 x =
2
Example 20. .
Solution:
let
but u = 4x
1. Z sin(nx)cos(mx)dx,
2. Z sin(nx)sin(mx)dx, and
Useful Identities:
TrigonometricIdentities:
Theorem18
1
1. sin α cos β = [sin (α + β )+ sin (α − β )]
2
1
2. cos α cos β = [cos (α + β )+ cos (α − β )]
2
1
3. sin α sin β = − [cos (α + β ) − cos( α − β )]
2
Example21. Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.
1. Z sin(4x)cos(7x)dx Solution:
let let
but
2.1. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 43
cos(5x)cos(2x)dx =
=
let let
but u = 7x and v = 3x
3. Z sin(7x)sin(−3x)dx Solution:
sin(7x)cos(−3x)dx =
=
let let
Useful Identities:
Squared Identities:
tan2 θ +1= sec2 θ
Techniques2
Z
secn x tan m xdx
1. n iseven.
2. m isodd.
3. m isevenand n isodd.
Case1. If n iseven.
Z Z
n m
sec x tan xdx = sec2k x tan m xdx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.
sec2 θ = tan 2 θ +1
Z Z
n
sec x tan xdxm
= (sec2 x )k − 1 tan m x (sec2 x )dx
Z
k− 1
= (tan 2 x +1) tanm x (sec2 x )dx
2.
Solution:
xdx =
=
but
sec2
x =
tan2
x+1
=
= but u = tanx
46 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
.
Case 2. If m is odd.
Assume that m = 2k + 1, where k ∈ Z.
1. Splitoffafactorofsec x tan x .
Z Z
−1
secn x tan m xdx = secn x tan 2k x (sec x tan x )dx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.
tan 2 θ = sec2 θ − 1
Z Z
n
sec x tan xdxm
= secn − 1 x (tan 2 x )k (sec x tan x )dx
Z
−1
= secn x (sec2 x − 1)k (sec x tan x )dx
but u = secx
Z
sec8 xtan7 xdx =Z sec7 xtan6 x(secxtanx)dx
=sec7 x(tan2
x)3(secxtanx)dx
=
but u = secx
.
48 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
Cotangents
Techniques3
Z
cscn x cotm xdx
1. n iseven.
2. m isodd.
3. m isevenand n isodd.
Case1. If n iseven.
2.1. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 49
Z Z
cscn x cotm xdx = csc2k x cotm xdx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.
csc2 θ = cot2 θ +1
Z Z
−1
cscn x cotm xdx = (csc2 x )k cotm x (csc2 x )dx
Z
k− 1
= (cot2 x +1) cotm x (csc2 x )dx
Z Z
but u = cotx
= .
=Z
=
2.1. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 51
= but u = cotx
cot .
Case 2. If m is odd.
Assume that m = 2k + 1, where k ∈ Z.
1. Splitoffafactorofcsc x cot x .
Z Z
−1
cscn x cotm xdx = cscn x cot2k x (csc x cot x )dx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.
cot2 θ = csc2 θ − 1
Z Z
n m −1
csc x cot xdx = cscn x (cot2 x )k (csc x cot x )dx
Z
−1
= cscn x (csc2 x − 1)k (csc x cot x )dx
but u = cscx
=
2.1. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 53
=
but u = cscx
= .
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Derivetheformulaforintegrationbyparts;and
2. Solveintegralsbyapplyingtheformulaforintegrationbyparts.
Z Z
u(dv ) = uv − v (du)
Theorem19:IntegrationbyParts
If u and v aredifferentiablefunctions,then
Z Z
u(dv )= uv − v (du )
1. Z x5 lnxdx
x5 lnxdx = Z u(dv)
= uv − Z v(du)
but
2. Z e2x sin(3x)dx
Solution: Let u = e2x and dv = sin(3x)dx, then du = 2e2xdx and e2x sin(3x)dx
= Z u(dv)
= uv − Z v(du)
but
56 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
but
3. Z sinn xdx
Solution: Let u = sinn−1 x and dv = sinxdx, then du = (n − 1)sinn−2 xcosxdx and v = −cosx sinn
xdx = Z u(dv)
= uv − Z v(du)
but
57
but
cos2 x =
1 − sin2
x
Theorem20:RepeatedIntegrationbyParts
If u and v aredifferentiablefunctions,then
Z
0 0 −
u(dv )= u(v1 ) − (u )(v2 )+( u0 )(v 3) −··· +( − 1)n (u( n 1) )(vn )
1. Z x5 cos(2x)dx
u2 = 20x3
u3 = 60x2
u4 = 120x
u5 = 120
u6 = 0
58 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
2. Z x3exdx
x3exdx = (x3)(ex) − (3x2)(ex) + (6x)(ex) − (6)(ex) + C x3exdx = x3ex − 3x2ex + 6xex − 6ex + C
2.3. INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Discussthetrigonometrictransformationofintegralsinvolvingcertainsumordifference
oftwosquares;and
2. Evaluateintegralsinvolvingthesumorthedifferenceoftwosquaresusingtrigonometric
substitution.
In this section we will discuss some techniques on integration that can eliminate the concepts of
radicals.
We will divide integration by trigonometric substitution into three cases as stated in the next
theorem.
59
Theorem21
If u isdifferentiablefunctionand a beanyconstant,then
1. if u = a sin θ,then du = a cos θdθ and
a2 − u 2 = a2 − (a sin θ)2
= a2 − a2 sin2 θ
= a2 (1 − sin2 θ) 3. if u = a sec θ,then du = a sec θ tan θdθ and
2 2
but1 − sin θ = cos θ
2 2
u 2 − a2 = (a sec θ)2 − a2
= a cos θ
= a2 sec2 θ − a2
2. if u = a tan θ,then du = a sec2 θdθ and = a2(sec2 θ − 1)
butsec 2 θ − 1= tan 2 θ
a2 + u2 = a2 +( a tan θ)2
= a2 tan 2 θ
= a2 + a2 tan 2 θ
= a2 (1+ tan 2 θ)
but1+tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
= a2 sec2 θ
Example 28.
1.
−
60 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
Z but sec
When u = asinθ, then sin . Using the concept of Pythagorean Theorem, we have the right
triangle below
61
2.3. INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
2.
When u = atanθ, then tan . Using the concept of Pythagorean Theorem, we have the
3.
Solution: .
but sec
but u = x and a = 5
When u = asecθ, then sec . Using the concept of Pythagorean Theorem, we have the right
triangle below
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Usealgebraicsubstitutiontoexpressintegralcontainingradicalsorfractionalexpo-
nentstoaformreadilyintegrablebysomeknownformulas;and
2. Solveintegralsusingalgebraicsubstitution.
In this section we will discuss another technique that can eliminate the concept of radicals.
We will divide the discussion into two cases, first case is when the integrand contains one dominating
radicals and the second case is when there are multiple dominating radicals.
√
n
Case1:Integrandscontaining ax + b
√ √
z n = ax + b.Thus,
n n
Toeliminatetheradical ax + b,let z = ax + b whichimpliesthat
n− 1
n− 1 nz dz
nz dz = adx and dx = .
a
Z
√3
Example29. Evaluate (4x − 5) 5x +7 dx
but
64 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
Case 2: Integrand containing multiple radicals
If an integrand contains several radicals, then it can be simplified by the substitution x = zn, where
n is the least common multiple of the indices of the radicals or the least common denominator of
the denominator of the fractional exponents.
but
Case3:ReciprocalSubstitution
Iftheintegrandcontainsanexpressionoftheform
P (x )
√ ,
x x 2 + a2
1 1
itcanbesolvedusuallybysubstituting x= and dx = − 2 dz
z z
Example31. Evaluate
65
Solution: Let
2.4. INTEGRATION BY ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
and a = √2
=
but
= −arcsin √−21 + C
1
but z=
=
66 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
Lesson 2.5: Integration by Half-Angle Substitution
LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Developthesubstitutionmethodforintegralsinvolvingrationalfunctionsofsineand
x
cosineusing z = tan ;and
2
2. Solveintegralshavingrationalfunctionsofsineandcosineusinghalf-anglesubstitution.
If an integrand is a rational function of sinx and cosx, it can be reduced to a rational function z by the
substitution
.
From trigonometry,
Let , we have
and
, and
Hence,
and Since
and
Therefore,
.
Tosummarize,
Procedure8
1
Iftheintegrandcontainsrationalfunctionsofsineandcosine,substitute z = tan x ,and
2
expresseachtrigonometricfunctionintermof z ,usingthefollowing,
2z 1 − z2 2dz
sin x = 2 ,cos x = 2 ,and dx = 2
z +1 z +1 z +1
but
=
2.6. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Classifyrationalfunctions;
2. Discusstherulesinrepresentingrationalfunctionsintopartialfractions;and
3. Evaluateintegralsofrationalfunctionsusingpartialfractions.
69
This section intend to convert proper fraction as a sum of readily integrable fraction. Let be
proper fraction.
Note: The fraction is said to be a proper fraction if the degree of the numerator is less than the
degree of the denominator.
Case1:DistinctLinearFactors
Procedure9:DistinctLinearFactors
p(x )
Everydistinctlinearfactoroftheform ax + b inthedenominatorof ,givesrisetoa
q(x )
A
termoftheform .
ax + b
Case2:MultipleLinearFactors
Procedure10:MultipleLinearFactors
p(x )
Eachfactoroftheform( ax + b)k inthedenominatorof givesrisetoanexpressionof
q(x )
theform
A1 A2 A3 An
+ 2 + 3 + ··· +
ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b) (ax + b)n
Case3:DistinctQuadraticFactors
Procedure11:DistinctQuadraticFactors
p(x )
Eachirreduciblequadraticfactor ax 2 + bx + c inthedenominatorof givesrisetoaterm
q(x )
A 1 (Dx )+ A 2
oftheform where Dx isthederivativeof ax 2 + bx + c.
ax 2 + bx + c
Case4:MultipleQuadraticFactors
Procedure12:MultipleQuadraticFactors
p(x )
Eachmultipleirreduciblequadraticfactors( ax 2 + bx + c)k inthedenominatorof gives
q(x )
risetoanexpressionoftheform
A 1 (Dx )+ B 1 A 2 (Dx )+ B 2 A 3 (Dx )+ B 3 A n (Dx )+ B n
+ + + ··· +
ax 2 + bx + c (ax 2 + bx + c)2 (ax 2 + bx + c)3 (ax 2 + bx + c)n
where Dx isthederivativeof ax 2 + bx + c.
Example33. Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.
1.
70 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
− 1)(5x −
Solution:
2x + 3 −
x−1 5x − 2
dw = dx.
2 5
but
= ln|2x + 3| − 3ln|x − 1| + 5 ln|5x − 2| + C
2.6. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION
2.
Solution:
= A1(2x) + A2 + A3 + A45)2
solve for
dx =
71
and
= 2
= 2ln but
3.
Solution:
=
solve for A1, A2, A3 and A4
=
2
=
2
= 2ln but u = x2 + 2
= 2 ln
I. Evaluate the following using Integrals of Products of Sines and Cosines of Different Angles.
72 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
1. Z cos(3x)cosxdx
II. Evaluate the following using Integral Involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions.
1.
2.
1. Z ex sinxdx
2. Z x3 lnxdx
dx
d(arctan x )=
3. Z xarctanxdx x 2 +1 NOTE:
1. 2.
1.
2. 3. 4.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
68 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
Unit 3: Definite Integrals
This unit focuses o finding a solution to the problem of finding the area of a plane region bounded by
a curve lying above the x-axis with equation y = f(x), the x-axis and the vertical lines x = a and x = b.
We will then define a definite integral from the ensuing ideas. We will also discuss the two
fundamental theorems of calculus.
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Findtheareaoftheplaneregionboundedbyacurvelyingaboveorbelowthe x -axis
andbythecurvelyingtotherightortotheleftof y -axisusingrectangularmethod;
and
2. Defineandevaluatedefiniteintegrals.
Definition4:SigmaNotation
69
76 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Theorem22
Let n beapositiveinteger, c bearealnumber,and F and G befunctionsdefinedontheset
{ 1, 2,...,n } .
Xn Xn n (n +1)
1. c = cn 4. i=
i =1 i =1
2
Xn Xn Xn n (n +1)(2 n +1)
2. cF (i )= c F (i ) 5. i2 =
i =1 i =1 i =1
6
Xn Xn Xn Xn n (n +1)
2
3. [F (i )+ G (i )]= F (i )+ G (i ) 6. i3 =
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
2
Example34. Evaluatethefollowing:
1.
Solution:
+ 7) =
2.
Solution:
77
3.1. AREA OF THE PLANE REGION USING RECTANGULAR METHOD
TheAreaofaPlaneRegion
Procedure13:AreaofaPlaneRegion
b− a
1. First,wedividetheinterval[ a,b ] into n subintervalsofequallength∆ x= .
n
2. Let ci betherightendpointofthe i th subinterval, i =1 , 2, 3,...,n .
5. Theareaoftheregioncanbeapproximatedbytakingthesumoftheareasofthe n
circumscribedrectangles.Thus,
Xn Xn
AR ≈ Ai = f (ci )∆ x .
i =1 i =1
6. Simplifytherighthandsideusingsummationformulas.
7. Evaluatethelimitasthevalueof n isincreasing.
Example 35. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves.
Let Ai = f(ci) · ∆x be the area of the ith rectangle where f(ci) is the height and ∆x is the width.
Ai ci f(ci) ∆x Area
A1
A2
A3
An
Thus,
Solution:
First, divide the interval [0, 1] into n subintervals of equal length ∆x.
79
Let Ai = f(ci) · ∆x be the area of the ith rectangle where f(ci) is the height and ∆x is the width.
Ai ci f(ci) ∆x Area
A1
A2
A3
An
Thus,
Definition5:DefiniteIntegral
ifthelimitexistsanddoesnotdependonthechoiceofnumbers x ∗i inthesubintervals.If
thesearetrue,thefunctionissaidtobeintegrableon[ a,b ].
Theorem23
Ifafunctioniscontinuouson[ a,b ],thenitisintegrableon [a,b ].
80 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Lesson 3.1.1: The Definite Integral
Remark2:PropertiesoftheDefiniteIntegral
1. .
Solution:
Z 55 5 Z
Solution:
[g(x)]2dx = 7 and
3
82 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Stateanddiscussthefirstandsecondfundamentaltheoremofcalculus;
2. Evaluatethedefiniteintegralsofevenandoddfunctions;and
3. Evaluateintegralsusingwallis’formula.
Theorem24:TheFirstFundamentalTheoremofCalculus
Let f beafunctioncontinuouson[
Z x a,b ] andlet x beanynumberin[ a,b ].If F isthefunction
definedby F (x )= f (t)dt,then
a
F 0(x )= f (x )
1. 1
Solution: Let f(t) = t2. Applying the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we obtain
2.
Solution: Let f(t) = sin(t3 + 1). Applying the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we obtain
F0(x) = sin(x3 + 1).
3.
Solution: To apply the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we need to switch the upper
and lower limits of integration,
Now, let f(t) = −cos(3t). Applying the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we obtain F0(x)
= −cos(3x.
3.2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 83
Remark3
Z x
Suppose F (x )= f (t)dt,where f iscontinuouson[ a,b ] andlet g(x ) ∈ [a,b ].Ifwe
Z x a
let H (x )= f (t)dt,then F (x )= H (g(x )). UsingtheChainRule,weget F 0(x )=
a
H 0(g(x )) · g0(x ).BytheFirstFundamentalTheoremofCalculus, H 0(x )= f (x ).Sowehave
Solution:−2Let f(t) = t3 and g(x) = x2, then g0(x) = 2x. Applying Remark 5.2.1, we
obtain
= f(x2) · 2x
= (x2)3 · 2x
= 2x7
2.
Solution: Let and g(x) = sinx, then g0(x) = cosx. Applying Remark 5.2.1, we
obtain
84 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Theorem25:TheSecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculus
Let f beafunctioncontinuouson[ a,b ].If F isanyantiderivativeof f on[ a,b ],then
Z b x = b
f (x )dx = F (x ) = F (b) − F (a)
a x = a
1.
Solution:
Z 2 7x = 2
1 (3x2 − 7x + 5)dx = x3 − 2 x + 5x x = 1
7 7
=
= (2)3 − 2 (2) +
=
5(2) − (1)3 − 2 (1) + 5(1)
=
Z
7
Solution:−
3.2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 85
66
2 76 4 2x =26
Z
2(7x + 4x − 2x)dx
5 3
=
− − x x = −2 x+x
= 7 6 4 27 6 4
=3 + 16 − 4 − 3 + 16 − 4
= 0
Remark4
BytheSecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculusandtheSubstitutionRule,
Z b x= b
0
f (g(x )) · g (x )dx = F (g(x )) = F (g(b)) − F (g(b)).
a x= a
Therefore,
Z b Z g( b)
0
f (g(x )) · g (x )dx = f (u)du.
a g( a)
Example 40. Evaluate the following definite integrals using Remark 5.2.2.
1.
Z 3 dx 1 11 3
3 = Z u− du
−2 (5x − 4) 5 −14
1 1 x = 11
=· −2u−2 x = −14
5
1
= −10121 − −10196 1 1 1 1
1 1
=−1210 − −1960
15
= −47432
2.
Z Z
|x |dx = |x |dx + |x |dx
−3 Z− 03 0Z
2
= (− x )dx + xdx
−3 0
x2 x =0 x2 x =2
= − +
2
x = −3 2 x =0
9
= 0+ +(2 − 0)
2
13
=
2
Remark5
1. TheFundamentalTheoremsofCalculusestablishacloseconnectionbetweenan-
Z
tiderivativesanddefiniteintegrals.Forthisreason, f (x )dx isalsoreferredtoas
anindefiniteintegral,andtheprocessofantidifferentiationasintegration.However,
notethatinAdvancedCalculus,theintegralisdefinedindependentlyoftheantideriva-
tiveanddoesnotalwayscoincidewiththeantiderivativeofafunction.
2. TousetheSecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculus,thefunction f mustbecontin-
Z 1 x =1
1 1 1
uouson[ a,b ].Forinstance, 2 dx = − = .Infact,thedefinite
−1 x x 2
x = −1
1
integralof f (x )= on[ − 1, 1] cannotevenbedefinedsincetheintervalisnotcon -
x2
tainedinthedomainof f.
Z
2 0 2
88 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
function.
If a function f is defined on [−a, a] and f(−x) = −f(x) for all x ∈ [−a, a], then f is called an odd
function.
Example 41. .
f(−x) 6= −f(x)
f(−x) 2(−x)3 − 5
=
= 2(−x3) − 5
=
−2x3 − 5
3.2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 89
4. The function f(x) = 2x3 − 5 is neither even nor odd function since f(−x) =6 f(x) and
Example 42. Evaluate the following definite integral.
1.
− 6 7x4 + 13x2 − 11 is an even function, then
= − (2x 3 +5)
Theorem26
If f isdefinedon[ − a,a ] andanevenfunction,then
Z a Z a
f (x )dx =2 f (x )dx .
−a −a
Z 2 2
−2 0
1 1 1x = 2
= 24 · 7 x7 − 7 · 5 x5 + 13 · 3 x3 − 11x x = 0
4 7 13
7
4 7 7 5 13 3
7
4 7 13
= 27(128) − 5(32) + 3 (8) − 22 − 2(0)
= 2 7 − 5 + 3 − 22
90 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
= 2
4306
105
8612
=
105
2.
− 5 3
Z π
2 (n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) ··· (1 or 2)
1. sinn θdθ = ·α
0 (n )(n − 2)(n − 4) ··· (1 or 2)
π
where α =1 if n isoddand α = if n iseven.
2
Z π
2 (n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) ··· (1 or 2)
2. cosn θdθ = ·α
0 (n )(n − 2)(n − 4) ··· (1 or 2)
π
where α =1 if n isoddand α = if n iseven.
2
Z π
2 (n − 1)(n − 3) ··· (1 or 2)(m − 1)(m − 3) ··· (1 or 2)
3. sinn θ cosm θdθ = ·α
0 (n + m )(n + m − 2)(n + m − 4) ··· (1 or 2)
π
where α = if n and m arebothevenand α =1 otherwise.
2
Example 43. Use Wallis’ Formula to evaluate each of the following definite integrals.
1.
Solution:
3.2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 91
2.
Solution:
3.
u = 2x = 2(0) = 0
x=3 x=0
92 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
4.
u = 3x = 3(0) = 0
Z
3
5.x4p9 − x2dx −
I. Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer choices. Read each question
and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
a.c.
b.d.
2. Express the function ofin closed form and then find the limit.
a.; 5 c.
b.; 10 d.; 5
Z 3 2 3
a. 7 b. 17 c. 15 d. 21
x
a. 0 b. √13 c. 6√13 d.
a. sinxcosx(sinx + cosx)
b. −sinxcosx(sinx + cosx)
94 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
6. Evaluate, given 0
that
− a.
b.
c. −sinxcosx
7. Evaluate . c. d.
a. b.
c.
8. Evaluate .
a. b. c. d.
a.
b. 0 d. 2
9. Evaluate .
c. d.
a. b.
2 Z
10. Evaluatex3p4 −
x2dx. c. d.
1. Find
2. In each part, evaluate the integral, given that
a.
b.
c.
x
a. F(2)
b. F0(2)
c. F00(2)
a.
b.
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Stateandapplytheformulaforfindingtheareaofaplaneregionboundedbyacurve,
the x -axis,andtheverticallines x = a and x = b;and
2. Calculatetheareaofaplaneregionbyintegration.
The computation of areas of a plane region has been introduced in lower mathematics subjects.
Usually, these plane regions are bounded by straight edges, which are known as polygons. We start
by defining the area of a rectangle to be its length times its width. From this, we successively derive
the formulas for the area of a parallelogram, a triangle or other polygons. Partitioning these into
rectangles and summing up each area of the rectangles derives such polygons.
In integral calculus, our ancient mathematicians develop a simpler and more accurate tool in solving
plane areas that are bounded by either arcs or straight lines.
96 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
87
97
FormulafortheAreaofaPlaneRegion
Formula1:VerticalRectangle
Z b
Ifthegraphof y = f (x ) liesentirelyabovethe x -axisontheinterval [a,b ], f (x )dx gives
a
theareaoftheregionboundedbythecurves y = f (x ),the x -axisandtheverticallines x= a
and x = b.
Z b
Ifthegraphof y = f (x ) liesentirelybelowthe x -axisontheinterval [a,b ], − f (x )dx
a
givestheareaoftheregionboundedbythecurves y = f (x ),the x -axisandtheverticallines
x = a and x = b.
Formula2:HorizontalRectangle
Z d
fthegraph x = v (y ) liesentirelyontherightofthe y -axisontheinterval [c,d ], v (y )dy
c
givestheareaoftheregionboundedbythecurves x = v (y ),the y -axisandthehorizontal
lines y = c and y = d.
Z d
Ifthegraph x = v (y ) liesentirelyontheleftofthe y -axisontheinterval [c,d ], − v (y )dy
c
givestheareaftheregionboundedbythecurves x = v (y ),the y -axisandthehorizontal
lines y = c and y = d.
4.1. AREA OF A PLANE REGION
98 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Procedure14:SuggestedStepsinCalculatingAreasbyIntegration
1. Sketchtheregion.
2. Shadetheareatobedetermined.
3. Drawarepresentativerectangle(verticalorhorizontalrectangle)ofareaanddenote
itsbaseandaltitude.
4. Setuptheareaintegral.
Example 44. Find the area of the region R bounded by the following curves. 1. y =
Solution: Using Vertical Rectangle,the area of the region R bounded above by f(x) = 3x − x2
and below by x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 3 is
Z b
AR =f(x)dx
a
3
Z =(3x − x2)dx
0
= 32x2 − 31x3 xx = 3= 0
99
27
= 2 − 9 − (0)
square units
2. x = 8 + 2y − y2, y-axis, y = −1 and y = 3
Solution: Using Horizontal Rectangle, the area of the region R bounded on the right by x = 8 + 2y
− y2 and on the left by the y-axis and the lines y = −1 and y = 3 is
AR = Z v(y)dy d
c3
= Z 1(8 + 2y − y2)dy
−
213 y = 3 = 8y + y − 3y y = −1
= (24 + 9 − 9) − −8 + 1 + 3
20
= 24 − − 3
square units
100 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Stateanddiscusstheformulaforcomputingtheareaboundedbytwocurve;and
2. Computetheareasofplaneregionsbetweentwocurves.
Formula4:HorizontalRectangle
Solution:
Using Vertical Rectangle:
The area of the region R is bounded above by y = 6x − x2 and below by y = x2 − 2x. The Vertical
= Z0 (−2x2 + 8x)dx
23 2x =4
= −3x + 4xx = 0
2 2
128
= − 3 + 64
square units
Using Horizontal Rectangle:
4.2. AREA OF THE REGION BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES 103
We will divide the region into three parts; first, from y = −1 to y = 0; second, from y = 0 to y = 8; and lastly,
from y = 8 to y = 9.
AR = A1 + A2 + A3
08
4 y=0 2 2 y=8
y = −1
104 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
4y = 9
−3 (9 − y)23 y = 8
4 2 2 4
=3 − 0 + −16 + 18 − 3 − 0 + 3 − 18 + 0 + 3
4 4 52 4
=+ + +
3 3 3 3
2. Triangle whose vertices are the points (−1,4), (2, −2), and (5, 1).
Solution:
Using Vertical Rectangle:
The equation of the line connecting the points (−1, −2) and (2, 4) is y = 2x, the equation of the line
=
7 7 2
−28 14
−1
11 11 x=2 33 99 x=6
22 22 11 11 297 297 33 99
= + − 14 + 7 − 14 + 7 + 14 − 7 7 7
square units
Using Horizontal Rectangle:
The equation of the line connecting the points ( , the equation of the line
connecting the points ( and the equation of the line connecting the
points (2, 4) and (6 .
AR = A1 + A2
106 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
1 7 11 1 4 22 1
1 11 11 11 22
= Z 2 6 y + 3 dy + Z1 − 6 y + 3 dy
−
11 11 y=1 11 22 y=4
= 12y2 + y + −12y2 + 3 y y = 1
3
11 2 11 y = −2 2 11 11 2 22 11 2 22
11
11 11 11 22 44 88 11 22
= 12 + − 3 + 3 − 3 + 3 + 12 − 3
3 square
units
4.3. AREA OF A POLAR REGION 107
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Developaformulaforsolvingtheareasofpolarcurves;
2. Statethestepsinfindingtheareasofpolarcurves;and
3. Computetheareasofcurvesinpolarcoordinates.
If the plane region is bounded by the continuous polar curve r = f(θ) and the line φ = α and φ = β. To
calculate the area of this region, we divide the region into n subregions by the rays α = θ0 < θ1 < θ2 <
··· < θn−1 = β. We use the notation ∆θ = θi − θi=1 to denote the angle between two successive lines.
Let ri and Ri−1 be the smallest and largest values of r(θ) for θi−1 ≤ θ ≤ θi and let ∆Ai denote the area of
Procedure15:SuggestedStepsinCalculatingAreasinPolarRegion
Tofindtheareaofaregionboundedbypolarcurves:
1. Drawafigure.
2. Drawapolarrayscorrespondingtoasmallincrement dθ in θ.
3. Solvetheareabuintegrationbetweentheappropriatelimits.
θ 0 π 2π
r 2 1 0 1 2
108 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
The curve is symmetric about the intervals [0, π] and [π, 2π]. Thus, we only need to calculate the area
for the interval [0, π] and then multiply by 2. We have,
1 π
A = 2 · 2 Z0 (1 + cosθ)2dθ
Z
π
3 1 θ=π
= θ + 2sinθ + sin(2θ)
2 4
θ=0
4.3. AREA OF A POLAR REGION 109
3 1 3 1
3π 1 1
2 square units
Solution: In this case we need to include in the table of values in order to have a more accurate
graph.
θ 0 π 2π
we only need to calculate the area for and then multiply by 4. We have,
1πZ0 π2 2 Z0 π2 π
110 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
= 8 sin (2θ)dθ π 1 1
1
0 2square units
Area Between Two Polar Curves
If the region R is bounded above by r1 = f1(θ) and bounded below by r2 = f2(θ), and the lines θ = α and
θ = β, then the area of the region R is
.
Example 47. Do as indicated.
1. Find the area inside the curve r = 5sinθ and outside the curve r = 2 + sinθ.
Solution: Let r1 = 5sinθ and r2 = 2 + sinθ.
θ 0 π 2π
r1 0 5 0 −5 0
r2 2 3 2 1 2
4.3. AREA OF A POLAR REGION 111
The region is symmetric about the intervals and . Thus, we only need to calculate
Z
=π 25sin2 θ − (4 + 4sinθ + sin2 θ)dθ
6π
2 π
2
112 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
=π 24sin2 θ − 4 − 4sinθ)dθ
6π2
=π [8 − 12cos(2θ) − 4sinθ)]dθ
Z 6
θ = π2 = (8θ − 6sin(2θ)
+ 4cosθ) θ = π6
h
= 8 2 − 6sin(π) + 4cos2i − h8 6 − 6sin 3 + 4cos 6i π π π π
π
4π √3 √3
2. Find the area of the region outside the curve and inside the curve r2 =
sin(2θ).
Solution: In this case we need to include where k is an integer in the table of values in
4
order to have a more accurate graph. Let r1 = ±psin(2θ) and r2 = √2cosθ.
θ 0 π
r1 0 ±1 0 0 ±1
− − −
√2 −√2
r2 1 0 −1 −1
θ 2π
r1 0 − − − 0
r2 0 1 √2
4.3. AREA OF A POLAR REGION 113
A =
π
114 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
1 1 1
π
θ= 2
=2 π −2 cos(2θ) − θ − 2 sin(2θ)
θ= 4
− (0) − − (1) 1 1 π 1 1 1
4 2
π 1
= 2 −2(−1) − 2 − 2(0) − 2 2
4 − π square units
=
8
4.3. AREA OF A POLAR REGION 115
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Definesmoothinthecurveofanequation;and
2. Computethelengthofanarcofanequation.
Definition7:Smooth
Acurvewithequation y = f (x ) issaidtobe smooth on[ a,b ] if f 0 iscontinuouson[ a,b ].
1. If y = f(x) is a smooth curve on the x-interval [a, b], then the arc length L of this curve from x = a
to x = b is
2. If x = u(y) is a smooth curve on the y-interval [c, d], then the arc length L of this curve from y =
c to y = d is
Example 48. Find the arc length of the following curves in the specified interval.
1. from x = 1 to x = 3.
Solution: First,
2,
Z
2)dx
=3 √243x − 161dx
1
x=3
3
= 162(243x − 161)2 x = 1
= 162(568)23 − 162(82)32
2. 3x − 6y + 9 = 0 between y = −1 to y = 2.
= 2,
L =p1 Z + (2)2dy
−21
√
Z =5dy
−1
= √5y y = 2
4.5. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 117
√√5(2)5 y−=√−5(1−1)
=
= 3
which is continuous on [1, 2]. Thus, 8y = x4 + 2x−2 is smooth on [1, 2]. Therefore,
Z
L =2 s1 + x6 −3 12dx
1 2x
1 4x
Z
2 rx12 + 2x66 + 1
=dx
1 4x
Z 2 sx6 + 13 2
=dx
Z
1 2x
2 x+1
Z
= 6 dx
3
1 2x
=2 1x3 + 1x−3dx
1 2 2
118 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
= 18x4 − 14x−2 xx = 1= 2
1 1 1
= 2 − 16 − 8 + 4
33
=
16
Lesson 4.5: Volumes of Solids of Revolution
LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Defineasolidofrevolution;
2. Stateandillustratethemethodofcalculatingthevolumeofsolidsofrevolutionusing:
thediskmethod,washermethodandcylindricalshellmethod;and
3. Calculatevolumesofsolidsofrevolutionusing:thediskmethod,washermethodand
cylindricalshellmethod.
In finding the volume of a solid of revolution, the idea is to approximate by very thin rectangles the region
to be revolved, and then to revolve each rectangle about the same axis. We shall employ two methods:
1. Disk or Washer Method. Use rectangles that are perpendicular to the axis of revolution.
2. Cylindrical Shell Method. Use rectangles that are parallel to the axis of revolution.
Formula for the Volume of a Solid of Revolution using Disks or Washers
4.5. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 119
Example 49. Find the volume of the solid generated when the indicated plane region is revolved about the
given axis of revolution.
120 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
1. Region bounded by y = x − 2x + 1 and y = 7 − x
2
a. about y = −1
Solution: Using the washers we obtain that the value of r1(x) = x2 − 2x + 2 and r2(x) = 8 − x. Also,3
= Z 2 π(−x + 4x − 7x − 8x + 60)dx
−
1 7x = 3
= π −5 x5 + x4 − 3 x3 − 4x2 + 60x x = −2
15 4 7 3 2
567 1424
= π−− 15 π
5 cubic
units
b. about x = −2
Solution: Using the washers we obtain from y = 0 to y = 4, r1(y) = 3 − √y and r2(y) = 3 + √y. From y = 4 to
V = V1 + V 2
h
= 8πy+ π y − 2 y + 4y + 72yy = 4
3
y=0
3 1 19
= π 8(4)2i − π h8(0)32i + π 3(9)3 − 2 (9)2 + 4(9)23 + 72(9)−
1 19
459 568
= π 64 − 0 + 2 − 3
cubic units
2. Region bounded by y = x3, x = 1, x = 2 and y = 0
a. about y = 0
4.5. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 123
Solution: Using the disk we obtain that the value of r(x) = x3.
Z 2
V =π [r(x)]2 dx
Z 12
Z =π x3 2 dx
1
2
=πx6dx
1
1 x=2
= πx7
7
x=1
11
= π7(2)7 − π 7 (1)7
128 1
= π − 7π
124 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
7 cubic units
b. about x = 2
Solution: Using the disk method we obtain that the value of r(x) = 1 from y = 0 to y = 1, and
from y = 1 to y = 8.
Z 1 8
Z V =0 π(1)2dy + Z1 π 2 − y132 dy
1 8
= π0 dy + π Z1 4 − 4y13 + y23dy
= πy+ π 4y − 3y34 + 5y35 y = 1 y = 1 3y = 8
y=0
=
4.5. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 125
16 8 4 3 5
=
π+ π− π 4 3 5
5 5
cubic units
Formula for the Volume of a Solid of Revolution using Cylindrical Shells
rmula7:VerticalRectangle
rmula8:HorizontalRectangle
a. about y = −1
126 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
4 9
45 43y=4 52 13 2 52 2 32 y = 9
= 2πy2 + y2 + 2π y − 3y + 5y + 6y + 3y y=4
5 3 2
y=0
4 5 4 3 4 4
5 1 2 2
5 1 2 2
2
544 1287 304
= 2π 15 + 2π 10 − 2π 5
625
= 2π
6
cubic units
b. about x = −2
Solution: Using the cylindrical shell we obtain that the value of r(x) = x + 2 and h(x) = −x2 + x + 6. Also,
Z
V =32 2π (x + 2)3 −2x2 + x + 6dx
−
=2 2π −x − x + 8x + 12dx
Z
−
14 13 2 x=3
= 2π −4x − 3x + 4x + 12xx = −2
1 1 1 1
cubic units
2. Region bounded by y = x3, x = 1, x = 2 and y = 0
(a) about y = 0
Solution: Using the cylindrical shell we obtain that the value of r(y) = y and h(y) = 1 from
from y = 1 to y = 8. Also,
Z 1 8
1 8
=0 2πydy + Z1 2π 2y − y34dy
4.5. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 129
12y=1 2 3 73 y = 8
= 2π2y + 2π y − 7y y = 1 y = 0
113 3
1 64 4
= 2π 2 − 2π(0) + 2π 7 − 2π 7
127
= 2π
Solution: Using the cylindrical shell we obtain that the value of r(x) = 2 − x and h(x) = x3 from x = 1 to x
= 2. Also,
2
130 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
V = Z12 2π(2 − x)(x3)dx
= Z1 2π(2x3 − x4)dx
1 1 x=2
= 2πx4 − 5x5 x = 1
2
1 1 1 1
2
8 3
= 2π 5 − 2π 10
13
= 2π
10 cubic units
I. Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer choices. Read each question and
answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
1. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are the points (1, 1), (4, 5) and (6, 3).
4.5. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 131
a. 2 c. 5
b. 4 d. 7
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x3 − 2x2 and y = x2 − 2x.
a. c.
b. d. 1
132 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
3. Find the exact arc length of the curve over the stated interval from x = 1 to x = 8.
a.c.
27 27
b. d.
5. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about x-axis using the Washer
Method.
6. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about x = 2 using the Disk Method.
a. c.
b. d.
y = x +2
y = x2 5.
4. (2, 4)
3.
2.
(-1,1)
1.
− 4. − 3. − 2. − 1. 0 1. 2. 3. 4.
− 1.
8. Set up the integral to find the area of M, using vertical rectangular strips.
a. c.
b. d.
9. Set up the integral to find the area of M, using horizontal rectangular strips.
1
0
14
01
14
0 1
1 4
134 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
a. c.
b. d.
12. What is the volume obtained in number 11?
13. Which of the following represents the integral to find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving1 M about the line x = −2 by using washer method?
4
0 1
Z
c. π1 8√ydy + π Z 4(y + 4√y + 4 − y2)dy
0 1
1 40 1
Z
d. π4ydy + π Z (y2 − 5y + 4)dy
14. Which of the following represents the integral to find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving M
about the line x = −2 by
using cylindrical shell?
2
a. 2c. 2
− −
4.6. UNIT TEST 4 135
b. 2d. 2
−
−
15. What is the volume obtained in number 13?
b. The region inside the circle r1 = 5sinθ and outside the limacon r2 = 2 + sinθ.
θ 0 π π π π 2π 3π 5π π θ 7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π 2π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r1
r2
2. Use Disk Method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the
given curves is rotated in its axis of revolution.
y=8
8.
(0, 8) (2, 8)
6.
4.
y = x3
2.
(0, 0)
− 2. 0 2.
x=0
(1, 1) (3, 1)
1.
y=1
(0, 0) (3, 0)
− 1. 0 1. 2. 3. y=0
y2 = x
− 1.
− 2.
3. Use Washer Method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the
given curves is rotated in its axis of revolution.
4.
(0, 3) y=3 (6, 3)
2.
(0, 2) y=2 (4, 2)
x =2 y
0 2. 4. 6.
x=0
− 2.
− 4.
4. Use Cylindrical Shell to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the
given curves is rotated in its axis of revolution.
(1, 1) (3, 1)
1.
y=1
(0, 0) (3, 0)
− 1. 0 1. 2. 3. y=0
y2 = x
− 1.
− 2.
124 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Bibliography
[1] Anton, H., Bivens, I. & Stephen, D ,Calculus: Early Transcendentals(10th Edition),John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.,2012
[5] Stein, S.K,Calculus and Analytic Geometry(4th Edition),Mc-Graw Hill Book Company,1987
125
AppendixA
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Answer Sheet
ABCD
Instructions: On the above answer sheet provided, shade the bubble that corresponds to
your answer. Write your solutions on separate yellow/bond papers and attached to this test
paper for submission. Use either black- or blue-ink pen in writing.
a. + 1 c.
b. 1 d.
a. c.
2.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
6. Which of the following integrals can be solved easily using u-substitution?
a. Z x2 sin(x2)dx c. Z x2 sin(4x3)dx
b. Z x3 sin(x2)dx d. Z x2 sin(3x2)dx
8. Evaluate .
a. c.
b. ln(lnx) + C d.
b.d.
10. (2x)csc(x2 − 5)dx.
11. Evaluate .
a. c.
12. What is ?
a. c.
a. b. c. d.
14. Determine the antiderivatives of f(x) = 3sec5x sec(5x)tan(5x).
a. b. c. d.
a. coth(7x − 9) + C c. coth(7x − 9) + C
b. −7coth(7x − 9) + C d. 7coth(7x − 9) + C
a. ln|sinh(x2 − 4x + 3)| + C c.
b. 2ln|sinh(x2 − 4x + 3)| + C d.
18. Evaluate Z sinhxcoshxdx and express your answer in exponential form using
and cosh .
a. c.
b. d.
19. Evaluate .
a.
b. d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. i b. i or iii c. all d. ii or iv
22. sin xcos xdx.
3 5
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. c. ex sinx + ex cosx + C
b. d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. c.
b. d.
29. Evaluate .
a. c.
b. d.
30. Evaluate .
a.
c.
d.
End of Exam
Answer Sheet
Instructions: On the above answer sheet provided, shade the bubble that corresponds to your
answer. Write your solutions on separate yellow/bond papers and attached to this test paper for
submission. Use either black- or blue-ink pen in writing.
1. Evaluate .
i=1
2. Express the function in closed form and then find the limit.
b. 2 d.
Z 3 3
3. Suppose that f and g are continuous functions such thatf(x)dx = 2 and Z g(x)dx = 3,
2 2
find .
a. 7 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12
a. √2 b. c. d. 2
5. Evaluate .
a. 2 c.
b. 0 d. 2
6. Evaluate .
a. 16b. 24 c. 8 d. 20
Z 2
7. Evaluate3x√4 − x2dx.
0
a. b. 12 c. 8 d. 24
8. is equal to
a. b. c. d.
9. Evaluate .
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
11. Evaluate .
a. b. c. d.
12. Evaluate .
a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 0
13. Suppose.
a a
a. 7 b. -7 c. 3 d. −3
14. If f(x) is odd function that is continuous on the interval [−a, a], then .
a. 1 b. 0 c. 2 d. cannot be determine
For numbers 15 - 15:
Let M be the region bounded by the parabola +2 and the line y = −x−2.
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
d.
17. Find the area of M.
a. 6 c. 6√2 + Z √1 + 9x2dx
−2
b. 6d. 6
− −
19. Which of the following represents the integral to find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving M about the x =
−2 by using washer
method?
0 2
a.
b.
c.
d.
20. Which of the following represents the integral to find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving M
about the
line x = −2 by
using cylindrical shell?
4
a. 2c. 2
b. 2 d. 2
21. What is the volume obtained in number 19?
a. 252π cu. units b. 54π cu. units c. 108π cu. units d. 76π cu. units
22. Which of the following represents the integral to find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving M = 2 by using washer method? a.
b.
d.
23. Which of the following represents the integral to find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving M = 2 by using cylindrical shell?
a. 2
b. 2
c. 2
d. 2
−