Burma Apr11 Issues and Concerns Vol 7-ALTSEAN
Burma Apr11 Issues and Concerns Vol 7-ALTSEAN
Burma Apr11 Issues and Concerns Vol 7-ALTSEAN
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BURMA
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 1
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
WARDROBE CHANGE DOES NOT BRING DEMOCRACY
On 30 March 2011, the military regime’s long-running play ‘roadmap to democracy’ concluded
almost eight years after its release. In the military stronghold of Naypyidaw, President-elect
Thein Sein was sworn in along with Vice-Presidents Tin Aung Myint Oo and Mauk Kham and 30
new cabinet ministers. The ceremony also marked the dissolution of the State Peace and
Development Council (SPDC). “Peace and Development Council” offices across Burma were
renamed as “General Administrative Departments.” Twenty-six out of the new cabinet’s 30
ministers are either retired SPDC military officials or former junta ministers. Beyond the change
from military uniforms to Burmese traditional dress, which has been described by the regime as a
“transfer of power to a civilian government”, nothing has changed in Burma as a result of the 7
November election and the convening of a Parliament dominated by former high-ranking SPDC
officials.
The roadmap sequel, “discipline-flourishing democracy” has been scripted to legalize and
perpetuate the SPDC’s infamous malgovernance and oppression. “Retired” SPDC Chairman Sr
Gen Than Shwe ensured he would continue to dominate Burma’s politics by naming himself the
leader of a newly-created State Supreme Council. Even before Parliament convened, Than Shwe
issued a series of laws that were designed to shackle the Parliament and make it a hostage of the
military. When Parliament met in late January, the proceedings took place under tight control.
SPDC-imposed procedures for parliamentary proceedings stifled debate and severely restricted
media coverage.
The situation in ethnic nationality areas has deteriorated since the November election. In Karen
State, SPDC Army forces and a breakaway faction of the DKBA have been engaged in ongoing
fighting. The conflict has caused hundreds of civilians to flee to Thailand. SPDC Army forces
also brought increased pressure against ceasefire groups, in particular the Kachin Independence
Army (KIA) in Kachin State and the Shan State Army – North (SSA-N) and the United Wa State
Army (UWSA) in Shan State. The regime is clearly preparing to launch major offensives against
all of these groups, which rejected the SPDC’s Border Guard Force scheme. The situation is grim
for communities living in conflict areas, as the military prepares to step up its notorious ‘four
cuts’ campaign. The ‘four cuts’ strategy that targets civilians in an attempt to undermine
resistance forces is one of the main causes of serious international crimes in ethnic areas.
There has been no improvement of the human rights situation in Burma. More than 2,000
political prisoners languish in Burma’s jails under harsh detention conditions and inadequate
access to treatment for serious health conditions. Freedom of information and freedom of speech
are severely restricted. Recently, the regime sentenced reporter Sithu Zeya to eight years in prison
for taking photos in Rangoon when there were a series of deadly bomb blasts on 15 April 2010.
In February, a SPDC Court sentenced DVB reporter Maung Maung Zeya to 13 years in prison
under the Electronics Act and the Unlawful Association Act. Following the release of Daw Aung
San Suu Kyi, the SPDC Censorship Board restricted coverage of Daw Suu’s release and her
subsequent activities. In mid-November, it was reported that SPDC authorities ordered internet
cafe owners in Rangoon to install CCTV cameras to monitor internet users. In March, the SPDC-
controlled Myanmar Post and Telecommunications ordered all internet cafés across Burma to
stop providing Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) communication services.
As for Burma’s economy, the sham transition to civilian rule has been marked by a mass sell-off
of state-owned properties to regime cronies. The widening gap between salaries for civil servants
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 3
and private sector workers has led to strikes over low wages and poor working conditions. The
most serious blow to Burma’s ability to improve the quality of life for its people came when MPs
failed to address the country’s serious and ongoing education and health issues. The national
budget for the 2011-2012 fiscal year allocated a staggering 1.8 trillion kyat (US$2 billion), or
23.6%, for military expenditures. By contrast, the health and education sectors received a paltry
99.5 billion kyat (US$110 million), or 1.3%, and 314 billion kyat (US$349 million), or 4.13%
respectively. In addition, it appears that the budget fails to accurately reflect revenues especially
from exports of oil and gas.
The final step in the junta’s roadmap has not changed conditions in Burma in the slightest – with
the possible exception that many international corporations now think they can respectably invest
in the country and exploit its cheap labor. The SPDC has perpetuated a cruel hoax on its own
people and the international community. Whether the SPDC is successful in its sleight of hand
depends on the resolve of international leaders to stay the course in keeping pressure on Burma’s
new regime so it will enact true reform and engage in genuine dialogue for peace and national
reconciliation. World leaders cannot let the regime’s mirage of democracy to continue while
Burma’s people still suffer under authoritarian rule. The promise of democracy in Burma must be
genuinely fulfilled.
4 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
On 30 March, the SPDC completed its Despite stepping down as Burma’s Head of
transformation to the façade of a civilian State and Commander-in-Chief of the
regime. President-elect Thein Sein was Armed Forces, Sr Gen Than Shwe ensured
sworn in along with Vice-Presidents Tin he would continue to steer Burma’s politics.
Aung Myint Oo and Mauk Kham and 30 In a surprise move, Than Shwe created and
new cabinet ministers.1 The ceremony also named himself as leader of the eight-
marked the dissolution of the SPDC.2 To member State Supreme Council. The
complete the cosmetic makeover, “Peace Council, which is not mentioned in the 2008
and Development Council” offices across constitution, is expected to provide
Burma were renamed as “General “guidance” to the new regime. The Council
Administrative Departments.”3 comprised several former top SPDC
generals: Sr Gen Than Shwe, Vice Sr Gen
Despite the regime’s much touted “transition Maung Aye, People’s Assembly Speaker
to a civilian government,” it is clear that the Shwe Mann, President Thein Sein, Vice
same military men who were in power under President Tin Aung Myint Oo, and Election
the SPDC’s reign are still ruling Burma. The Commission Chairman Tin Aye.10
newly-elected Parliament placed former
SPDC high-ranking officials at the top of the Not everyone in the military was happy with
country’s political system: Than Shwe’s efforts to place his loyalists in
the new regime’s top posts. On 10 February,
• Former SPDC PM Thein Sein is Burma’s the SPDC reportedly placed Lt Gen Myint
new President.4 Aung under house arrest because he refused
• Former SPDC third-in-command Shwe the post of Defense Minister.11
Mann and former SPDC Minister of
Culture Khin Aung Myint are the New laws strengthen military power
Speakers of the People’s Assembly and
National Assembly respectively.5 Beginning in October 2010, SPDC
• Former SPDC Secretary-1 Tin Aung Chairman Than Shwe issued a series of laws
Myint Oo is one of the two Vice designed to maintain the military’s grip on
Presidents.6 power. By enacting these laws before the
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 5
Political Parties Registration Law still On 9 March, after being in session for over
threatens parties and MPs five weeks, MPs in both Houses of
Parliament were finally allowed to discuss
Article 12 of the Political Parties motions and pose questions to ministers.44
Registration Law states that the Election However, it was readily apparent that the
Commission must dissolve parties that fail process was just for show. Ministers brushed
to expel a member who is convicted and off questions that dealt with important issues
sentenced to a prison term.39 This provision, such as the release of political prisoners,
which still applies to newly-elected MPs, is land ownership rights, and education in
an additional tool used by the regime to ethnic nationality areas.45 The ministers’
silence lawmakers. MPs brave enough to responses often included a large amount of
speak out will have to consider the statistical and background information but
consequences for their parties. failed to address the substantive issues
raised by the MPs.46 In addition, the
In addition, Article 12 of the Political Parties Speakers rejected many questions because
Registration Law states that parties can be they were deemed “irrelevant.”47
dissolved if they “contact or abet”
“unlawful” organizations or their Parliamentary committees to control
members.40 In a thinly veiled attempt to legislative activity
isolate the NLD, on 5 April, the Election
Commission issued a warning to all On 30 March, the National Parliament’s first
registered political parties to remind them session concluded.48 According to the
not to contact unlawful organizations.41 constitution, the National Parliament is
required to convene for a regular session “at
least once a year.”49 As such, the Parliament
will not have to convene again until 2012.
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 7
22 43
Irrawaddy (04 Mar 11) Than Shwe Grants Himself Mizzima News (22 Feb 11) Lack of information, short
Power to Access 'Special Funds' sessions upset lawmakers; Irrawaddy (22 Feb 11)
23
AP (31 Jan 11) Tight security as new Myanmar Burma’s '15-Minute' Parliament
44
parliament opens; CNN (11 Jan 11) Myanmar Xinhua (09 Mar 11) Myanmar parliaments due on
parliament opens after 20-year lapse; Reuters (31 Jan legislation process
45
11) As Myanmar new parliament opens, junta's shadow Mizzima News (08 Mar 11) Parliament to discuss
looms large; DPA (31 Jan 11) Myanmar parliament prisoners’ release, right to form associations; Irrawaddy
elects military men as house speakers (Roundup); Al (11 Mar 11) Burmese MPs Question, Get Stonewalled
Jazeera (31 Jan 11) Myanmar parliament opens doors by Ministers; NLM (10 Mar 11) Existing farmland laws
24
AP (10 Jan 11) Myanmar parliament set for 1st most appropriate to safeguard peasants’ rights - Pyithu
session in 22 years; Telegraph (11 Jan 11) Burma to Hluttaw continues first regular session for sixth day;
hold first parliamentary session in 22 years; DPA (31 NLM (16 Mar 11) Education Minister replies to Pyithu
Jan 11) Myanmar parliament opens amid tight security; Hluttaw representative U Zaw Tun’s question
46
Irrawaddy (31 Jan 11) Senior Junta Officials Elected as Irrawaddy (11 Mar 11) Burmese MPs Question, Get
Heads of Parliament Stonewalled by Ministers
25 47
Irrawaddy (01 Mar 11) Burmese MPs Complain of Irrawaddy (11 Mar 11) Burmese MPs Question, Get
Detention-like Conditions Stonewalled by Ministers; DVB (16 Mar 11) Clamp
26
Irrawaddy (01 Mar 11) Burmese MPs Complain of tightened on MPs questions
48
Detention-like Conditions; Mizzima News (01 Mar 11) First Pyidaungsu Hluttaw regular session concludes
Daily MP life: everything you ever wanted to know successfully - Elected President, elected Vice-
27
Mizzima News (01 Mar 11) Daily MP life: everything Presidents, Union level organization members make
you ever wanted to know affirmation - President delivers address, his address
28
Mizzima News (01 Mar 11) Daily MP life: everything recorded
49
you ever wanted to know Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar;
29
Mizzima News (01 Mar 11) Daily MP life: everything Art. 79
50
you ever wanted to know Irrawaddy (07 Mar 11) Parliamentary Debates to Be
30
Irrawaddy (20 Jan 11) Burma's Disciplined Concluded Before April; Myanmar Times (14 Mar 11)
Democracy; NLM (11 Jan 11) 17 books on law and MPs encouraged by committees
51
bylaw in circulation; Xinhua (21 Jan 11) Myanmar Bill Committee; Public Accounts Committee; Rights
heads for first parliamentary sessions in two decades; Committee; Government’s Guarantees, Pledges and
Xinhua (10 Jan 11) Myanmar enacts 17 new laws under Undertakings Vetting Committee;
52
new state constitution; Mizzima News (10 Jan 11) Bill Joint Committee and Public Accounts Joint
Burmese Parliaments to convene Jan 31 Committee
31 53
AP (10 Jan 11) Myanmar parliament set for 1st NLM (02 Mar 11) Second day regular session of First
session in 22 years Pyithu Hluttaw held - Pyithu Hluttaw Bill Committee
32
Irrawaddy (20 Jan 11) Burma's Disciplined formed; NLM (04 Mar 11) First regular session of Pyithu
Democracy Hluttaw continues for third day - 15-member Public
33
Irrawaddy (20 Jan 11) Burma's Disciplined Accounts Committee formed; NLM (05 Mar 11) First
Democracy Pyithu Hluttaw Regular Session continues for fourth day
34
AP (10 Jan 11) Myanmar parliament set for 1st - 15-member Hluttaw Rights Committee formed -
session in 22 years Hluttaw Rights Committee formed to scrutinize cases
35
AP (10 Jan 11) Myanmar parliament set for 1st concerning breach of duties, powers and rights of
session in 22 years; Irrawaddy (20 Jan 11) Burma's Hluttaw, Hluttaw Committee or Hluttaw representative;
Disciplined Democracy; Myanmar Times (24 Jan 11) NLM (08 Mar 11) First regular session of Pyithu Hluttaw
Electronic devices banned in parliaments continues for fifth day - 15-member Government’s
36
DVB (18 Jan 11) Rules for parliament released; Guarantees, Pledges and Undertakings Vetting
Mizzima News (18 Jan 11) Foreign reporters prepare to Committee formed - Government’s guarantees, pledges
cover Parliament news; Irrawaddy (19 Jan 11) and undertakings shall be implemented within fixed
Conditions Set for MPs to Attend Parliament; Mizzima period and on; NLM (02 Mar 11) First regular session of
News (19 Jan 11) EC asks MPs to wear national dress Amyotha Hluttaw in its second day - Amyotha Hluttaw
in Parliament sessions; Irrawaddy (20 Jan 11) Burma's Bill Committee formed; NLM (04 Mar 11) First regular
Disciplined Democracy session of Amyotha Hluttaw goes on for third day - 15-
37
DVB (31 Jan 11) Journalists barred from parliament; member Public Accounts Committee formed; NLM (05
DPA (31 Jan 11) Myanmar parliament elects military Mar 11) Amyotha Hluttaw carries on first regular
men as house speakers (Roundup); Irrawaddy (31 Jan session for fourth day - 15- member Hluttaw Rights
11) Senior Junta Officials Elected as Heads of Committee formed - Suitable number of members,
Parliament; Mizzima News (02 Feb 11) Media group nominations for members, chairman and secretary will
criticises Parliament for lack of media access be submitted to the hluttaw for approval; NLM (08 Mar
38
Mizzima News (03 Feb 11) Most reporters leave 11) First regular session of Amyotha Hluttaw continues
Naypyidaw, return home for fifth day - 15-member Government’s Guarantees,
39
Political Parties Registration Law, Article 12 (a) (vi) Pledges and Undertakings Vetting Committee formed -
40
Political Parties Registration Law, Article 12 (a) (iii) Committee shall present an interim report if Amyotha
41
Irrawaddy (19 Apr 11) Election Commission Warns Hluttaw fails to present a final report on the scheduled
Burmese Parties; DVB (20 Apr 11) Politicians warned day
against ‘unlawful’ contacts
42
Mizzima News (02 Feb 11) A Parliament without
debate?; Irrawaddy (22 Feb 11) Burma’s '15-Minute'
Parliament
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 9
THEIN SEIN:
THAN SHWE’S “YES MAN” BECOMES PRESIDENT
Personal info Key “achievements”
Feb 2011 – Head of the National Defense and Security Council (NDSC)
Present Thein Sein has the power to make key decisions without Parliament’s approval, including the
ability to declare a state of emergency and restore military rule.
Jan 2004 – Chairman of the Committee for Prevention against Recruitment of Minors
unknown
unknown Chairman of the Police Reform Committee
1
Irrawaddy (29 Sep 09) A Rising Four-star General;
Irrawaddy (12 Nov 09) The Junta’s No 4 Unexpectedly
Resigns; Irrawaddy (25 Feb 11) Burma’s President-
Elect: A Clever Puppet?; Irrawaddy (03 Feb 11) Will
Likely Vice President Be Brave?; Irrawaddy (25 Oct 07)
Burma appoints new premier: Lt-gen Thein Sein;
International Crisis Group (07 Mar 11) Myanmar Post-
Election landscape
2
Council of the European Union (12 Apr 11) Council
Decision 2011/239/CFSP
3
Irrawaddy (02 Feb 11) Who Will Be Ethnic VP?;
Irrawaddy (07 Feb 11) Shan VP is Window Dressing,
Say Observers; International Crisis Group (07 Mar 11)
Myanmar Post-Election landscape; SHAN (4 Feb 11)
Sai Mawk Kham: As I knew him
14 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
THE CABINET:
100% ARE MEN, 86% ARE MILITARY MEN
Despite the convening of the newly-elected Parliament, Burma’s ‘democratically-elected’ regime
is nothing more than a disguised version of the military dictatorship that has ruled Burma until 30
March 2011. The new cabinet is composed of 30 Ministers.1 Only four have no prior connections
to the military. The remaining 26 are either retired military officials or ministers in the former
SPDC cabinet.2 Twenty-five are on the April 2011 EU blacklist.3 No women were appointed to
the cabinet. Two out of 39 Deputy Ministers are women. However, deputies are not considered
part of the Cabinet.4
11. Ministry of Hotels Tint Hsan Tint Hsan is a USDP member elected to the People’s
and Tourism Htay Aung Assembly from Myaungmya Township, Irrawaddy Division.
12
He is the owner of the ACE construction company. He also
serves as the Minister of Sports.
12. Ministry of Sports Tint Hsan Tint Hsan is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Aye Myint Kyu Assembly from Myaungmya Township, Irrawaddy Division.
13
He is the owner of the ACE construction company. He also
serves as the Minister of Hotels and Tourism.
13. Ministry of Thein Tun Thein Tun is a USDP elected MP. He is a former Major
Communications, Tint Lwin General and SPDC Deputy Minister for Communications,
Posts and Posts, and Telegraphs. He is on the EU blacklist.
Telegraphs
14. Ministry of Finance Hla Tun Hla Tun is a USDP member elected to the People’s
and Revenue Win Than Assembly from Kyaukpadaung Township, Mandalay Division.
He is a former Major General and SPDC Minister of Finance
14
and Revenue. He is on the EU blacklist.
15. Ministry of Mines Thein Htaik Thein Htaik is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Assembly from Dagon Seikkan Township, Rangoon Division.
He is a former Lieutenant General. He is on the EU blacklist.
16. Ministry of Nyan Tun Nyan Tun Aung is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Transport Aung Assembly from Natogyi Township, Mandalay Division. He is a
Win Shein former SPDC Deputy Minister of Transport, former Central
Executive Committee member of the USDA, and former
National Convention Convening Management Committee
member. He is on the EU blacklist.
17. Ministry of National Tin Naing Tin Naing Thein is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Planning and Thein Assembly’s from Kalaw Township, Shan State. He is a
15
Economic Kan Zaw former Brigadier General and SPDC Minister of Commerce.
Development He also serves as the Minister of Livestock and Fisheries. He
is on the EU blacklist.
18. Ministry of Tin Naing Tin Naing Thein is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Livestock and Thein Assembly from Kalaw Township, Shan State. He is a former
16
Fisheries Khin Maung Brigadier General and SPDC Minister of Commerce. He
Aye also serves as the Minister of National Planning and
Economic Development. He is on the EU blacklist.
19. Ministry of Forestry Win Tun Win Tun is the former Director of the SPDC Ministry of
17
Forestry. He is on the EU blacklist.
20. Ministry of Labor Aung Kyi Aung Kyi is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Myint Thein Assembly from Mingala Taungnyunt Township, Rangoon
Division. He is the former SPDC Minister of Labor. He served
as the SPDC’s key public relations figure on numerous
occasions. In March 2007, he helped defuse tensions with
the International Labor Organization over the issue of forced
labor. In October 2007, he was appointed as the Liaison
18
Officer with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. He also serves as the
Minister of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement. He is on
the EU blacklist.
21. Ministry of Social Aung Kyi Aung Kyi is a USDP elected to the People’s Assembly from
Welfare, Relief and Phone Swe Mingala Taungnyunt Township, Rangoon Division. He is the
Resettlement former SPDC Minister of Labor. He served as the SPDC’s
key public relations figure on numerous occasions. In March
2007, he helped defuse tensions with the International Labor
Organization over the issue of forced labor. In October 2007,
he was appointed as the Liaison Officer with Daw Aung San
19
Suu Kyi. He also serves as the Minister of Labor. He is on
the EU blacklist.
16 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
22. Ministry of Ohn Myint Ohn Myint is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Cooperatives Than Tun Assembly from Hpakant Township, Kachin State. He is a
former Lieutenant General and Chief of the SPDC’s Bureau
of Special Operations-6. He also served as SPDC Army’s
Northern Command Commander and Coastal Region
20
Command Commander, and SPDC official for Kachin State.
In 2008, he coerced the ethnic ceasefire groups in Kachin
21
State to support the constitutional referendum. He is on the
EU blacklist.
23. Ministry of Kyaw Swar Kyaw Swar Khaing is a USDP member elected to the
Industry-1 Khaing People’s Assemby from Ottharathiri Township, Mandalay
Thein Aung Division. He is a former General and SPDC Deputy Minister
22
of Industry-2. He is on the EU blacklist.
24. Ministry of Soe Thein Soe Thein is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Industry-2 Myo Aung Assembly from Kyunsu Township, Tenasserim Division. He is
a former Lieutenant General and SPDC Minister of Industry-
23
2. He is on the EU blacklist.
25. Ministry of Energy Than Htay Than Htay is a USDP elected MP.. He is a former Brigadier
24
Soe Aung General and SPDC Deputy Minister of Energy. He is on the
EU blacklist.
26. Ministry of Rail Aung Min Aung Min is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Transportation Thaung Lwin; Assembly from Taungoo Township, Pegu Division. He is a
Thant Shin former Major General and SPDC Minister of Rail
25
Transportation. He is on the EU blacklist.
27. Minister Ministry of Mya Aye Mya Aye is the former rector of the Mandalay Institute of
26
Education Aye Kyu; Medicine.
Ba Shwe
28. Ministry of Myint Maung Thura Myint Maung is elected with the USDP in the People’s
Religious Affairs Maung Maung Assembly’s Thonegwa Township, Rangoon Division. He is a
Htay former Brigadier General and SPDC Minister of Religious
27
Affairs. He is on the EU blacklist.
29. Ministry of Khin Yi Khin Yi is a former Brigadier General, Chief of the National
28
Immigration and Kyaw Kyaw Win Police, and SPDC Deputy Minister of Home Affairs. He is
Population on the EU blacklist.
30. Ministry of Electric Zaw Min Zaw Min is a USDP member elected to the People’s
Power No.1 Myint Zaw Assembly from Magwe Township, Magwe Division. He is a
29
former Colonel and SPDC Minister of Electric Power-1. He
is on the EU blacklist.
31. Ministry of Electric Khin Maung Khin Maung Soe is the former Chairman of the Rangoon City
30
Power No.2 Soe Electric Power Supply Board.
Aung Than Oo
32. Ministry of Science Aye Myint Aye Myint is a USDP member elected to the People’s
and Technology Ko Ko Oo Assembly from Wetlet Township, Sagaing Division. He is a
former Major General, SPDC Minister of Sports, and SPDC
31
Deputy Minister of Defense. He is on the EU blacklist.
33. Ministry of Soe Maung Soe Maung is a USDP member elected to the People’s
President’s Office and Thein Assembly from Yesagyo Township, Magwe Division. He is a
Nyunt former Lieutenant General, Judge Advocate General, and
32
Military Judge General. He is on the EU blacklist. Thein
Nyunt is a USDP member elected to the People’s Assembly
from Maubin Township, Irrawaddy Division. He is a former
Colonel, SPDC Minister of Progress of Border Areas,
33
National Races and Development Affairs. He was Mayor of
34
Naypyidaw from 2006 to March 2001. He is on the EU
blacklist.
34. Ministry of Health Pe Thet Khin Pe Thet Khin is a pediatrician and a former head professor at
35
Myat Myat Ohn the Rangoon University of Medicine-1.
Khin (F);
Win Myint
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 17
1
NLM (12 Feb 11) Fourth-day regular session of First Pyidaungsu Hluttaw held - Approval sought for Union Ministers
Nine members, Chairperson for Constitutional Tribunal of the Union submitted to Pyidaungsu Hluttaw; NLM (31 Mar 11)
Appointment of Union Ministers; NLM (11 Mar 11) Appointment of Deputy Ministers
2
AP (11 Feb 11) Myanmar's Parliament approves all Cabinet nominees; AP (09 Feb 11) Myanmar president nominates
30 for new Cabinet; DPA (09 Feb 11) Only four civilians on Myanmar's next cabinet lineup; AFP (12 Feb 11) Ex-military
dominate Myanmar's new cabinet; DVB (10 Feb 11) Women absent from new Burma cabinet; NLM (31 Mar 11)
Appointment of Union Ministers
3
Council of the European Union (12 Apr 11) Council Decision 2011/239/CFSP
4
Irrawaddy (10 Feb 11) Burma's Next Cabinet to Include Only Four Civilians; Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new
ministers to be appointed on Friday; NLM (31 Mar 11) Appointment of Union Ministers
5
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
6
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
7
Irrawaddy (11 May 10) Prime Minister, Ministers Set to Resign
8
Irrawaddy (11 May 10) Prime Minister, Ministers Set to Resign
9
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
10
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday; DPA (09 Feb 11) Only four civilians on
Myanmar's next cabinet lineup; Irrawaddy (10 Feb 11) Burma's Next Cabinet to Include Only Four Civilians
11
Xinhua (28 Apr 10) Myanmar Officially Confirms PM Quits Military Post
12
DPA (09 Feb 11) Only four civilians on Myanmar's next cabinet lineup; Irrawaddy (10 Feb 11) Burma's Next Cabinet to
Include Only Four Civilians
13
DPA (09 Feb 11) Only four civilians on Myanmar's next cabinet lineup; Irrawaddy (10 Feb 11) Burma's Next Cabinet to
Include Only Four Civilians
14
Xinhua (28 Apr 10) Myanmar Officially Confirms PM Quits Military Post
15
Mizzima News (30 Apr 10) PM, now a retired general, leads USDA party
16
Mizzima News (30 Apr 10) PM, now a retired general, leads USDA party
17
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
18
Irrawaddy (30 Jul 10) USDP Assigns Constituencies to Ministers; Altsean’s Who’s Who
19
Irrawaddy (30 Jul 10) USDP Assigns Constituencies to Ministers; Altsean’s Who’s Who
20
Irrawaddy (06 May 10) Naypyidaw: No More 'Military Government
21
Kachin News (24 Jun 08) Junta Supremo praises protégé in Kachin State
22
Irrawaddy (06 May 10) Naypyidaw: No More 'Military Government'
23
Irrawaddy (06 May 10) Naypyidaw: No More 'Military Government'
24
Mizzima News (30 Apr 10) PM, now a retired general, leads USDA party
25
Mizzima News (28 Apr 10) PM and cabinet ministers resign from military posts
26
DPA (09 Feb 11) Only four civilians on Myanmar's next cabinet lineup; Irrawaddy (10 Feb 11) Burma's Next Cabinet to
Include Only Four Civilians
27
Irrawaddy (06 May 10) Naypyidaw: No More 'Military Government'
28
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
29
Xinhua (28 Apr 10) Myanmar Officially Confirms PM Quits Military Post
30
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
31
Mizzima News (30 Apr 10) PM, now a retired general, leads USDA party
32
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
33
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
34
Asia Tribune (18 Mar 06) Mayor appointed for Myanmar’s new city- “Nay Pyi Daw”; NLM (23 Mar 07) Lao PDR
President and wife plant star-flower tree marking Myanmar-Laos friendly relationship; Reserve Bank of Australia: Burma
Annex http://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2007/mr-07-19-annex.html
35
Mizzima News (09 Feb 11) List of new ministers to be appointed on Friday
18 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
Karenni State
Total MPs: 20 Elected in Loikaw Constituency 1. He is a
USDP: 15 Speaker Kyaw Swe USDP former Major General and SPDC Army
Military: 5 Southwestern Command Commander.
Deputy 15
Aye Maung USDP Elected in Shadaw Constituency 2.
Speaker
Khin Maung 16
Elected in Bawlakhe Constituency 1.
Chief Minister Oo aka Bu USDP
He is on the EU blacklist.
Reh
Nine ministers (USDP: 8; Military-appointed: 1)
Magwe Division
17
Total MPs: 68 Speaker Ye Myint USDP Elected in Magwe Constituency 1.
USDP: 47 Deputy Elected in Taungdwingyi Constituency
Win Maung USDP 18
Military: 17 Speaker 2.
19
NUP: 4 Phone Maw Elected in Minbu Constituency 1. He is
Chief Minister USDP
Shwe on the EU blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP:7; NUP: 1; Military-appointed: 1)
Mandalay Division
20
Total MPs: 76 Speaker Win Maung USDP Elected in Thaungtha Constituency 2.
USDP: 55 Deputy Aung Htay 21
USDP Elected in Maymyo Constituency 1.
Military: 19 Speaker Kyaw
DPM: 1 Elected in Maymyo Constituency 2. He is
Ethnic: 1 a former Major General and SPDC Army
22
Central Commander. He was
Commander of the SPDC’s Bureau of
Chief Minister Ye Myint USDP
Special Operations-1 from 2003 until
2008 and was appointed Chief of Military
Affairs Security in 2010. He is on the EU
blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP: 8; Military-appointed: 1)
Mon State
Total MPs: 31 Speaker Kyin Pe USDP Elected in Chaungzon Constituency 2.
USDP: 14 Deputy Htay Lwin was elected in Kyaiktiyo
Htay Lwin USDP 23
Military: 8 Speaker Constituency 1.
Ethnic: 7 Elected in Mudon Constituency 1. He is
24
NUP: 2 the former SPDC Minister of Mines. He
Chief Minister Ohn Myint USDP is a former Brigadier General and retired
from the military in April 2010 to join the
USDP. He is on the EU blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP: 5; AMRDP: 2; NUP: 1; Military-appointed: 1)
Pegu Division
25
Total MPs: 76 Speaker Win Tin USDP Elected in Pegu Constituency 1.
USDP: 52 Deputy Win Myint 26
USDP Elected in Gyobingauk Constituency 2.
Military : 19 Speaker Soe
NUP: 4 Elected in Zeegone Constituency 1. He is
Ethnic: 1 the former SPDC Minister of Foreign
Chief Minister Nyan Win USDP Affairs. He is a former Major General and
retired from the military in April 2010 to
join the USDP. He is on the EU blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP: 7; NUP 1; Military-appointed: 1)
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 21
Rangoon Division
Total MPs: 123 Sein Tin Elected in Kungyangon Constituency 2.
Speaker USDP 27
USDP: 75 Win He is a retired military official.
Military: 31 Elected in East Dagon Constituency 2.
NUP: 8 Deputy He is a former Chairman of the
Tin Aung USDP
NDF: 4 Speaker Government Cooperatives Association in
28
DPM: 2 Rangoon.
Ethnic: 2 Elected in Seikgyikanaungto
88GSY: 1 Constituency 2. He is a former SPDC
Army Lieutenant General and
Chief Minister Myint Swe USDP
Commander of the SPDC’s Bureau of
Special Operations-5. He is on the EU
blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP: 5; NUP: 1; Military-appointed: 1)
Sagaing Division
29
Total MPs: 101 Speaker Thin Hlaing USDP Elected in Kantbalu Constituency 1.
USDP: 67 Deputy Thaung 30
USDP Elected in Pale Constituency 2.
Military : 25 Speaker Sein
31
NUP: 8 Elected in Butalin Constituency 2. He
Ethnic: 1 was Commander of the SPDC’s Bureau
Chief Minister Tha Aye USDP
of Special Operations-1 in 2009-2010.
He is on the EU blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP: 7; NUP: 1; Military-appointed: 1)
Shan State
32
Total MPs: 143 Speaker Lone Hsaing USDP Elected in Kengtung Constituency 1.
USDP: 54 Deputy 33
Kham Hmat USDP Elected in Lashio Constituency 2.
Ethnic: 50 Speaker
Military: 36 Elected in Pindaya Constituency 1. He is
Independent: 2 an ethnic Shan-Danu and a former
NUP: 1 SPDC Army Commander of Infantry
Chief Minister Aung Myat USDP
Battalions 14, 228, and 242. He retired
from the military in April 2010 to join the
34
USDP. He is on the EU blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP: 6; SNDP: 2; Military-appointed: 1)
Tenasserim Division
Total MPs: 28 Htin Aung 35
Speaker USDP Elected in Palaw Consituency 2.
USDP: 21 Kyaw
Military: 7 Deputy 36
Kyi Win USDP Elected in Kawthaung Constituency 1.
Speaker
Elected in Mergui Constituency 1. He is a
former Lieutenant General and
Chief Minister Khin Zaw USDP Commander of the SPDC’s Bureau of
Special Operations-4. He is on the EU
blacklist.
Nine ministers (USDP: 8; Military-appointed: 1)
ACRONYMS:
1
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
2
Narinjara News (31 Jan 11) USDP Members Elected Heads of Arakan State Parliament
3
Narinjara News (12 Feb 11) Ex-Army and USDP Official Appointed Prime Minister of Arakan State
4
Chinland Guardian (1 Feb 11) Minoritaian Tyranny: USDP and Military Appointees to Dictate Chin State Parliament
22 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
5
Khonumthung News (1 Feb 11) USDP members elected to posts in Chin assembly; Mizzima News (14 Feb 11) Chief
ministers of regions, states to be approved Monday; Khonumthung News (30 Jul 09) Chairman of Chin State bars foreign
aid
6
Mizzima News (14 Feb 11) Chief ministers of regions, states to be approved Monday
7
Khonumthung News (30 Jul 09) Chairman of Chin State bars foreign aid
8
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
9
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
10
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
11
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
12
NLM (12 Feb 11) Second-day regular sessions of first Region and State Hluttaws take place - Approval sought to
designate chief ministers, numbers of ministries, ministers and high court judges in Regions and States
13
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
14
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
15
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
16
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
17
NLM (12 Feb 11) Second-day regular sessions of first Region and State Hluttaws take place: Approval sought to
designate chief ministers, numbers of ministries, ministers and high court judges in Regions and States
18
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
19
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
20
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
21
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
22
Mizzima News (08 Feb 11) Thein Sein submits ministry list to form new government
23
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws; Mizzima News (31 Jan 11) USDP member elected chief of
Mon State Assembly
24
Mizzima News (31 Jan 11) USDP member elected chief of Mon State Assembly
25
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
26
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
27
DVB (01 Feb 11) USDP takes top spots in Rangoon parliament
28
DVB (01 Feb 11) USDP takes top spots in Rangoon parliament
29
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
30
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
31
NLM (12 Feb 11) Second-day regular sessions of first Region and State Hluttaws take place
Approval sought to designate chief ministers, numbers of ministries, ministers and high court judges in Regions and
States
32
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
33
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
34
SHAN (18 Feb 11) Shan-Danu chosen as Chief Minister of Shan State; Mizzima News (14 Feb 11) Chief ministers of
regions, states to be approved Monday
35
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
36
NLM (01 Feb 11) Regular sessions of first Region/State Hluttaws opened Chairpersons, Hluttaw speakers and Deputy
Hluttaw speakers elected in respective Region/State Hluttaws
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 23
Speaker: Shwe Mann (USDP) Speaker: Khin Aung Myint (USDP) Speaker: Khin Aung Myint (USDP)
Deputy Speaker: Nanda Kyaw Deputy Speaker: Mya Nyein Deputy Speaker: Mya Nyein
Swar (USDP) (USDP) (USDP)
Drug lords and regime cronies Muse Township.7 He was elected to the
elected to office Shan State Parliament in Muse Constituency
2.
Leaders of SPDC-backed militia groups
responsible for drug production in various Businessmen with close links to the SPDC
areas of Shan State also joined the USDP to ran in the elections for the USDP. Elected
contest the elections. Elected drug lords cronies include:
include:
Khin Shwe is a developer and the owner of
Myin Shaw Chan aka Myi Shauk Chan aka the Zaykabar Company. He is known for
Bai Xuoqian is the undisputed drug lord of playing a major role in Burma’s tourism
the Northern Shan State’s Kokang region.1 industry.8 He serves as President of the
He replaced local drug kingpin Peng Myanmar Construction Entrepreneurs
Jiasheng following the SPDC Army Association and Chairman of the Myanmar
offensive in the Kokang region in August Hotelier Association.9 He has close ties with
2009.2 He was elected to an uncontested seat Shwe Mann, whose son married Khin
in the Shan State Parliament from Laogai Shwe’s daughter.10 He also participated in
Constituency 2. the National Convention.11 He was elected
to the National Assembly in Rangoon
Lu Kwet Shu aka Liu Guoxi is a drug Division’s Constituency 9.
kingpin who served as Myin Shaw Chan’s
deputy in the Kokang region.3 He was Htay Myint is the owner of the Yuzana
elected to an uncontested seat in the Company. He is involved in many of
National Assembly in Shan State’s Burma’s economic sectors, including
Constituency 11. transportation, construction, hotel and
tourism, palm oil production, and
Myint Lwin aka Won Kway Tar aka Wang plantations.12 He serves as Chairman of the
Guoda is an ethnic Chinese and leader of the Myanmar Fisheries Federation, President of
Tamoeng-ngen militia group.4 He was the Construction Owners Association, and
elected to the Shan State Parliament from President of the Fishing Vessel Owners
Kutkai Constituency 2. Association.13 He was elected to the
People’s Assembly from the Mergui
T Khun Myat is a former shareholder of the Township in Tenaressim Division.
Myanmar Mayflower Bank, which was shut
down for money laundering activities. He is Win Myint is the Chairman of the Union of
the leader of the 600-strong Kutkai militia Myanmar Federation of Chambers of
group.5 He was elected to the People’s Commerce and Industry (UMFCCI)14 and is
Assembly from the Kutkai Township in the owner of the Shwe Nagar Min
Shan State. company.15 He is involved in numerous
other business ventures including exporting
Kyaw Myint aka Win Maung aka Li rice and other agricultural commodities. He
Yongqiang is a notorious militia chief in was elected to the National Assembly in
Namkham, Shan State. He is known for his Sagaing Division’s Constituency 3.
illegal business activities, which include
1
ownership of the Yongyang Casino on the SHAN (10 Nov 10) Burma’s druglords become
lawmakers; SMH (12 Nov 10) Heroin traffickers elected
Shweli River near Muse.6 He was elected to in Burma
the Shan State Parliament in Namkham 2
SHAN (10 Nov 10) Burma’s druglords become
Constituency 2. lawmakers; SMH (12 Nov 10) Heroin traffickers elected
in Burma
3
SHAN (10 Nov 10) Burma’s druglords become
Keng Mai is the chief of the 200 member- lawmakers; SMH (12 Nov 10) Heroin traffickers elected
strong Mongpaw militia in Shan State’s in Burma
28 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
4
SHAN (10 Nov 10) Burma’s druglords become
lawmakers
5
SHAN (10 Nov 10) Burma’s druglords become
lawmakers
6
SHAN (10 Nov 10) Burma’s druglords become
lawmakers
7
SHAN (10 Nov 10) Burma’s druglords become
lawmakers
8
Irrawaddy (Sept 09) Tracking the Tycoons; Asia Times
(26 Aug 09) On the march to do business in Myanmar
9
Irrawaddy (Sep 09) Tracking the Tycoons; Asia Times
(26 Aug 09) On the march to do business in Myanmar
10
Irrawaddy (Sep 09) Tracking the Tycoons
11
Irrawaddy (Sep 09) Tracking the Tycoons
12
Irrawaddy (Sep 09) Tracking the Tycoons; Mizzima
News (22 Jul 09) Tycoons close to junta to disburse
agri loans; Asia Times (26 Aug 09) On the march to do
business in Myanmar
13
Irrawaddy (Sep 09) Tracking the Tycoons; Asia
Times (02 Nov 07) Myanmar's generals hit where it
hurts
14
Irrawaddy (06 Sep 10) Businessmen Join USDP
Candidate List
15
Myanmar Times (11 Oct 10) Business association
ease way for members to enter parliament
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 29
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION:
THE CRACKDOWN CONTINUES
Following the 7 November 2010 elections, it • The regime‘s crackdowns on
soon became apparent that the regime had freedom of information and media
no intention of relaxing its severe continue. The junta sentences two
restrictions on freedom of information. reporters to lengthy prison terms.
• The regime increases monitoring of
Media persons face harassment and internet and phone communications
and bans the use of VoIP services.
imprisonment
• Censorship on private media outlets
The SPDC continued to sentence reporters intensifies in the post-election
phase.
to lengthy prison terms. On 21 December
2010, a court in Rangoon’s Mingala • Over 3,000 phones bugged.
Taungnyunt Township sentenced reporter • New body formed to control media
Sithu Zeya to eight years in prison for taking personnel.
photos near Kandawgyi Lake when there • Singers, actors, writers banned.
were a series of deadly bomb blasts on 15
April.1 On 4 February, a Rangoon District
Court sentenced DVB reporter Maung ordered all internet cafés across Burma to
Maung Zeya to 13 years in prison under the stop providing Voice over Internet Protocol
Electronics Act and the Unlawful (VoIP) communication services.8 The ban
Association Act.2 affects calls made over the internet through
software such as Skype, Gtalk, and Pfingo.9
The regime’s crackdown on freedom of Observers believed that the difficulty in
information targeted foreign nationals, too. monitoring this form of communication
On 11 November 2010, SPDC authorities might have been the reason behind the ban.10
deported two Australian film-makers who
were working on a documentary about In addition, the regime increased
independent media in Burma.3 On 10 surveillance of phone communications. On 4
February, SPDC authorities arrested Ross January, it was reported that the SPDC
Dunkley, the Australian editor-in-chief and Military Affairs Security (MAS) was
co-owner of the Myanmar Times.4 Reports preparing to monitor more than 3,000
differed on the reasons for Dunkley’s mobile phones belonging to NLD leaders,
arrest.5 However, observers suggested that politicians, social activists, journalists,
the real reason for Dunkley’s detention artists, and corporate heads.11
could be a business conflict with the
Burmese co-owner of the Myanmar Times, Censorship intensifies
USDP member Tin Tun Oo.6
Following the release of Daw Aung San Suu
Internet monitoring, phone bugging Kyi, the SPDC Censorship Board imposed
stepped up severe restrictions over the coverage of Daw
Suu’s release and her subsequent speeches
The regime tightened its grip on internet and activities.12 On 21 November 2010, the
users with new measures. In mid-November, Board suspended the publication of nine
it was reported that SPDC authorities local news journals for up to two weeks
ordered internet café owners in Rangoon to because they reported on and published
install CCTV cameras to monitor internet photos of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s
users.7 On 2 March, the SPDC-controlled activities.13 One of the suspended journals,
Myanmar Post and Telecommunications First Eleven, published a front page title on
34 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
POLITICAL PRISONERS:
MORE THAN 2,000 STILL DETAINED
No amnesty for political prisoners
• The SPDC rules out the possibility
of an amnesty law that could free
In his March 2011 report to the UN Human the 2,189 political prisoners still
Rights Council, the UN Special Rapporteur detained in Burma.
on human rights in Burma Tomás Ojea
• Prison authorities continue to
Quintana said that there were still 2,189 subject prisoners to torture, ill-
political prisoners, including 177 women, in treatment, and the denial of medical
prisons across Burma.1 Despite hopes that treatment.
the newly-elected Parliament could tackle
the issue of political prisoners, the regime
promptly ruled out the possibility of an • 16 December: It was reported that 88
amnesty law. During question time in the Generation Student leader Min Ko Naing
People’s Assembly on 22 March, SPDC was in poor health in Kengtung prison,
Minister of Home Affairs Maung Oo said Shan State, due to inadequate food rations
that the SPDC-drafted 2008 constitution and lack of exercise.7
only allows Burma’s President, not the • Early January: Authorities in Rangoon’s
Parliament, to grant amnesty to prisoners.2 Insein prison placed Sithu Zeya in solitary
confinement because he failed to stand in
Detention conditions remain abysmal the presence of the jail’s director.8 For
nine days, prison authorities regularly took
According to the UN Special Rapporteur on him out of his isolation cell and forced
human rights in Burma Tomás Ojea him to squat and crawl.9
Quintana, 142 political prisoners suffer form • 4 February: Authorities in Rangoon’s
serious medical conditions which require Insein prison placed political prisoner
immediate attention.3 Between December Phyo Wei Aung in solitary confinement
2010 and March 2011, reports continued to for a month because he complained about
surface of political prisoners’ abysmal senior inmates bullying other prisoners.10
conditions, which included torture, ill- • 8 February: It was reported that
treatment, and the denial of medical authorities in Putao prison in Kachin State
treatment. had denied family visits to Htet Htet Oo
Wai for three months. Htet Htet Oo Wai is
• 2 December: 88 Generation Student Nilar in solitary confinement and in poor
Thein began a hunger strike in Thayet health.11
prison in Magwe Division. Prison • 9 February: It was reported that
authorities subsequently placed her in authorities in Putao prison, Kachin State,
solitary confinement and on 6 December denied medical treatment to Shan
prevented family members from visiting Nationalities League for Democracy
her.4 (SNLD) Chairman Hkun Htun Oo, 66, for
• 8 December: Buddhist monk U his deteriorating health.12
Naymeinda aka Myo Min aka Nay Win, • 15 March: It was reported that prison
50, died in Moulmein prison, Mon State, authorities in Myingyan prison, Mandalay
because of the lack of adequate medical Division, denied medical treatment to 88
care for a serious health condition that Generation Student Thet Thet Aung. Thet
prevented him from eating and drinking.5 Thet Aung suffers from hypertension and
He was the 145th political prisoner to die an unspecified stomach ailment.13
in Burmese prisons since 1988.6
36 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
1
HRC, 16th session, Progress report of the Special
Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmar, Tomás Ojea Quintana, 7 March 2011,
A/HRC/16/59
2
NLM (23 Mar 11) Home Affairs Minister replies to
question on “Amnesty”; Irrawaddy (23 Mar 11) No
Amnesty for Now: Home Minister
3
HRC, 16th session, Progress report of the Special
Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmar, Tomás Ojea Quintana, 7 March 2011,
A/HRC/16/59
4
Irrawaddy (09 Dec 10) Political Prisoner Nilar Thein on
Hunger Strike; Irrawaddy (09 Dec 10) Hunger Striker
Nilar Thein Barred from Seeing Daughter
5
Mizzima News (11 Dec 10) Ashin Naymeinda dies in
jail
6
UN News Center (13 Dec 10) Independent UN rights
expert calls for release of political prisoners in
Myanmar; OHCHR (13 Dec 10) Myanmar: UN expert
urges Government to release over 2,200 remaining
prisoners of conscience
7
Irrawaddy (16 Dec 10) Min Ko Naing in Poor Health as
Temperatures Drop
8
DVB (10 Jan 11) Jailed DVB reporter in isolation cell
9
DVB (17 Jan 11) Young DVB reporter ‘tortured daily’
10
DVB (22 Feb 11) Bomb suspect lawyer ‘denied case
report’
11
AAPP (08 Feb 11) AAPP concerned about denial of
family visits for sick political prisoners; Irrawaddy (08
Feb 11) Sick Political Prisoner Denied Family Visits;
DVB (09 Feb 11) Ill political prisoner denied visits
12
Irrawaddy (09 Feb 11) Jailed SNLD Chairman in
Ailing Health
13
Irrawaddy (15 Mar 11) Jailed Activist Refused
Medical Treatment
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 37
More Rohingya take to the sea State’s Myawaddy Township forced about
650 civilians to flee into Thailand.7
In January and February, authorities in
Thailand, India, and Indonesia detained over SPDC Army offensives fuel internal
450 Rohingya boat people who attempted to displacement
flee persecution in Burma:
In March, the SPDC Army’s military
• 22 January: Thai Navy personnel arrested operations and attempts to cut support and
and detained 91 Rohingya boat people in supply lines to Shan State Army - North
Trang Province on charges of illegally (SSA-N) forces resulted in the forcible
entering the country.2 relocation of hundreds of villagers.
• 23 January: Thai authorities arrested and
detained another group of 67 Rohingya • 2 March: SPDC Army troops from IB 66
boat people at a police station in Satun forced about 200 households in Nansang
Province.3 Township to relocate as part of the
• 1 February: After running out of preparations for a new regional
provisions, a boat with 68 Rohingya command.8
reached landfall in Phuket, Thailand, • 7 March: It was reported that SPDC
while attempting to reach Malaysia. Thai troops in Nansang Township forced the
authorities detained them for questioning.4 residents of three villages to abandon their
• 10 February: It was reported that Indian homes.9 It was also reported that between
police found over 90 Rohingya stranded 200 and 300 villagers from Kunhing
on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.5 Township fled to safety.10
• 15 February: One hundred and twenty- • 16 March: The seizure of the SSA-N’s
nine Rohingya boat people reached Nam Lao base in Tangyan Township
landfall in Aceh Province, Indonesia.6 forced between 500 and 600 villagers
from Monghsu Township to flee.11
New arrivals at Thai-Burma border • 17 March: It was reported that SPDC
camps Army personnel ordered the residents of
11 villages located in Kunhing, Nansang,
In January, ongoing clashes between the and Kyethi Townships to leave their
DKBA and the SPDC Army in Karen homes.12
38 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
1
UN News Center (24 Feb 11) Myanmar’s human
rights abuses burden region with exodus of refugees –
UN expert;; DVB (25 Feb 11) UN says Burma ‘a
regional burden’; Chinland Guardian (26 Feb 11) Chin
Refugees Get Surprise Visit from UN Rights Expert
2
MCOT (23 Jan 11) Thai officials return 91 Rohingya
boat people to Myanmar; AFP (24 Jan 11) Thai police
to deport 91 Rohingya to Myanmar; Kaladan News (28
Jan 11) 158 Rohingya boat voyagers detained in
Thailand
3
CNN (25 Jan 11) New wave of Rohingya arrive in
Thailand; UPI (25 Jan 11) More Rohingya refugees
reach Thailand; Kaladan News (28 Jan 11) 158
Rohingya boat voyagers detained in Thailand
4
Irrawaddy (03 Feb 11) Thailand Ignores Calls for UN
Access to Rohingyas
5
BBC (10 Feb 2011) Burmese Rohingya refugees
rescued in India's Andamans; DPA (10 Feb 11)
Rohingya refugees left at sea by Thailand rescued near
India;p DVB (11 Feb 11) Rohingya refugees claim Thai
‘pushback’
6
AFP (16 Feb 11) 129 Myanmar migrants found off
Indonesia: Police; BBC (16 Feb 11) Burma Rohingyas
found drifting off Indonesia
7
Mizzima News (11 Jan 11) DKBA and junta troops
engage in two-day fight; Irrawaddy (27 Jan 11) Clashes
Continue in Karen State; DVB (27 Jan 11) Villages
empty as fighting intensifies
8
SHAN (03 Mar 11) Forcibly relocated people to be
forcibly relocated again
9
Irrawaddy (07 Mar 11) 'Four Cuts' Forcing Shan
Villagers from Homes
10
Irrawaddy (07 Mar 11) 'Four Cuts' Forcing Shan
Villagers from Homes
11
Mizzima News (17 Mar 11) Burmese troops overrun
SSA-N base in Nam Lao
12
Irrawaddy (17 Mar 11) Civilians Killed in Shan State
Clashes
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 39
BURMA’S ECONOMY:
A BOON FOR MILITARY, CRONIES, & FOREIGN INVESTORS
Prices rise on political uncertainty • Uncertainty related to the new
regime leads to an increase of
As Parliament convened in Naypyidaw, commodity prices.
Burma’s economy reacted to the political • SPDC allocates 23.6% of the 2011-
uncertainties of a new regime. In addition, 2012 to military expenditure. Health
there were reports on hefty wage increases and education combined receive a
paltry 5.4%.
for civil servants and rumors of the issuance
of a new 10,000 kyat bank note.1 As a result, • SPDC nets about 800 billion kyat
commodity prices rose and wide fluctuations (US$800 million) from the sale of
occurred in currency and gold values. In state property to regime cronies.
addition, an increase in diesel and gas prices • Workers and students continue
caused further inflationary pressure. strikes and protests over economic
issues.
• Currency and gold: The gold price in • New SPDC-enacted Special
Rangoon rose from 630,000 kyat Economic Zone Law benefits
(US$720) to 640,500 kyat (US$732) while regime cronies and leads to loss of
livelihood for local residents.
the exchange rate of the US dollar rose
from 863 kyat to 875 kyat per dollar after • China makes up the lion’s share of
state-run media announced the regime’s Burma’s foreign investment,
accounting for 89% of the
new list of cabinet ministers.2
investment in the country from
• Rice and cooking oil: Standard-size sacks
November 2010 to January 2011.
of high-grade rice rose from 29,500 kyat
(US$34) to 33,000 kyat (US$38) while
another high-grade variety rose to 35,000 Bank, which is owned by junta crony and
kyat (US$40), up from 30,000 kyat Maung Aye’s associate Aung Ko Win.6
(US$34). The price of cooking oil rose as
well. One viss (1.6 kilos) of peanut oil Military spending still top priority
increased from 4,200 kyat (US$4.80) to
4,500 kyat (US$5.17) and sesame oil rose On 27 January, the SPDC enacted the
from 3,000 kyat (US$3.45) to 3,200 kyat national budget for the 2011-2012 fiscal
(US$3.70).3 year.7 Out of the 7.6 trillion kyat (US$8.45
• Fuel: During February, the price of diesel billion) budget, the junta allocated 1.8
increased from 3,000 kyat (US$3.14) to trillion kyat (US$2 billion), or 23.6%, to
3,400 kyat (US$3.56) per gallon.4 During military expenditures.8 By contrast, the
the first two weeks of March, the black health and education sectors received a
market price of petrol rose steadily, paltry 99.5 billion kyat (US$110 million), or
reaching 3,800 kyat (US$4.30) per gallon 1.3%, and 314 billion kyat (US$349
in Rangoon and 5,500 kyat (US$6.20) in million), or 4.13% respectively.9
Mandalay.5
Project.22 Thai conglomerate Loxley also treatment with their Thai coworkers.
showed an interest in investing in the Workers also complained of poor housing
project.23 In January 2011, ITD arranged and working conditions.30
free visits to Tavoy for Thai entrepreneurs in
order to encourage investment.24 China’s looting of Burma continues
In addition to foreign investors, regime China continued to make up the lion’s share
cronies are expected to greatly benefit from of Burma’s foreign investment. China
SEZs. The regime awarded significant accounted for US$3.18 billion (or 89%) of
contracts related to the Tavoy project to the US$3.56 billion worth of foreign
Max Myanmar, the company owned by investment in Burma from November 2010
regime crony Zaw Zaw.25 Regime officials to January 2011.31 China’s latest
also gave permission to the regime- investments put the country in first place as
controlled Union of Myanmar Economic Burma’s largest investor based on
Holdings and crony-run enterprises Htoo investments since 1988. Thailand slipped to
Trading, Max Myanmar, and Asia World to second place.32 Since the 7 November
build new jetties at Rangoon’s Thilawa election, several Chinese companies signed
port.26 deals with the regime regarding oil, natural
gas, and hydropower projects:
Tavoy projects threaten local
livelihoods and exploit workers • 10 November: China’s Three Gorges,
Sinohydro, and China Southern Power
Although SEZs are touted as a means to Grid Companies signed an agreement with
create employment, the Tavoy project has so the Electricity Generating Authority of
far proved detrimental to the livelihoods of Thailand and Burma’s International Group
local residents. of Entrepreneur to conduct a feasibility
study of a proposed US$10 billion
Since the US$8.6 billion Tavoy contract was hydropower project on the Salween
signed in November, ITD and the regime River.33
confiscated the land of 11 villages located in • 24 November: The SPDC Ministry of
or near the project areas. This resulted in a Electric Power-1 signed MoUs with
loss of livelihood for approximately 3,000 China’s Huaneng Lancang River
residents. In addition, reports surfaced of Hydropower and SPDC-favorite Asia
other villages being forced to relocate to World to jointly develop the Shweli
make way for construction.27 Local hydropower project in Sagaing Division
fishermen also expressed their concern that and with Asia World to develop the Bilin
the Tavoy project would limit their ability to hydropower project in Mon State.34
fish.28 • 12 December: Burma’s state-run media
reported that China had signed a US$2.4
The development of the SEZ also pushed up billion loan agreement with the SPDC
property prices. Within a month of the related to reinforcing infrastructure around
launch of the port, property prices in Tavoy the construction of the natural gas pipeline
increased tenfold.29 from Kyaukpyu, Arakan State, to China’s
Yunnan Province.35
In addition, poor working conditions in • 6 January: The SPDC awarded a contract
projects related to the Tavoy SEZ caused to China’s Yunnan Construction
worker unrest. In early February, about 70 Engineering and the junta-backed Yuzana
Burmese construction workers employed by Company for the rebuilding of a 312km-
ITD who have been working on the Tavoy stretch of the Stilwell Road.36
port project went on strike to protest low
wages, long working hours, and unequal
42 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
Burma.13 The NLD’s document concluded past, present, and future of Burma. What
that:14 follows is a selection of policy-oriented
statement that Daw Suu has made since her
• Sanctions have not affected economic release on 13 November 2010.
conditions in Burma “to any notable
degree.” On the NLD
• The regime’s poor economic policies and
mismanagement are the main causes of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said that the NLD
Burma’s economic crisis. continued to be a viable political party that
• Land confiscation and lack of freedom in was fully engaged in Burma’s political
production and marketing - not sanctions - affairs outside of Parliament.16 She rejected
have negatively affected Burma’s the idea that the NLD became an NGO when
agricultural sector, which employs the it was dissolved by the SPDC. “This [the
majority of Burma’s population. NLD] is a political party. [..] We said that
• An unfavorable business environment we will work in humanitarian affairs.
comprised of multiple exchange rates, lack Humanitarian affairs cannot be separated
of accountability, and corruption has from politics.”17
impeded productive investments.
• Burma’s increased foreign trade and Daw Suu said that one of the party’s top
strengthened financial resources from the priorities is the establishment of a “network
sale of the country’s natural resources has of people working for democracy” that
not resulted in improved standards of includes all those who are “interested in
living or increased budget allocations for bringing about necessary change.”18
health and education.
• Businesses that have already invested, or On the NLD’s internal operations, Daw Suu
are thinking of investing in Burma should said she wanted to apply democratic
observe guidelines aimed at conserving principles within the party and indicated that
the ecological environment, protecting the the leadership should be “chosen from the
rights of workers, and promoting civil bottom up.”19 She said she did not believe in
society. “one person dominating the whole party”
• National reconciliation based on “an all and wanted to “give everybody a chance to
inclusive political process” should be take over, if they are good at it.”20
“central” to any consideration of changes
in sanctions policies and the release of all On the 2010 elections
political prisoners is a “critical
Daw Suu pointed out that “unfair elections
requirement” for the removal of sanctions.
do not bring about democracy,” and “it’s no
use saying that you can choose freely
The paper also called for talks with the US,
between a rock and a hard place. […] We
the EU, Canada, and Australia in order to
want meaningful choice.”21
reach agreement on “when, how and under
what circumstances sanctions might be
modified in the interests of democracy, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said the NLD didn’t
participate in the 2010 elections because
human rights, and a healthy economic
they “didn’t believe that there was going to
environment.”15
be any major change.”22 Daw Suu said she
was surprised some of the political parties
Daw Suu 360
thought the election would have a different
outcome. However, she expressed her
After her release from seven years under
willingness to work with all parties in the
house arrest, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi spoke
post-election period.23 She said: “We are
on a wide range of issues concerning the
ready to co-operate with any […] of the
46 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
welcoming politically aware, individual, and order to convey the message that Burma’s
ethical tourists.47 The NLD “would not stability can be guaranteed by a government
object to individual tourists coming to study elected by the people and not only by a
the situation and to find out what is really military regime.59
happening in Burma,” Daw Suu said.48
On Thailand
On international engagement
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said she wished
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said that Burma to be a “good friend and good
“engagement is a good thing” but urged the neighbor” to Thailand.60 She understood the
international community to engage with pro- influx of Burmese refugees and migrants “is
democracy forces, not just the regime.49 She not easy for Thailand to cope with,” but she
pointed out that the international urged Thai people to do what they can for
community’s efforts should be coordinated, them.61
instead of being made “individually and
discordantly,” in order to be more On the US
effective.50
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi welcomed US
On ASEAN and regional support engagement with the military regime, but
she wanted Washington “to be practical
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi stressed the about it.”62
importance of ASEAN and regional
countries to “work in coordination.”51 She On the EU
said “if Burma has stability, […] it will
benefit the whole region.”52 Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said she would like
to see the EU take “a more coordinated
On India approach” with regard to its Burma policy
and urged the EU to “speak with one
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said India was voice.”63 Daw Suu also called on the EU to
“long-standing friend of Burma.”53 continue pressuring for “the release of
However, she was “saddened” that the political prisoners, inclusiveness of the
current Indian government had failed to political process, specifically with the NLD,
support pro-democracy forces in Burma.54 and negotiations.”64
Daw Suu would like the world’s “biggest
democracy” to “play a more active role in On the UN
[…] the process of democratization of
Burma.”55 Daw Suu also encouraged more Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said the UN should
people to “learn more about Burma” and “play a bigger role” in Burma’s affairs.”65
support the “establishment of democracy in
Burma.”56 1
2
Irrawaddy (08 Feb 11) Suu Kyi Casts Her Net
Mizzima News (13 Feb 11) Rule of law necessary for
unity: Suu Kyi
On China 3
DPA (12 Feb 11) Myanmar democracy still in
"infancy," junta chief says; Mizzima News (13 Feb 11)
Rule of law necessary for unity: Suu Kyi
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said she does not 4
NLD (05 Mar 11) NLD CEC and Township
see China as an “enemy” of Burma’s pro- Committees' meetings began; NLD (06 Mar 11)
democracy movement.57 Rather, she Meeting of NLD CEC and Township Committees of
Pegu Division held; NLD (09 Mar 11) Meeting of NLD
considered China to be a “neighbor” that has CEC and Township Organizational Committees from
a “longstanding friendship” with Burma.58 Irrawaddy Division held; NLD (10 Mar 11) Meeting with
Townships' Committees continued; NLD (11 Mar 11)
Daw Suu said the NLD was working Meeting with NLD Townships' Committees from
towards establishing a line of Mandalay Division; NLD (13 Mar 11) Meeting with NLD
communication with Chinese authorities in members from Rakhine and Chin States; NLD (15 Mar
48 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
21
11) Meeting with Townships' Committees continued VOA (14 Nov 10) Rangoon Diary: Democracy First
with representatives from Magwe Division; NLD (16 Mar on Suu Kyi’s Agenda for Burma; Washington Post (15
11) Meeting with Townships' Committees from Sagaing Nov 10) Democracy leader Suu Kyi urges 'real genuine
Division; NLD (20 Mar 11) The meeting with NLD talks' in Burma
22
Townships of Kachin State; NLD (18 Mar 11) The CNN (19 Nov 10) Myanmar's Suu Kyi unveils her
meeting with NLD Townships' Committees in Shan vision for her homeland
23
State Independent (19 Nov 10) Aung San Suu Kyi:
5
Mizzima News (22 Mar 11) NLD forms social network Determined to build on national euphoria – Phoebe
for farmers Kennedy
6 24
Mizzima News (22 Mar 11) NLD forms social network Mizzima News (18 Nov 10) Dialogue with The Lady,
for farmers Aung San Suu Kyi
7 25
NLD (27 Mar 11) 66th Anniversary of Anti Fascist DPA (27 Mar 11) Suu Kyi calls for better relations
Resistance Day held with Myanmar military
8 26
DPA (27 Mar 11) Suu Kyi calls for better relations with AFP (15 Nov 10) Call for peaceful revolution
27
Myanmar military RFA (12 Jan 11) ‘Inclusiveness’ key to reforms –
9
Reuters (27 Mar 11) Suu Kyi party seeks talks with RFA with Aung San Suu Kyi
28
Myanmar's generals ABC (14 Nov 10) Aung San Suu Kyi wants to engage
10
DPA (18 Nov 10) Myanmar's Suu Kyi wants talks with with military junta; Washington Post (15 Nov 10)
United Nations (Roundup); Irrawaddy (22 Nov 10) Suu Democracy leader Suu Kyi urges 'real genuine talks' in
Kyi’s Son to Visit Rangoon; DPA (23 Nov 10) Aung San Burma; Global Post (20 Dec 10) Interview: Straight talk
Suu Kyi reunites with youngest son in Myanmar from Aung San Suu Kyi
29
(Roundup); AFP (27 Nov 10) Suu Kyi, top UN official DVB (16 Nov 10) Suu Kyi: ‘Our door is always open’
30
meet; AFP (03 Dec 10) Belgian ambassador meets Suu Mizzima News (01 Dec 10) Aung San Suu Kyi talks
Kyi; SAPA (07 Dec 10) SA ambassador meets Suu Kyi; to Mizzima; Japan Today (01 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls for
Irrawaddy (10 Dec 10) Suu Kyi Meets Senior US Japan's continued support for democracy in Myanmar;
Official; Mizzima News (08 Dec 10) Suu Kyi urges Statesman (02 Dec 10) Democracy comes first, says
independents to join NLD in social work; Mizzima News Suu Kyi; AFP (13 Dec 10) Suu Kyi to 'persevere' for
(11 Dec 10) NLD hears political inmates’ relatives on dialogue with military rulers; Hankyoreh (20 Dec 10)
UN rights day; Irrawaddy (24 Dec 10) Suu Kyi Meets Aung San Suu Kyi calls for support from S.Koreans
31
Russian Ambassador; AP (22 Jan 11) Myanmar's Suu VOA (17 Nov 10) Burma's Freed Democracy Leader
Kyi meets Thai Foreign Minister Kasit; AP (23 Feb 11) Seeking Role in Politics; CNN (19 Nov 10) Myanmar's
US talks with Myanmar's Suu Kyi about aid; Mizzima Suu Kyi unveils her vision for her homeland; CNN (19
News (25 Feb 11) Suu Kyi supports expansion of ILO in Nov 10) Aung San Suu Kyi focuses on future;
Burma Irrawaddy (20 Nov 10) “If We Want Change, We Have
11
NLD (04 Jan 11) Analysis of the Economy (Unofficial to Make It Happen”; Irrawaddy (25 Nov 10) Two
Translation); Irrawaddy (05 Jan 11) NLD Outlines Four Separate Paths
32
Principles for Foreign Investment Irrawaddy (20 Nov 10) “If We Want Change, We
12
AP (28 Jan 11) Suu Kyi asks investors at Davos to Have to Make It Happen”; Irrawaddy (25 Nov 10) Two
help Myanmar; BBC (28 Jan 11) Davos 2011: Aung Separate Paths; Irrawaddy (26 Nov 10) A special
San Suu Kyi calls for investment; Australian (31 Jan 11) interview with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi; Irrawaddy (01
Economic ties will set us free: Suu Kyi; Reuters (28 Jan Dec 10) A Visit with Suu Kyi in Her NLD Office
33
11) Aung San Suu Kyi seeks support for democracy in Deutsche Welle (15 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls on Europe
Myanmar; CNN (29 Jan 11) Suu Kyi to Davos: and Germany to be more supportive
34
Myanmar must reconnect with world UNDP Rangoon (14 Nov 10) Transcript Press
13
AP (08 Feb 11) Myanmar opposition: Sanctions work, Briefing: Aung San Suu Kyi.
35
should continue; AFP (08 Feb 11) Suu Kyi party urges UNDP Rangoon (14 Nov 10) Transcript Press
talks with West on sanctions; BBC (08 Feb 11) Aung Briefing: Aung San Suu Kyi; RFA (12 Jan 11)
San Suu Kyi party seeks Burma sanctions talks; ‘Inclusiveness’ key to reforms – RFA with Aung San
Reuters (09 Feb 11) Suu Kyi party seeks talks on Suu Kyi
36
sanctions with the West; WSJ (09 Feb 11) Suu Kyi Mizzima News (01 Dec 10) Aung San Suu Kyi talks
Seeks to Discuss Sanctions With West; DPA (08 Feb to Mizzima; Al Jazeera and DVB (14 Dec 10) At the
11) Myanmar opposition calls for review of sanctions Crossroads: Dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi; RFA (12
(Roundup) Jan 11) ‘Inclusiveness’ key to reforms – RFA with Aung
14
NLD (08 Feb 11) Sanctions on Burma San Suu Kyi
15 37
NLD (08 Feb 11) Sanctions on Burma RFA (12 Jan 11) ‘Inclusiveness’ key to reforms –
16
Irrawaddy (20 Nov 10) “If We Want Change, We RFA with Aung San Suu Kyi
38
Have to Make It Happen” CNN (29 Jan 11) Suu Kyi to Davos: Myanmar must
17
UNDP Rangoon (14 Nov 10) Transcript Press reconnect with world
39
Briefing: Aung San Suu Kyi Reuters (19 Nov 10) Interview - Suu Kyi sees army
18
CNN (14 Nov 10) Aung San Suu Kyi talks to CNN; role in democratic Myanmar; CNN (19 Nov 10)
Reuters (14 Nov 10) Suu Kyi: willing to work with other Myanmar's Suu Kyi unveils her vision for her homeland;
democratic forces; Mizzima News (18 Nov 10) Dialogue Reuters (28 Jan 11) Aung San Suu Kyi seeks support
with The Lady, Aung San Suu Kyi for democracy in Myanmar; BBC (28 Jan 11) Davos
19
CNN (19 Nov 10) Aung San Suu Kyi focuses on 2011: Aung San Suu Kyi calls for investment; CNN (29
future Jan 11) Suu Kyi to Davos: Myanmar must reconnect
20
UNDP Rangoon (14 Nov 10) Transcript Press with world; Irrawaddy (29 Jan 11) Suu Kyi Asks
Briefing: Aung San Suu Kyi; CNN (19 Nov 10) Aung Investors at Davos to Help Burma
San Suu Kyi focuses on future
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 49
40
Mizzima News (01 Dec 10) Aung San Suu Kyi talks
to Mizzima; IPS (07 Jan 11) The Lady speaks – Mon
Mon Myat with Aung San Suu Kyi
41
Washington Post (15 Nov 10) Democracy leader Suu
Kyi urges 'real genuine talks' in Burma; Spiegel (22 Nov
10) 'We Have to Tackle This -- With Peaceful Means'
42
Asahi Shimbun (26 Nov 10) Suu Kyi says
compromise needed
43
UNDP Rangoon (14 Nov 10) Transcript Press
Briefing: Aung San Suu Kyi; Reuters (19 Nov 10)
Interview - Suu Kyi sees army role in democratic
Myanmar
44
AFP (17 Dec 10) Myanmar's Suu Kyi rules out party
overhaul
45
Deutsche Welle (15 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls on Europe
and Germany to be more supportive
46
Reuters (12 Feb 11) Myanmar's Suu Kyi - No reason
to lift sanctions
47
FT (28 Jan 11) Aung San Suu Kyi
48
AFP (17 Dec 10) Myanmar's Suu Kyi rules out party
overhaul
49
Washington Times (28 Nov 10) Suu Kyi seeks to
review sanctions; Nation (01 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls on
Thailand
50
Washington Times (28 Nov 10) Suu Kyi seeks to
review sanctions; DVB (01 Dec 10) Opposition leader
calls for international unity; Statesman (02 Dec 10)
Democracy comes first, says Suu Kyi; (10 Dec 10)
Aung San Suu Kyi speaks with US students; Deutsche
Welle (15 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls on Europe and
Germany to be more supportive
51
AI Malaysia (24 Nov 10) AI Malaysia interviews Aung
San Suu Kyi
52
IPS (07 Jan 11) The Lady speaks – Mon Mon Myat
with Aung San Suu Kyi
53
Mizzima News (7 Dec 10) Daw Aung San Suu Kyi
message
54
Indian Express (24 Nov 10) ‘India saddened me...
let’s talk now’
55
PTI (08 Dec 10) Suu Kyi for more active role by India
for democracy in Myanmar; DVB (08 Dec 10) Suu Kyi
unhappy with Indian investment
56
Mizzima News (18 Nov 10) Dialogue with The Lady,
Aung San Suu Kyi
57
UNDP Rangoon (14 Nov 10) Transcript Press
Briefing: Aung San Suu Kyi
58
Indian Express (24 Nov 10) ‘India saddened me...
let’s talk now’
59
IPS (07 Jan 11) The Lady speaks – Mon Mon Myat
with Aung San Suu Kyi
60
Nation (01 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls on Thailand
61
Nation (01 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls on Thailand
62
AFP (19 Nov 10) US must keep 'eyes open' in
Myanmar talks: Suu Kyi
63
DPA (24 Nov 10) Aung San Suu Kyi calls for united
EU stance on Myanmar; Deutsche Welle (15 Dec 10)
Suu Kyi calls on Europe and Germany to be more
supportive
64
Deutsche Welle (15 Dec 10) Suu Kyi calls on Europe
and Germany to be more supportive
65
Asahi Shimbun (26 Nov 10) Suu Kyi says
compromise needed
50 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
The People’s Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) consists Each group elects a Vice-President. Then, the
of 440 representatives who serve five-year entire National Parliament elects the President
1 5
terms. from among the three Vice-Presidents.
Presidential responsibilities include:
• 330 representatives are elected on the basis of
township and population. • Appointing Union Ministers including the Chief
• 110 representatives are Defense Services Ministers of the States and Divisions;
personnel appointed by the Defense Services • Granting pardons and granting amnesty based
Commander-in-Chief. on the recommendations of the NDSC;
• Appointing diplomats;
The National Assembly (Amyotha Hluttaw) • Establishing relations with foreign countries;
consists of 224 representatives who serve five- • Entering into international treaties subject to
2
year terms. the consent of the National Parliament;
• Calling special sessions of parliament;
• 168 representatives are elected by each State • Issuing laws between sessions of parliament;
or Division – 12 from each, including one
• Taking military action in coordination with the
representative from the one Self-Administered
NDSC; and
Division and five Self-Administered Zones.
• Declaring war with the approval of the National
• 56 representatives are Defense Services
Parliament.
personnel appointed by the Defense Services
Commander-in-Chief.
Ministries
Division and State Parliaments
The President appoints Union Ministers.
However, the constitution dictates that the
The unicameral Division and State Parliaments
President must obtain a “list of suitable Defense
are comprised of the following:
Services personnel” from the Defense Services
Commander-in-Chief for the following ministries:
• Two representatives elected from each
township in the Divisions or the States, who
• Minister of Defense;
serve five-year terms;
• Minister of Home Affairs;
• Representatives serving five-year terms 6
• Minister of Border Affairs.
elected from each national race constituting
0.1% or more of the national population that
are not allocated a Division/State or a Self-
Administered Zone/Region in the Division/State
in question;
• Defense Services personnel nominated by the
Defense Services Commander-in-Chief to
Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy 51
The supreme head of the military is the Defense State and Regional High Courts are comprised of
Services Commander-in-Chief. The President three to seven members. The President, in co-
appoints the Defense Services Commander-in- ordination with the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Chief with the proposal and approval of the Court and the Chief Minister of the Division or
7
National Defense and Security Council. State concerned, nominates the Chief Justice of
12
However, as the 11-member Council is the High Court of the Division or State. The
comprised of at least six Defense Service Chief Minister of the Division or State concerned,
personnel, the appointment of the Commander- in co-ordination with the Chief Justice of the
in-Chief is likely to be a mere rubber-stamp. Supreme Court nominates Judges of the High
13
Court of the Division or State.
National Defense and Security Council
In both cases, the Division or State Parliaments
The National Defense and Security Council is must ratify the President’s selections, they have
comprised of the following persons: “no right to refuse” unless it can clearly prove that
the President’s nominee does not meet the
14
(a) President; constitutional requirements prescribed. The
(b) Vice-President #1; Division and State High Courts have the authority
(c) Vice-President #2; over courts at the District; Self-Administered
(d) Speaker of the People’s Assembly; Division and Zone; and Township level.15 Judges
(e) Speaker of the National Assembly; serving on the State/Division high courts must be
(f) Commander-in-Chief of the Defense older than 45 and must retire at age 65.
Services;
(g) Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Constitutional Tribunal
Services;
(h) Minister for Defense; The Constitutional Tribunal rules on constitutional
(i) Minister for Foreign Affairs; questions and is comprised of nine members:
(j) Minister for Home Affairs; three chosen by the President and three chosen
8
(k) Minister for Border Affairs. by the Speakers of the People’s Assembly and
16
National Assembly respectively.
The constitution does not define the day-to-day
role of the National Defense and Security 1
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Council. However, the Council takes a lead role Article 109 (a) and (b)
2
in a State of Emergency, wherein it exercises the Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
powers of the legislature, executive, and judiciary Article 141 (a) and (b)
9 3
before the Parliaments are again formed. Of the Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
total number, four persons will be appointed by Article 161
4
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Services
Article 61
and one Vice-President chosen by Defense 5
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Services personnel, making it likely that at least Article 60
six members of the Defense Services will sit on 6
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
the NDSC. Article 232 (b, ii)
7
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Judicial Article 342
8
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Article 201
Supreme Court 9
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Article 427
The Supreme Court is comprised of seven to 11 10
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
members, including the Chief Justice. The Article 299
11
President has the authority to appoint the Chief Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Justice of the Supreme Court and, in coordination Article 299
12
with the Chief Justice, appoint the remaining Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
10
Justices. While the National Parliament must Article 308
13
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
ratify the President’s selections, they have “no
Article 308
right to refuse” unless it can clearly prove that the 14
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
President’s choice does not meet the Article 308
11
constitutional requirements prescribed. On the 15
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Supreme Court, judges must be 50 or older and Article 314
16
must retire at age 70. Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,
Article 320-322
52 Issues & Concerns Vol. 7: Locked in, tied up: Burma’s disciplined democracy
ALTSEAN-BURMA
VISION
We are committed to a free and democratic Burma where all the people enjoy human rights in accordance
with the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
We are dedicated to the creation of a society of empowered individuals and communities in charge of their
own destiny.
This can be realized through genuine national reconciliation, regional cooperation and mutual respect.
MISSION
We are a regional network engaged in advocacy, campaigns and capacity-building to establish a free and
democratic Burma.
We work with the democracy movement and its supporters to produce resources and create opportunities
for:
• Building and strengthening strategic relationships among key networks and organizations from Burma,
ASEAN and the international community.
• Implementing innovative strategies that are responsive to emerging needs and urgent developments.
• Inspiring and building confidence for empowerment among activists, particularly women and youth from
the different ethnic groups of Burma.
VALUES
• Adherence to the fundamental principles of human rights guides all our actions. In striving for a free and
democratic Burma we are committed to:
• Reform through non-violent means.
• Non-discrimination, particularly with regard to gender equality and ethnic diversity.
• Idealism in thought and realism in action.
• We believe in the importance of education for the purposes of empowerment, especially for women.
• We value creativity, innovation and adaptability in achieving our goals.
GOALS
• Contributing to efforts to achieve democratic transition in Burma.
• Advancing ASEAN reforms that will uphold democracy and human rights amongst members, particularly
Burma.
• Contributing to a more effective regional Burma movement.
• Supporting meaningful participation of women and youth from Burma in the movement.
• Enhancing capacity-building programs to address the human resources and strategic needs of Burmese
organizations.
• Promoting mutually reinforcing advocacy messages and strategies by the Burma movement.
• Consolidating and strengthening the effectiveness of the secretariat.
LEARN MORE
Altsean-Burma publishes a monthly review of events in Burma, the “Burma Bulletin”, as well periodic briefers
on emerging issues. Have them delivered to your inbox by emailing [email protected].
Log on to our website at www.altsean.org and discover our online resources and advocacy tools.
You can also receive daily Burma updates by following us on Twitter http://twitter.com/altsean
ISBN 978-616-90577-1-0
Λ LTS E Λ N
BURMA
ALTE R NATI V E AS EAN N ETW O R K O N B U R MA
CAMPAIGNS, ADVOCACY & CAPACITY-BUILDING FOR HUMAN RIGHTS & DEMOCRACY