10

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 6
• Long Division and Synthetic
Division on Polynomials
• Remainder Theorem
• Factor Theorem
About the Module
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master Division of Polynomials. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used here recognizes your diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module is divided into four lessons:

Lesson 1 – Division of Polynomials using Long Division
Lesson 2 – Division of Polynomials using Synthetic Division
Lesson 3 – Remainder Theorem
Lesson 4 – Factor Theorem

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. divide polynomials using long division and synthetic division;
2. find the remainder of the quotient using remainder theorem;
3. identify a binomial factor of a polynomial using factor theorem; and
4. apply remainder theorem and factor theorem in solving word problem.
 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Instructions:
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

___1. The following are examples of polynomials, EXCEPT.

A. 5x4 – 6x + 9x2 C. 6 + x – 4x2 + x3
B. 2x3 – 7x2 + √𝑥 + 8 D. 7 + 2x – 8x2
___2. Which of the following is a polynomial expression to the 4 th degree?
4
A. 4𝑚2 + 4𝑚 − 8 C. − 4𝑤 3 + 𝑤 2 + 4
𝑤
3
B. 4𝑝4 − √8 𝑝 + 1 D. 4𝑧 4 − 8𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 4 + 4

___3. How many terms does the polynomial, 3𝑎6 + 4𝑎4 − 𝑎2 − 6𝑎 + 5 , have?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
___4. Which expression is a seventh- degree polynomial in four terms?
A. 14𝑎7 − 4𝑎4 + 7𝑎 C. −4𝑎4 − 7𝑎7 − 7𝑎5
B. 𝑎 − 4𝑎 + 4𝑎
4 7 D. 4𝑎5 + 14𝑎2 − 4𝑎7 + 7

___5. The leading coefficient in this polynomial expression, 128𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 − 40𝑥 3 , is __.
A. 128 B. 128𝑥 C. 2 D. 2𝑥 5

___6. The leading term in this polynomial expression, 128𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 − 40𝑥 3 , is ____.
A. 128 B. 128𝑥 C. 2 D. 2𝑥 5

___7. The process of dividing a polynomial by a linear

factor in the way shown on the right is called _____.
A. FOIL method C. squaring
B. long division D. synthetic division

___8. This set-up, is the same as ______.

A. (4𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3) ÷ (𝑥 + 3) C. (4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3) ÷ (𝑥 − 3)
B. (4𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3) ÷ (𝑥 − 3) D. (4𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3) ÷ (𝑥 + 3)

___9. Which of the following will give the same quotient as:
(3𝑥 4 – 6𝑥 2 – 30𝑥– 20) ÷ (𝑥– 3) ?

A. 3 3 -6 -30 -20 C. 3 3 0 -6 -30 -20

B. -3 3 -6 -30 -20 D. -3 -3 3 -6 -30 -20

1
__10. What is the remainder when 5𝑥100 + 5 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)?

A. -10 B. -5 C. 5 D. 10

___11. Which of the following is a factor of the polynomial 2𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 100?

A. 𝑥 + 10 C. 2𝑥 − 5
B. 𝑥+2 D. 2𝑥 + 5
___12. What will be the remainder in the operation on
the right?
A. -556 B. -59 C. 56 D. 569

___13. Find k so that x-2 is a factor of 𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 − 4.

A. 0 B. -1 C. -2 D. -3

___14. What is the result of dividing 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 5 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 3?

5
A. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 C. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 +
𝑥−3
5
B. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 D. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −
𝑥−3

___15. Which of the following binomials is a factor of 𝑥 35 − 3𝑥 24 + 2𝑥 18 ?

A. x-1 B. x+1 C. -x-1 D. √𝑥 + 1

1
Lesson Division of Polynomials:
1
Monday Long Division Method
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify the dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder in
polynomials long division problems
2. divide polynomial in one variable using Long Division

What’s In
A. Recognizing Polynomials
Identify whether each algebraic expression is a Polynomial or Not
Polynomial.

__________1. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 9
__________2. 9𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 3
__________3. 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9√𝑥 − 11
__________4. 𝑎3 + 2𝑎−2 + 7𝑎 + 8
5
__________5. 𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 + – 3
𝑎

B. Multiplying Polynomials
Find each product.

__________1. 𝑥(𝑥+6)
__________2. 𝑎 ( 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 + 4)
__________3. 8𝑥 3 ( 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦)
__________4. (3𝑥 + 2𝑦)(𝑥 − 6𝑦)

What’s New
What is Polynomial in One Variable?

Polynomial in A Polynomial in one variable, x, is an expression of

One Variable the form 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + … + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛.
𝑎0, 𝑎1, 𝑎2, …, 𝑎𝑛, represent complex numbers (real or
imaginary), 𝑎0, is not zero, and n represents a
nonnegative integer.
The expression below is a Polynomial in One Variable.

2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 10

leading coefficient degree of a polynomial

- the coefficient of the - the greatest exponent of the
variable with the variable in the expression.
greatest exponent
All Polynomials are algebraic expressions, but not all algebraic
expressions, Polynomials.

Which are Not Polynomials?

Algebraic Expression Explanation

𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 −3 − 5𝑥 2 − 7 Not a Polynomial because a term has
a negative exponent.
2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 6√𝑥 − 10 Not a Polynomial because there is a
variable inside a radical symbol.
1 Not a Polynomial because a term has
𝑎3 + 3𝑎 2 + 9𝑎 + 5
a fractional exponent.
2 Not a Polynomial because a variable
4𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + − 5
𝑥 is in the denominator
4 3 𝑥 Not a Polynomial because there is a
𝑥 + 𝑥 −5 −1
term with a variable exponent

Practice your Division skills

Find the quotient and remainder.
How long can you do it?
Record the time started and time ended.
Quotient Remainder
1. 8 212 ____________ ____________

2. 3 3085 ____________ ____________

3. 51 920 ____________ ____________

The process of dividing numbers can be applied in dividing

Polynomials.

What Is It
How do you divide and simplify Polynomials?
There are two ways to divide Polynomials.
Focus on Dividing Polynomials using the Long Method.
Steps to follow in dividing polynomials:

You can write the result in this way when dividing polynomials.
dividend quotient
remainder
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9 𝑥 2 +8𝑥+20 4
= 𝑥−3 = 𝑥+4+
𝑥−3 𝑥+4 𝑥+4
divisor
divisor
divisor

In general, if P(x) and D(x) are polynomials with D(x) ≠ 0, we can

𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
write = 𝑄(𝑥) + or P(x) = Q(x)●D(x) + R(x), where R(x) is
𝐷(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥)
either 0, any integer, or a polynomial with degree less than the
degree of D(x). If R(x) = 0, then we say that D(x) is a factor of P(x).
Example 1 Divide 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 by x -3

The following steps illustrate how polynomial division is very similar to numerical
division.

Step 1 Arrange the terms of the dividend

x + 4x − 21
2
and divisor in descending power of x. 𝑥−3

x
Step 2 Divide x2 (first term of the dividend)
by x (first term of the divisor). 𝑥−3
This gives the first term of the quotient.
𝒙𝟐
Divide: =x
D
𝒙

=x
x
Step 3 Multiply the divisor Multiply:
with the first term of x (x – 3) = x2 – 3x
𝑥−3
the quotient.
x2 – 3x

Step 4 Subtract the product x2 – 3x

from the dividend x2 + 4 x
then bring down the
next term -21 Subtract: 𝑥−3
( x2 + 4) – (x2 – 3x)
Do you remember the rule of = (x2 + 4) + (-x2 + 3x) -( x2 –3x)
= 7x
subtraction? 7x - 21
"change the sign
of the subtrahend then proceed
to addition”
x+7
Step 5 Similar to step 2, divide the first term of the
new dividend by the first term of the divisor. 𝑥−3
Then it gives the second term of - ( x2 – 3x)
the quotient. 𝟕𝒙
Divide: =𝟕 7x - 21
𝒙

x+7
Step 6 Similar to step 3, multiply the divisor
with the second term of the quotient. 𝑥−3

- (x2 – 3x)
Multiply:
7(x – 3) = 7x - 21 7x – 21
7x - 21
Step 7 Similar to step 4, Subtract the product 7x - 21
from the dividend 7x - 21
x+7
Do you remember the rule of
subtraction? 𝑥−3
Subtract:
"change the sign
(7x – 21) – (7x – 21) - (x2 – 3x)
of the subtrahend then proceed
to addition” = (7x – 21)+(-7x +
7x – 21
21)
-(7x – 21)
=0
0
The quotient is x + 7.
How to check if your answer is correct:
1. multiply the quotient and the divisor
2. if the product is the given dividend then you got the correct answer:
(x + 7) (x – 3) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21

Example 2

Perform this long division

Step 1 Arrange the terms of the dividend

x + 6x + 13 x + 12
3 2
and divisor in descending power of x 𝑥+3

Step 2 Divide x3 (first term of the dividend) x2

by x (first term of the divisor).
This gives the first term of the quotient. 𝑥+3

𝐱𝟑
𝐱
= 𝐱𝟐

Step 3 Multiply the divisor x2

with the first term of
x + 6x + 13 x + 12
3 2
the quotient. 𝑥+3

𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2

Step 4 Subtract the product 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐

from the dividend x3 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 x2
then bring down the 𝑥+3
next term 13x
- (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )
Do you remember the rule of
Subtraction? 3𝑥 2 + 13x
"change the sign
of the subtrahend then proceed
to addition” (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )

= (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 ) + ( -𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 )

= 3𝑥 2
Step 5 Similar to step 2, divide the first term
of the new dividend by the first term 𝑥 2 + 3x
of the divisor. Then it gives the
𝑥+3
second term of the quotient.
- ( 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )
3𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 + 13x
= 3𝑥
𝑥
Step 6 Similar to step 3, multiply the divisor
with the second term of the quotient. 𝑥 2 + 3x
𝑥+3
3𝑥( 𝑥 + 3) = 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
- (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )

3𝑥 2 + 13x
- ( 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥)

Step 7 Similar to step 4, Subtract the

2
product 3𝑥 + 9𝑥 from the
𝑥 2 + 3x
dividend 3𝑥 2 + 13x .
Then bring down 12 𝑥+3

Do you remember the rule of - (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )

subtraction? 3𝑥 2 + 13x
"change the sign
- (3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥)
of the subtrahend then proceed
to addition” 4x + 12
(3𝑥 2 + 13x) – (3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 )

= (3𝑥 2 + 13x) + (-3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 )

= 4x
𝑥 2 + 3x + 4

Step 8 Divide 4x by x to get 𝑥+3

the third term of the quotient, 4
- (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )
4𝑥
=4 3𝑥 2 + 13x
𝑥
- (3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥)
Multiply the divisor (x+3) by 4
4x + 12
4( x + 3) = 4x + 12 - (4x + 12)

0
Step 9 Subtract (4x + 12) - (4x + 12)
= (4x + 12) + (- 4x - 12)
= 0

The quotient is 𝒙𝟐 + 3x + 4.
 𝑥 3 +30 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2+ 0𝑥+30
Example 3 Divide:
𝑥+3 𝑥+3

Step 1 Arrange the terms of the dividend

and divisor in descending power of x.
x + 0x + 0 x + 30
3 2
𝑥+3
If any terms are missing terms,
use a zero to fill in the missing terms.

Step 2 Divide first term of the dividend 𝑥2

by first term of the divisor.
x + 0x + 0 x + 30
3 2
This gives the first term of the quotient. 𝑥+3
𝐱𝟑
𝐱
= 𝐱𝟐

Step 3 Multiply the divisor (x+3) 𝑥2

by the first term of the quotient, 𝑥 2
x + 0x + 0 x + 30
3 2
𝑥+3
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2
- ( 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )

Step 4 Subtract the product 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐

𝑥2
from the dividend x3 + 𝟎𝒙𝟐
x + 0x + 0 x + 30
3 2
then bring down the 𝑥+3
next term 0x
Do you remember the rule of - ( 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )
subtraction?
- 3𝑥 2 + 0x
"change the sign
of the subtrahend then proceed
to addition”

(x3 + 𝟎𝒙𝟐 ) - (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ) =( 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟎𝒙𝟐) + ( - x3 - 𝟑𝒙𝟐 )

= - 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝑥 2 – 3x + 9

x + 0x + 0 x + 30
3 2
Repeat Steps 1 - 4 𝑥+3

- ( 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )
The quotient is 𝑥2 – 3x + 9 with Remainder 3
It is written this way: - 3𝑥 2 + 0x
- (3𝑥 2 - 9𝑥 2 )
Remainder
3 9𝑥 2 + 30
𝑥2– 3x + 9 + 𝑥2
Quotient 𝑥+3 - ( 9𝑥 2 + 27)
–
Divisor
3 3
x
+ and the divisor then add the remainder
Checking of answer! Multiply the quotient
9
(𝑥 – 3x ++ 9) ( x + 3) = 𝑥 3 + 27
2

𝑥 3 + 27 +33 = 𝑥 3 + 30
𝑥+3
What I Need To Remember
Write your insights/learning about the lesson being studied.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

What’s More
Give this a try! Apply what you’ve learned.
Activity 1
A. Fill in the box with the needed algebraic expressions to complete
the division process.

x −x + 2x − 8
3 2
x-2
-(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 )

2
-(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)

4 -( )

B. Perform the indicated operation and write the answer in this form:
𝑅(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥) +
𝐷(𝑥)

1. (𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 44) ÷ (𝑎 − 6)
2. (𝑝 2 + 𝑝 − 79) ÷ (𝑝 + 9)
3. (𝑟 3 − 12𝑟 2 + 32𝑟 − 15) ÷ (𝑟 − 3)
4. (3𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 − 46) ÷ (𝑥 + 5)
Lesson Division of Polynomials:
2
Tuesday Using Synthetic Division
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• use synthetic division to divide a polynomial by a binomial of the form
x-r .

What’s In
What is the quotient if (2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 3)?

What’s New
The usual procedure of dividing a polynomial by another polynomial
is a long process. This long division may be shortened by using
detached coefficients in which only the coefficients of the dividend and
the divisor are written.

What Is It
Synthetic division is a shorthand, or shortcut, method
of polynomial division in the special case of dividing by a linear
factor.

Points to remember when dividing polynomials by Synthetic Division

• make sure that the dividend is in standard form- that means
the powers are in decreasing order
• the divisor must be in the form of x – (r)

Synthetic Division set up

Divide (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + +15) ÷ (𝑥 − 3)

3 1 -6 15 coefficients of
The value the dividend
of r in the 3 -9
divisor 1 -3 6
remainder
coefficient of constant term of
the first- the quotient
degree term

6
The quotient is 𝑥 − 3 +
𝑥−3
Study the following examples:

Example 1 Divide 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 by x - 3

Step 1 Set up the synthetic division

coefficients of dividend

r of the 3 1 4 -21
divisor x – (r)

Step 2 Bring down the leading coefficient to the bottom row

3 1 4 -21

Step 3 Multiply r by the value just written on the bottom row and
place the value below the next coefficient.

multiply: 3 1 4 -21
(1)(3) = 3 3

Step 4 Add the column created in step 3.

add: 3 1 4 -21
4+3=7 3

1 7

Step 5 Repeat until done.

multiply:
3 1 4 -21
(7)(3) = 21
3 21
add:
1 7 0
- 21 + 21 = 0

Step 6 Write out the answer.

Note: 3 1 4 -21
The degree of Q(x) is one less than the 3 21
degree of P(x). Entries in the third row
1 7 0
give the coefficients of Q(x) and the remainder
remainder R. coefficient of
the first term of constant tern
The quotient is x + 7 the quotient term
Example 2 Divide:

Arrange the dividend in descending power of x

𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 12 the coefficients are 1, 6, 13, 12

divisor: x + 3
x – (-3)

then the value of r is -3

Step 1 Set up the synthetic division

-3 1 6 13 12

Step 2 Bring down the leading coefficient to the bottom row

-3 1 6 13 12

Step 3 Multiply -3 by 1, place the product -3 below 6 .

-3 1 6 13 12
-3
1

Step 4 Add the column created in step 3.

-3 1 6 13 12
-3
1 3

Step 5 Repeat the process until done

-3 1 6 13 12
1 -3 -9 -12
1 3 4 0
coefficient of the 2nd- remainder
degree term of the
quotient constant term
coefficient of the 1st-degree
term of the quotient

The quotient is 𝒙𝟐 + 3x + 4
Example 3 Divide: (𝑥 3 + 30) ÷ (𝑥 + 3)

➢ coefficient of 3rd degree term is 1

➢ 2nd and 1st degree terms are not given
➢ constant term is -30

Step 1 Set up the synthetic division

If any terms are missing,
use a zero to fill in the missing terms

-3 1 0 0 30

Step 2 Bring down the leading coefficient to the bottom row

-3 1 0 0 30

Step 3 Multiply -3 by 1, place the product -3 below 0

-3 1 0 0 30
-3
1

Step 4 Add the column created in step 3.

-3 1 0 0 30
-3
1 -3

Step 5 Repeat the process until done

-3 1 0 0 30
-3 9 -27
coefficient of the 2nd-degree 1 -3 9 3
term of the quotient
remainder
coefficient of the 1st
degree term of the constant term
quotient

3
Answer: (𝑥 3 + 30) ÷ (𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 +
𝑥+3
Example 4 Divide 3𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12 by 3𝑥 + 4
4 4
3𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥 − (−4) = 𝑥 − (− ), so 𝑟 = −
3 3

Step 1 Set up the synthetic division

4
-3 3 10 -1 -12
Step 2 Bring down the leading coefficient to the bottom row
4
-3 3 10 -1 -12

3
4
Step 3 Multiply - by 3, place the product -4 below 10
3
4
-3 3 10 -1 -12
-4
3
Step 4 Add the column created in step 3.
4
-3 3 10 -1 -12
-4
3 6

Step 5 Repeat the process until done

4
-3 3 10 -1 -12
-4 -8 12
3 6 -9 0

Step 6 Since the value of r is a fraction, divide the coefficients of the

quotient by the denominator or r which is 3.
3 6 −9
=1 =2 = −3
3 3 3

So the quotient is 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

What I Need To Remember

Write your insights/learning about the lesson being studied.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 What’s More
Now, it’s your turn to divide polynomials using synthetic division.
Activity 2
A. Give the synthetic division set up for each given.

Polynomials Synthetic Division set up

1 (3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 + 1) -1 3 -2 -7 6
2, (2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 7) ÷ (𝑥 − 2)
3. (5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 1)
4. (𝑥 3 + 5) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)
5. (9𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 − 1 + 5𝑥) ÷ (2𝑥 + 1)

B. Use the given polynomials in A, solve for the quotient and the
remainder using synthetic division.

Polynomials Quotient Remainder

1 (3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 + 1)
3

2, (2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 7) ÷ (𝑥 − 2)
3. (5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 1)
4. (𝑥 3 + 5) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)
5. (9𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 − 1 + 5𝑥) ÷ (2𝑥 + 1)

Lesson Finding the remainder of the quotient

3 using Remainder Theorem
Wednesday

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• find the remainder of a polynomial divided by some linear factor using
the reminder theorem.

What’s In
What is the value of k in the following synthetic division set up if the
remainder is 0.
1.
2 1 k -6
2.
-2 1 0 k -4
3.
1 1 0 -7 k
What’s New
Evaluate the following polynomials at the given value of x.
Polynomials P(x) x value Value of P(x)
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 1 (1)2 − 5(1) + 4 = 0
𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 -3
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 -2
3 2 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4
4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 11 -1

o How did you find the value of P(x) at the given values of x?
𝑃(𝑥)
o This activity will lead us to find the remainder of
𝐷(𝑥)
using the Remainder Theorem.

What Is It
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
When P(x) is divided by (x-r) the result is Q(x) +
𝑥−𝑟
7
Suppose, P(x)= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5 is divided by x-1 the result is (𝑥 + 2) +
𝑥−1
To check if the answer is correct, you do:

P(x)= Q(x) ● (x-r) + 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) + 7 Multiply the quotient and the

= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 + 7 divisor, then add the remainder.
If the result is equal to the
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 5 dividend, then the answer is correct.

If you substitute the value of r for x in P(x)= Q(x) ● (x-r) + 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟:

➢ divisor is x-1, so r = 1

𝑃(𝑟) = (𝑟 + 2)(𝑟 − 1) + 7
= (1 + 2)(1 − 1) + 7
= (3) (0) + 7
= 7

This is the Remainder Theorem all about:

When we divide P(x) by x-r, then

P(r) = remainder

Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by (x-r), the remainder is a constant P(r) and
P(x) = (x-r) ● Q(x) + P(r)

Where Q(X) is a polynomial with degree one less than the degree of P(x).
Example 1
Use the Remainder Theorem, find the remainder when 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
is divided by x-1

When P(x) = 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 and the divisor is 𝑥 − 1, so r = 1

The remainder may be obtained from the original polynomial P(x) by finding P(1).

P(x) = 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
P(1) = 3(1)4 + (1)3 − (1)2 + 3(1) + 2
= 3(1) + 1 -1 + (3) + 2
P(1) = 8

The remainder is 8 if 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 is divided by x-1

Example 2

Determine the remainder when P(x) = 2𝑥 3 − 5x 2 + 𝑥 + 7 is divided by 𝑥 − 2.

P(x) = 2𝑥 3 − 5x 2 + 𝑥 + 7
P(2) = 2(2)3 − 5(2)2 + 2 + 7
= 16 – 20 + 2 + 7
= 5

The remainder is 5

Example 3

Find the remainder when 3𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12 is divided by 3𝑥 + 4.

4 4
Since 3𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥 − (−4) = 𝑥 − (− ), so 𝑟 = −
3 3

P(x)= 3𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12
4 4 4 4
P(- ) = 3(− )3 + 10(− )2 − (− ) − 12
3 3 3 3

64 160 4
=- + + – 12
9 9 3

=0

The remainder is 0.
Example 4
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) + 4. When 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑘), the
remainder is k. Find k.

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) + 4 Use the remainder Theorem

𝑓(𝑘) = (𝑘 + 3)(𝑘 − 4) + 4
𝑘 = (𝑘 + 3)(𝑘 − 4) + 4 k is the remainder, substitute k for f(k)
𝑘 = (𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 12) + 4
𝑘 = 𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 8
𝑘 − 𝑘 = 𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 8 − 𝑘
0 = 𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 − 8 Solving quadratic equation by factoring.
(𝑘 − 4) = 0 (𝑘 + 2) = 0
𝑘=4 𝑘 = −2

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) + 4 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) + 4

𝑓(4) = (4 + 3)(4 − 4) + 4 𝑓(−2) = (−2 + 3)(−2 − 4) + 4
𝑓(4) = 4 𝑓(−2) = (1)(−6) + 4
𝑓(−2) = −2

The value of k is 4 or -2.

Example 5
The expression 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6 when divided by (𝑥 − 2) leaves
a remainder of 16 and when divided by (𝑥 + 1) leaves a remainder of
10. Find a and b.

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6 Use the remainder theorem.

𝑓(2) = (2)4 + 𝑎(2)3 + 5(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 6 Solve for f(2).
16 = (2)4 + 𝑎(2)3 + 5(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 6 16 is the remainder of f(x) if r =2,
16 = 16 + 8𝑎 + 20 + 2𝑏 + 6 so substitute 16 for f(x).
16 = 8𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 42
16 − 42 = 8𝑎 + 2𝑏
16 − 42 = 8𝑎 + 2𝑏
−26 = 8𝑎 + 2𝑏 (Equation 1)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6 Use the remainder theorem.

𝑓(−1) = (−1)4 + 𝑎(−1)3 + 5(−1)2 + 𝑏(−1) + 6 Solve for f(-1)
10 = (−1)4 + 𝑎(−1)3 + 5(−1)2 + 𝑏(−1) + 6 10 is the remainder of f(x)
10 = 1 − 𝑎 + 5 − 𝑏 + 6 if r =-1, so substitute 10 for f(x)
10 = −𝑎 − 𝑏 + 12
−2 = −𝑎 − 𝑏 (Equation 2)
Add equations 1 and 2 to solve for b in terms of a:

−26 = 8𝑎 + 2𝑏
−2 = −𝑎 − 𝑏
−28 = 7𝑎 + 𝑏 −28 − 7𝑎 = 𝑏
or 𝑏 = −7𝑎 − 28

Substitute the value of b in terms of a Substitute the value of a to solve for

To solve for the value of a: the value of b:
−2 = −𝑎 − (−7𝑎 − 28) −2 = −𝑎 − 𝑏
−2 = −𝑎 + 7𝑎 + 28 −2 = −(−5) − 𝑏
−2 − 28 = −𝑎 + 7𝑎 −2 = 5 − 𝑏
−30 = −𝑎 + 7𝑎 𝒃=𝟕
−30 = 6𝑎
𝒂 = −𝟓

To check if the answer is correct:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6
𝑓(2) = (2)4 + (−5)(2)3 + 5(2)2 + (7)(2) + 6
16 = (2)4 + (−5)(2)3 + 5(2)2 + (7)(2) + 6
16 = 16 − 40 + 20 + 14 + 6
16 = 16

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6
𝑓(−1) = (−1)4 + (−5)(−1)3 + 5(−1)2 + (7)(−1) + 6
10 = (−1)4 + (−5)(−1)3 + 5(−1)2 + (7)(−1) + 6
10 = 1 + 5 + 5 − 7 + 6
10 = 10

What I Need to Remember

Write your insights/learning about the lesson being studied.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 What’s More
Activity 3
A. Match the problems to the remainders of their quotients.

Polynomial Division Remainder of the

quotient
____1. (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) ÷ (𝑥 − 1) a. -3
____2. (𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) ÷ (𝑦 − 3) b. -14
____3. (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 2) ÷ (𝑥 + 2) c. 3
____4. (4𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 4) ÷ (2𝑦 + 1) d. 31
____5. (4𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 − 7) ÷ (2𝑦 − 1) e. 0

B. Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder for each division.

1. (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 2)
2. (𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 8) ÷ (𝑥 − √2 )
3. (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥) ÷ (𝑥 + 1)

Lesson Factors of Polynomials using

4 Factor Theorem
Thursday

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• identify a binomial factor of a polynomial using the factor theorem;
o apply the remainder theorem and factor theorem in solving word
problem.

What’s In
A. Give the long division set up for B. Give the factors of the following
each synthetic division set up. polynomials.
1 1 1 -4 9
1. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9) ÷ (𝑥 − 1)
2 2 4 -1 1 2. 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 − 20 =
2
3. 𝑎2 − 15𝑎 + 36 =
3 -2 1 0 -9 5 4. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 45 =
5. 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 15 =
4 2 1 6 0 -5
 What’s New
Find the remainder of the quotient using Synthetic Division.

Synthetic division set up Remainder

-4 1 0 -7 6 -30
-4 16 -36
1 -4 9 -30
-3 1 0 -7 6 0
-2 1 0 -7 6 12
-1 1 0 -7 6 12
0 1 0 -7 6 6
1 1 0 -7 6 0
2 1 0 -7 6 0

Look at the values of the remainder at the last column.

Which synthetic division set up has a remainder of 0?

What is It
From the given table above, there are 4 divisions that have a
remainder of zero in the quotient. These are:

Quotient Remainder
(𝑥 3− 7𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 0
(𝑥 3− 7𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 0
3
(𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 0

You can rewrite the result as:

(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)( 𝑥 + 3)= 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6
(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6

This shows that:

x +3 is a factor of 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6 because the
remainder is 0.
x – 1 is a factor of 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6
x – 2 is a factor of 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6

Factor Theorem
A Polynomial P(x) has a factor of 𝑥 − 𝑟 if and only if P(r) = 0
Example 1
Is ( x + 2) a factor of x 3 –x 2 – 10x – 8?
Check to see whether ( x 3 – x 2 – 10 x – 8) ÷ ( x + 2) has a
remainder of zero. Using synthetic division, you get

-2 1 -1 -10 -8
-2 6 8
1 -3 -4 0

Because the remainder of the division is zero, x+2 is a factor of

x 3 – x 2 – 10 x – 8.

Example 2

Show that x -2 is a factor of 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥.

Solution
By the Remainder Theorem
P(r)= 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
P(2)= 3(2)3 + (2)2 − 14(2)
= 24 + 4 -28
=0
The remainder is zero, therefor x-2 is a factor of 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥

Example 3

Find the value of 𝑎 if 𝑥 + 𝑎 is a factor of 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑎 + 4.

𝑃(−𝑎) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑎 + 4

𝑃(−𝑎) = (−𝑎)3 + 𝑎(−𝑎)2 − 2(−𝑎) + 𝑎 + 4

0 = −𝑎3 + 𝑎3 + 2𝑎 + 𝑎 + 4

0 = 3𝑎 + 4
3𝑎 + 4 = 0

3𝑎 = - 4
𝟒
𝒂= − 𝟑
 What I Need to Remember
Write your insights/learning about the lesson being studied.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

What’s More
A. Use the factor theorem to determine whether or not the first
polynomial is a factor of the second. Justify your answer.

_____1. 𝑥 − 1; 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
_____2. 𝑥 − 1; 𝑥3 − 𝑥 − 2
_____3. 𝑎 − 4; 2𝑎3 − 9𝑎2 + 9𝑎 − 20
_____4. 𝑎 + 1; 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 2

B. Find the missing factor in each of the following:

1. 𝑥 3 − 8 = (𝑥 − 2)( )
3 2
2. 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 − 2)( )
3. 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 20 = (𝑥 + 4)( )

What I can do
Solve the following problems. Show your complete solutions.

1. A rectangular garden in a backyard has an area of 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 m2

Its width is x+2 meters, find the length of the garden.

2. The volume of a rectangular box is given to be 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 44𝑥 + 80.

If the length of the box is given to be x+5, what are the dimensions
of the rectangular base of the milk box? Show the complete
solution.

A. (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)
B. (2𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 2)
C. (2𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 + 2)
D. (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 2)
 Long Division & Synthetic
Division on Polynomials,
Friday
Finding the factors of
Polynomials using
Remainder Theorem and
Factor Theorem
Assessment (Post Test)

Instructions:
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

___1. The following are examples of polynomials, EXCEPT.

A. 9 + x + x3 C. x3 – x2 + √6 x+ 1
B. x – 5x +6𝑥
4 −2 D. -4 - x – 4x2
___2. Which of the following is a polynomial expression to the 6th degree?
8
A. 6𝑎−6 + 𝑎 − 4 C. − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 7
𝑥
6
B. 𝑝 4 − √8 𝑝 − 5 D. 𝑧 4 − 6𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 6 + 7

___3. How many terms does the polynomial, 4𝑎5 + 𝑎4 − 𝑎3 + 4𝑎 , have?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

___4. Which expression is a fifth- degree polynomial in three terms?

A. 3𝑎7 − 𝑎4 + 5𝑎 C. 3𝑎4 + 𝑎5 − 2𝑎2
B. 5𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 + 4𝑎 D. −3𝑎5 + 𝑎2 − 8𝑎7 − 12

___5. Determine the values of 𝑎 and b, so that when 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is divided

by (x-1)(x+2) the remainder is 0.
A. 𝑎 = 5; 𝑏 = −10 C. 𝑎 = −5; 𝑏 = 10
B. 𝑎 = −10; 𝑏 = 5 D. 𝑎 = 10; 𝑏 = −5

___6. The leading term in this polynomial expression, 16𝑥 − 9𝑥 6 + 24𝑥 3 + 89 , is ____.
A. 89 B. 16𝑥 C. 24𝑥 3 D. −9𝑥 6

___7. The process of dividing a polynomial by a linear

factor in the way shown on the right is called:
A. FOIL method C. squaring
B. long division D. synthetic division
___8. This -3 5 2 0 0 -9 set-up , is the same as ______.

A. (5𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 9) ÷ (𝑥 − 3) C. (5𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 + 9) ÷ (𝑥 − 3)
B. (5𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 9) ÷ (𝑥 + 3) D. (5𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 9) ÷ (𝑥 + 3)

___9. Which of the following will give the same quotient as:
(𝑥 4 – 3𝑥 2 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 + 2) ?

A. 2 1 -3 1 6 C. 2 1 0 -3 0 6

B. -2 1 -1 6 D. -2 1 0 -3 0 6

___10. What is the remainder when 10𝑥 500 + 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)?

A. -10 B. -9 C. 10 D. 11

___11. Which of the following is NOT a factor of 𝑥 4 − 36?

A. 𝑥 2 − 6 C. 𝑥 − √−6
B. 𝑥 2 + 6 D. 𝑥 + √6

___12. What will be the remainder (𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 +8) ÷ (𝑥 − √2 )

A. -24 B. -4 C. 0 D. 24

___13. Find the value of k so that the remainder of (𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 𝑘) ÷ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑖𝑠 2.

A. 0 B. -1 C. -2 D. -4

1
___14. What is the result of dividing (3𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 14𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 8) 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − )?
3

1 1
A. 3𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 27 + 1 C. 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9 +
𝑥−3 3𝑥−1
1 1
B. 3𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 27 + 1 D. 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9 +
𝑥−3 3𝑥−1

___15. When a certain polynomial is divided by x-3, the quotient is 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 and

the remainder is -3. What is the polynomial?

A. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 15 C. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 18
B. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 15 D. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 12
 Lesson 2
What’s In
The quotient is 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5
Activity 2
A. B.
1 -1 3 -2 -7 6
Quotient Remainder
2 2 2 0 -5 -7 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 8
3 1 5 -3 0 -6
4 -2 1 0 0 5 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 -1
5 1 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 -4
− 2 -9 9 5 -1
2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 -3
2𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 2 0
Lesson 1
What’s In
A. Recognizing Polynomials B. Multiplying Polynomials
1. Polynomial 1. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
2. Polynomial 2. 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 + 4a
3. Not Polynomial 3. 16𝑥 5 + 64𝑥 4 𝑦
4. Not Polynomial 4. 3𝑥 2 − 16𝑥𝑦 − 12𝑦 2
5. Not Polynomial
Practice your Division Skills
Quotient Remainder
1. 26 4
2. 1028 1
3. 18 2
Activity 1
A. B.
10
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 1. 𝑎+9 +
𝑎−6
−7
2. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2. 𝑝−8+
𝑝+9
3. 4𝑥 − 8 3. 𝑟 2 − 9𝑟 + 5
1919
4. 4𝑥 − 8 4. 3𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 75𝑥 − 393 +
𝑥+5
required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
Answer Key
What’s More
A. B.
1. Not 1. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
2. Not 2. 𝑥 2 − 1
3. Yes 3. 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5
4. Yes
Lesson 4
What’s In
A. B.
1. (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 1) 1. (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
2. (2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 2. (𝑏 − 5)(𝑏 + 4)
4. (𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2) 3. (𝑎 − 12)(𝑎 − 3)
5. (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 5)(𝑥 − 2) 4. (𝑥 − 9)(𝑥 + 5)
5. (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 − 3)
Lesson 3
What’s In
1. k = 1 2. K = -6 3. k=6
What’s New
Polynomials P(x) x value Value of P(x)
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 1 (1)2 − 5(1) + 4 = 0
𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 -3 0
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 -2 -27
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 2 14
4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 11 -1 -3
Activity 3
A. B
1. c 1. 12
2. d 2. 0
3. b 3. -6
4. e
5. a
References
Text Book
Callanta, Melvin M., Allan M. Canonigo, Arnaldo I. Chua, Jerry D. Cruz,
Mirla S. Esparrago, Elino S. Garcia, Aries N. Magnaye, Fernando B. Orines,
Rowena S. Perez, and Concepcion S. Ternida. 2015. Mathematics – Grade 10
Learners' Module. Pasig: REX Book Store.

Holliday, Berchie, Cuevas, Gilbert J.,McClure, Meslissa S.,Carter, John A.,

and Marks, Daniel 2006, Advanced Mathematical Concepts Precalculus with
Applications. The McGraw Hill Companies Inc.

Websites

http://mathematics.laerd.com/maths/algebraic-division-intro.php
https://www.classzone.com/eservices/home/pdf/student/LA206EAD.pdf
https://braingenie.ck12.org/skills/106901
https://irpcdn.multiscreensite.com/f15f3f52/files/uploaded/AMSG.11.Remainder%20and%2
0Factor%20Theorem.pdf
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/algebra/algebra-ii/polynomial-functions/factor-
theorem

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

▪ Name
▪ Grade and Section
▪ Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you AND return them at the end of the school
year or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.