Motion: Physics. Grade 12
Motion: Physics. Grade 12
Motion: Physics. Grade 12
Physics.
Grade 12
Objectives
• Explain displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration;
• Use graphs to represent displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration in a
single dimension;
• Use the gradient of and area under motion graphs to solve problems;
• Derive equations representing uniformly accelerated motion in a single
dimension;
• Use the equations of motion to solve problems, on uniformly accelerated motion;
• Solve problems involving bodies undergoing projectile motion;
• Show that projectile motion is parabolic; Include horizontal projection.
• State Newton’s laws of Motion
Resolving a vector into two perpendicular
components
y F 𝑦
• sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝐹
𝑥
• cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃
𝐹
𝜃
x
1
• 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
Equations of motion
• 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕……………………………….……..1
𝟏
• 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = (𝒖 + 𝒗)…………………2
𝟐
• 𝒔 = 𝟏Τ𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒗 𝒕…………………….3
• Substituting 1 in 3
• 𝑠 = 1Τ2 𝑢 + (𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡) 𝑡
• 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟏Τ𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐……………………4
𝑣−𝑢
• Substituting 1 in 3 with t as the subject ie (𝑡 = )
𝑎
𝑣−𝑢
•𝑠= 1Τ (𝑢
2 + 𝑣)( )
𝑎
• 𝑠 = 1Τ2𝑎 (𝑢 + 𝑣)(𝑣 − 𝑢)
• 𝑠 = 1Τ2𝑎 (𝑣 − 𝑢)²
• ∴ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔……………….5
Equations of Motion
• 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕……………………………….……..1
𝟏
• 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐
(𝒖 + 𝒗)…………………2
• 𝒔 = 𝟏Τ𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒗 𝒕…………………….3
• 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔……………….5
Motion under gravity
• Suppose that an object is dropped
from a height of 20 m above the
ground. Then the initial velocity u = 0,
and the acceleration a = g = 10 m s-2 . •
• Substituting in • When the object hit the ground s =20 m
1
• 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 • (20) = 5𝑡 2
2
• the distance fallen s, meters is: • 4 = 𝑡2
1
• 𝑠 = (0)𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 • 2𝑠 = 𝑡
2
1
• 𝑠 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2
1
• 𝑠 = 10𝑡 2
2
• 𝑠 = 5𝑡 2
Review- Motion graphs
• Eg. A ball thrown upwards
• If thrown at ground level, y=0
• Gravity acts downward
• Up is defined as positive
Maximum
height occurs
at t1= ½ t2
Velocity and acceleration
time graphs
Velocity graph is given by: v= u + at
Horizontal
suvat
• Vertical s=?
u= 15m/s
• suvat
v=_
• s= 20m a=
• u= 0 t= 2s
• v= 𝑠
v=
• a= 9.8m/s2 𝑡
• t= 𝑠 = 15 × 2
𝑠 = 30 𝑚
1 2 1
20= 2 (9.8)𝑡 2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑡 =2.02s
parabola
1 2
𝑦= 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡
𝑦 = 1ൗ2 𝑔 𝑥Τ𝑢 2
A tennis ball is hit horizontally from above shoulder height, h = 2.5 m
above the ground, with a velocity of 6.8 m s‐¹.
(a)How long is the ball in the air?
(b)How far away from the player who hit the ball does the ball land?
• Finding time, t and horizontal distance travelled, s. Horizontal
s= ?
• Vertical distance acts downward =-2.5m Vertical u = 6.8ms-¹
• Vertical a, g= - 9.8 ms‐² s= -2.5m v =u
u =0 a =0
• u= 6.8 ms‐¹ v t=
a= 9.8ms‐²
t= ?
Vertical Horizontal
s= -2.5m s= ?
u =0 u = 6.8ms-¹
v v =u
a= 9.8ms‐² a =0
t= ? t = 0.71 s
s= ut + ½ at² The time taken for the horizontal
motion is the time taken for the
-2.5 =(0)t + ½ (9.8) t² vertical motion up to the point of
t= (2.5/4.9)‐½ landing of the ball. Since the
horizontal movement is
unaffected by gravity, then
t = 0.71s s = v*t
s = 6.8 m s−1 × 0.714 s
s ≈ 4.9 m
At what angle to the horizontal must a soccer ball be kicked from the
ground at 15 m s−1 to land 9.0 m away from the point of the kick?
(Assume a level playing field.)
How long does the ball remain in the air?
• Considering the ball is projected from one level and landing on the same
horizontal level.
• The initial velocity, u, has a vertical component
• uy= usinθ ; ux = ucosθ
• The time of flight can be found using the equation
• s= uy t + ½ (-g)t² (vertical motion) ….
Note that there are two possible angles that have the
same value of sine, sin x and sin (180° − x)
A shot leaves a shot putter’s hand at a height of 2.0 m with a velocity of 13
m s‐¹ and angle of 36° to the horizontal.
(a)How long the shot is in the air?
(b)What is the horizontal distance travelled by the shot?
• time taken, t = ?
• horizontal distance, sx = ?
• Initial velocity of shot, u = 13 m s‐¹
• Angle of projection, θ= 36°
• Vertical displacement, sy = −2.0 m (note the negative sign)
• The initial velocity, u, has a vertical component
• uy= usinθ ; ux = ucosθ
Time taken
s = ut + ½ at²
-2.0 = u. sinθ t + ½ -gt²
-2.0 = 13. sin36° t + (½ (-9.81)t²
-2.0 = 7.64t + 4.9t²
4.9t² + 7.64t - 2.0 = 0
• Horizontal distance
s = u.t
s = u.cosθ. t
s = 13cos36°x 1.77s
s = 18.6 m
s = 19 m
Newton’s three laws of motion
• Law I
• Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line,
unless impressed forces act on it.
• Law II
• The change of momentum per unit time is proportional to the impressed
force, and takes place in the direction of the straight line along which the
force acts.
• Law III
• Action and reaction are always equal and opposite.
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