Computer Fundamental and Programming: Prepared By: Mary Kris P. Morco Professorial Lecturer

Computer
Fundamental and
Programming
Prepared by: Mary Kris P. Morco
Professorial Lecturer
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL & BICOL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
PROGRAMMING
Today's Agenda
Number Systems
What is Number System in Maths?
Classification of Number System
Types of Number System
Number System Chart
Number System Conversion
Number System Examples

PROGRAMMING
What is
number
system?
A number system is a system
representing numbers. It is also
called the system of numeration
and it defines a set of values to
represent a quantity. These
numbers are used as digits and the
most common ones are 0 and 1,
that are used to represent binary
numbers. Digits from 0 to 9 are
used to represent other types of
number systems.
Definition of Number
Systems
A number system is defined as the representation of numbers by using digits or other symbols in a
consistent manner. The value of any digit in a number can be determined by a digit, its position in
the number, and the base of the number system. The numbers are represented in a unique manner
and allow us to operate arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and division.
PROGRAMMING
What is Number System in

Maths?
A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It
is the mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by
using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. It provides a unique
representation of every number and represents the arithmetic and
algebraic structure of the figures. It also allows us to operate arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction and division.
The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:
The digit
Its position in the number
The base of the number system

PROGRAMMING
Classification of Number
System
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System
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System
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System
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What is a Number?
A number is a mathematical value used for counting or measuring or
labelling objects. Numbers are used to performing arithmetic
calculations. Examples of numbers are natural numbers, whole numbers,
rational and irrational numbers, etc. 0 is also a number that represents
a null value.
A number has many other variations such as even and odd numbers,
prime and composite numbers. Even and odd terms are used when a
number is divisible by 2 or not, whereas prime and composite
differentiate between the numbers that have only two factors and more
than two factors, respectively.
In a number system, these numbers are used as digits. 0 and 1 are the
most common digits in the number system, that are used to represent
binary numbers. On the other hand, 0 to 9 digits are also used for other
number systems.
PROGRAMMING
Types of Number Systems
Binary number system Octal number system Decimal number system Hexadecimal number
(Base - 2) (Base - 8) (Base - 10) system (Base - 16)
The octal number system uses
The binary number system uses The decimal number system uses The hexadecimal number system
eight digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7
only two digits: 0 and 1. The ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 uses sixteen digits/alphabets:
with the base of 8. The advantage
numbers in this system have a with the base number as 10. The 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9 and A,B,C,D, E, F
of this system is that it has lesser
base of 2. Digits 0 and 1 are decimal number system is the with the base number as 16. Here,
digits when compared to several
called bits and 8 bits together system that we generally use to A-F of the hexadecimal system
other systems, hence, there would
make a byte. The data in represent numbers in real life. If means the numbers 10-15 of the
be fewer computational errors.
computers is stored in terms of any number is represented without decimal number system
Numbers like 8 and 9 are not
bits and bytes. The binary number a base, it means that its base is 10. respectively. This system is used in
included in the octal number
system does not deal with other computers to reduce the large-
system. Just as the binary, the
numbers such as 2,3,4,5 and so sized strings of the binary system.
octal number system is used in
on.
minicomputers but with digits from
0 to 7.
PROGRAMMING
What is a Binary Number System?
Binary Number System: According to digital electronics and mathematics, a binary number is
defined as a number that is expressed in the binary system or base 2 numeral system. It
describes numeric values by two separate symbols; 1 (one) and 0 (zero). The base-2 system is
the positional notation with 2 as a radix.
The binary system is applied internally by almost all latest computers and computer-based
devices because of its direct implementation in electronic circuits using logic gates. Every digit
is referred to as a bit.
What is Bit in Binary Number?

Binary A single binary digit is called a “Bit”. A binary number consists of several bits.
Examples are:
Number 10101 is a five-bit binary number
101 is a three-bit binary number
100001 is a six-bit binary number
System Uses of Binary Number System

Binary numbers are commonly used in computer applications. All the coding and languages in
computers such as C, C++, Java, etc. use binary digits 0 and 1 to write a program or encode any
digital data. The computer understands only the coded language. Therefore these 2-digit
number system is used to represent a set of data or information in discrete bits of information.
Facts to Remember:
Binary numbers are made up of only 0’s and 1’s.
A binary number is represented with a base-2
A bit is a single binary digit.

PROGRAMMING
Binary Number System

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Binary Numbers Table

Some of the binary notations of lists of decimal numbers from 1 to 30,
are mentioned in the below list.

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How to Calculate Binary Numbers

For example, the number to be operated is 1235.
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How to Calculate Binary Numbers

For example, the number to be operated is 1235.
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Binary Arithmetic Operations

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What is a Octal Number System?
Octal Number System has a base of eight and uses the number from 0 to 7. The octal numbers,
in the number system, are usually represented by binary numbers when they are grouped in
pairs of three.
Octal
Number
System
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Octal Numbers System

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Octal Numbers System Table

We use only 3 bits to represent Octal Numbers. Each group will have a distinct value
between 000 and 111.

PROGRAMMING
What is the Decimal Number System?
In the decimal number system, the numbers are represented with base 10. The way of denoting the
decimal numbers with base 10 is also termed as decimal notation. This number system is widely used in
computer applications. It is also called the base-10 number system which consists of 10 digits, such as,
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Each digit in the decimal system has a position and every digit is ten times more
significant than the previous digit. Suppose, 25 is a decimal number, then 2 is ten times more than 5.
Some examples of decimal numbers are:
Decimal
Number
System
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Decimal Numbers System

PROGRAMMING
What is the Hexadecimal Number System?
The hexadecimal number system is a type of number system, that has a base value equal to 16. It is
also pronounced sometimes as ‘hex’ . Hexadecimal numbers are represented by only 16 symbols. These
symbols or values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F. Each digit represents a decimal
value. For example, D is equal to base-10 13.
Hexadecimal number systems can be converted to other number systems such as binary number (base-
2), octal number (base-8) and decimal number systems (base-10).
Hexadeci
mal
Number
System
PROGRAMMING
Hexadecimal Number System Table

Below is the table of hexadecimal number systems with equivalent values of the binary and decimal number systems.
PROGRAMMING
Number System Conversion

Decimal to Other Base System
Other Base System to Decimal
Other Base System to Non-Decimal
Shortcut method - Binary to Octal
Shortcut method - Octal to Binary
Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal
Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary

PROGRAMMING
Decimal to Other Base System
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Divide the decimal number Get the remainder from Divide the quotient of the Record the remainder from
to be converted by the Step 1 as the rightmost digit previous divide by the new Step 3 as the next digit (to
value of the new base. (least significant digit) of base. the left) of the new base
the new base number. number.
Repeat Steps 3 and 4,
getting remainders from
right to left, until the
quotient becomes zero in
Step 3.
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Other Base System to Decimal

System
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Determine the column Multiply the obtained Sum the products
(positional) value of each column values (in Step 1) by calculated in Step 2. The
digit (this depends on the the digits in the total is the equivalent value
position of the digit and the corresponding columns. in decimal..
base of the number system).

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Other Base System to Non-

Decimal System
Step 1 Step 2
Convert the original number Convert the decimal
to a decimal number (base number so obtained to the
10). new base number.

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Binary to Octal
and Vice Versa
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Shortcut Method - Binary to Octal
Step 1 Step 2
Divide the binary digits into Convert each group of
groups of three (starting three binary digits to one
from the right). octal digit.

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Shortcut Method - Octal to Binary
Step 1 Step 2
Convert each octal digit to Combine all the resulting
a 3-digit binary number (the binary groups (of 3 digits
octal digits may be treated each) into a single binary
as decimal for this number.
conversion).
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Binary to
Hexadecimal and
Vice Versa
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Shortcut Method - Binary to

Hexadecimal
Step 1 Step 2
Divide the binary digits into Convert each group of four
groups of four (starting binary digits to one
from the right). hexadecimal symbol.

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Shortcut Method - Hexadecimal to

Binary
Step 1 Step 2
Convert each hexadecimal Combine all the resulting
digit to a 4-digit binary binary groups (of 4 digits
number (the hexadecimal each) into a single binary
digits may be treated as number.
decimal for this conversion).

PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING
And we're done

for the day!

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Computer

What is Number System in Maths?

Classification of Number System

Types of Number System

Number System Chart

Number System Conversion

Number System Examples

representing numbers. It is also

called the system of numeration

and it defines a set of values to

represent a quantity. These

numbers are used as digits and the

most common ones are 0 and 1,

that are used to represent binary

numbers. Digits from 0 to 9 are

used to represent other types of

What is Number System in

The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:

Its position in the number

The base of the number system

labelling objects. Numbers are used to performing arithmetic

calculations. Examples of numbers are natural numbers, whole numbers,

rational and irrational numbers, etc. 0 is also a number that represents

number is divisible by 2 or not, whereas prime and composite

than two factors, respectively.

Types of Number Systems

the positional notation with 2 as a radix.

What is Bit in Binary Number?

Number 10101 is a five-bit binary number

101 is a three-bit binary number

100001 is a six-bit binary number

System Uses of Binary Number System

A binary number is represented with a base-2

A bit is a single binary digit.

Binary Number System

Binary Numbers Table

are mentioned in the below list.

How to Calculate Binary Numbers

How to Calculate Binary Numbers

Binary Arithmetic Operations

Binary Arithmetic Operations

Binary Arithmetic Operations

Binary Arithmetic Operations

Octal Numbers System

Octal Numbers System Table

between 000 and 111.

Some examples of decimal numbers are:

Decimal Numbers System

symbols or values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F. Each digit represents a decimal

value. For example, D is equal to base-10 13.

2), octal number (base-8) and decimal number systems (base-10).

Hexadecimal Number System Table

Number System Conversion

Other Base System to Decimal

Other Base System to Non-Decimal

Shortcut method - Binary to Octal

Shortcut method - Octal to Binary

Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal