5 - Bqs552-Basement
5 - Bqs552-Basement
5 - Bqs552-Basement
Introduction, Design
• What is Basement?
• Design Requirement
• Element of Basement
• Method of Construction
• A basement is a storey or several
WHAT IS storeys of a building that are
either completely or partially
BASEMENT •
below the ground floor
Not all buildings have basements.
WHAT IS
BASEMENT
During construction
• It is necessary to protect
the entry of water by
providing retaining walls
ü Excessive water – use
retaining wall
ü Water from below –
pump out water
(dewatering system)
After construction
• Continuous water pressure
WHAT IS ü Coming from the sides – cracks in wall;
therefore wall must be water tight, reinforced
• Excavation
• Retaining walls
• Dewatering system
• Structural basement
walls
• Structural basement
floors
• Waterproofing
1 2 3 4
OPEN-CUT CUT AND TOP DOWN COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION COVER CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
TUTORIAL
Please research on the
abovementioned methods in brief;
• Construction method, in general
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
DONE
BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION
Part Three
Element of Basement
Retaining
Excavation
walls
ELEMENT Structural
Dewatering
OF system
basement
walls
BASEMENT
Structural
basement Waterproofing
floors
• RAMP SYSTEM
• DAMSHELL &
DRAGLINE
• LONG ARM
EXCAVATOR
• MULTI LEVEL
EXCAVATOR
EXCAVATION
Ramp System
RETAINING WALL
Temporary Retaining
Wall 1
• Soldier Pile + Timber Boarding
ü Very old and traditional
method of constructing
retaining walls
ü Commonly used in site of less
problem or constructing
basement in highland site,
where grd. water is not a
problem
Temporary Retaining
Wall 1
Soldier Pile + Timber Boarding (cont’d)
• Soldier pile (steel H-pile about 12m
length) is driven at pre-determined
space
• Timber. boardings or laggings (1500 x
300) are inserted during excavation
(excavation is done by layers)
• Joints between tbr. laggings are
usually not watertight, & the main
function is only to hold earth
• Grd. anchors are used to hold the
soldier piles
SOLDIER PILES AND LAGGING
Temporary Retaining
Wall 2
• Steel Sheet Piling
ü Most suitable for shallow and
depth basement of 12m, so as
to avoid jointing in sheet
piling
ü Very high situation – tendency
to fail – use bracing
ü Incorrect alignment will lead
to water ingress – require the
use of interlocking sheet piles
(to avoid water penetration)
Temporary Retaining
Wall 2
Steel Sheet Piling (cont’d)
• Pile driving is by means of:-
üVibrate (better verticality)
üHammer (bad verticality &
possibility of misaligned,
no space for pile head to
receive hammering)
Permanent Retaining
Wall 1
• Diaphragm Walls
• A guide trench is excavated & lined
with lightly reinforced concrete
• Guide walls act as :-
o Guideline for the excavating
machineries
o Provide reservoir for the slurry
o Enables paving and
undergrounds services to be
broken out ahead of the
excavation
Permanent Retaining
Wall 1
• Diaphragm Wall (cont’d)
• Excavation and concreting are
executed in alternative panels
ranging from 3-7m long with
widths ranging from 0.3 – 1m
• Alternate panels
ü1-4 – 7-10
ü2-5 – 8-11
ü3-6 – 9-12
Permanent Retaining
Wall 1
• Diaphragm Wall (cont’d)
• During excavation, the above
alternating approach gives both
edges of the proposed to-be-
excavated panel with hard dry
surfaces (existing earth &
completed concrete diaphragm
wall)
• To form an interlocking &
watertight joint at each end of the
panel:
ü Circular pipes or
ü Hexagon sheet piles
Permanent Retaining Wall 1
• Diaphragm Wall (cont’d)
• Are place in the bentonite-filled excavation
before the concrete is placed
• Continuous operation of concreting the panel
is carried out using a tremie pipe
Permanent Retaining
Wall 2
• Secant Piles
• Used in dry earth situation (no
water to penetrate)
• To retain earth as well as
water penetration
• Used in situation where water
is the major problem
Permanent Retaining
Wall 2
• Secant Piles (cont’d)
• Exposed surfaces can be faced
by/with:
üA reinforced rendering
üCovered with a mesh
reinforcement and sprayed
with concrete
üSkin walls (reinforced
concrete or bricks)
• PERMANENT
EXCLUSION OF
GROUND WATER
• Sheet Piling
• Diaphragm Walls
• Secant Pile
• TEMPORARY
EXCLUSION OF
GROUND WATER
(by lowering the
water table)
• Sump pumping
• Well point system
• Shallow/Deep
bored wells
DEWATERING
• Horizontal ground
water control
SYSTEM
Dewatering
System
Generally,
• Part of ground water control
system
• Ground water can be effectively
controlled by a variety of methods
which have been designed either
to:
• Exclude the water from a
particular area
• Lower the water table, to give
a reasonably dry working
condition especially for
construction activities
Dewatering System 1
Sump pumping
• Sump or water collection pit should
be excavated below the formation
level of the excavation
• Preferably sited in a corner position
to reduce any possible soil
movement due to settlement
Dewatering System 1
Sump pumping (cont’d)
• Open sump pumping is usually limited to
max. depth of 7.50 m due to the
limitations of suction lifts of pumps
• Alternative method to open sump
pumping is jetted sump
Dewatering System 2
Well-Point System
• Popular method for water lowering in
non-cohesive soils up to a depth of
between 5.0 - 6.0m
• To dewater beyond the above depth
requires a multi-stage installation
• Water jet into the ground a number of
small diameter wells which are connected
to a header pipe which is attached to a
vacuum pump
Dewatering System 2
ü Drainage layers
• In the form of plastic rolls,
water will flow down the rolls
(vertically) through the drain
pipe (horizontally) straight to
the sumps for discharging
ü Concrete admixtures
WATERPROOFING
WATERPROOFING