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    Hepatitis in Children

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    Shilpi Singh
    Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that is commonly caused by viruses but can also be due to drugs, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The document defines acute and chronic hepatitis and discusses the different causes of hepatitis including viral strains A, B, C, D, E as well as alcoholic, autoimmune and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. It describes the clinical manifestations of hepatitis including jaundice, tender hepatomegaly, and asymptomatic or mild cases. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose hepatitis including liver enzyme levels and tests for hepatitis A, B, and C viruses.

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    Hepatitis in Children

    Uploaded by

    Shilpi Singh
    61 views2 pages
    Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that is commonly caused by viruses but can also be due to drugs, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The document defines acute and chronic hepatitis and discusses the different causes of hepatitis including viral strains A, B, C, D, E as well as alcoholic, autoimmune and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. It describes the clinical manifestations of hepatitis including jaundice, tender hepatomegaly, and asymptomatic or mild cases. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose hepatitis including liver enzyme levels and tests for hepatitis A, B, and C viruses.

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    Hepatitis viruses in children

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    hepatitis in children

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    Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that is commonly caused by viruses but can also be due to drugs, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The document defines acute and chronic hepatitis and discusses the different causes of hepatitis including viral strains A, B, C, D, E as well as alcoholic, autoimmune and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. It describes the clinical manifestations of hepatitis including jaundice, tender hepatomegaly, and asymptomatic or mild cases. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose hepatitis including liver enzyme levels and tests for hepatitis A, B, and C viruses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    61 views2 pages

    Hepatitis in Children

    Uploaded by

    Shilpi Singh
    Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that is commonly caused by viruses but can also be due to drugs, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The document defines acute and chronic hepatitis and discusses the different causes of hepatitis including viral strains A, B, C, D, E as well as alcoholic, autoimmune and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. It describes the clinical manifestations of hepatitis including jaundice, tender hepatomegaly, and asymptomatic or mild cases. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose hepatitis including liver enzyme levels and tests for hepatitis A, B, and C viruses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    HEPATITIS IN CHILDREN

    Hepatitis is a broad term that means inflammation of liver.


    It is most commonly caused by viruses but also be caused by drugs, chemical, autoimmune
    disease and metabolic abnormalities.
    The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. 
    When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected.

    DEFINITION:

    Acute hepatitis is defined as less than 6 months of liver inflammation, and chronic hepatitis
    indicates an inflammatory process which has been present for 6 or more months because the
    body’s immune system cannot clear the virus from the body

    ETIOLOGY:

     Viral: hepatitis A,B,C,D,E ;CMV,herpes,rubella,EBV


     Alcoholic
     Autoimmune
     Nonalcholic steatohepatitis

    • There are five primary hepatotropic viruses, which differ in their virologic characteristics,
    transmission, severity, likelihood of persistence, and subsequent risk of hepatocellular
    carcinoma.

    • HAV and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. (Enterically
    transmitted)

    • HBV, HCV, and hepatitis D virus (HDV) are transmitted parenterally by IV drug use and
    sexual and perinatal modes.( Bloodborne transmitted)

    • HDV, also known as the delta agent, is a defective virus that requires HBV for spread and
    causes either coinfection with HBV or superinfection in chronic HBsAg carriers.

    • HBV, HCV, and HDV infections can result in chronic hepatitis, or a chronic carrier state,
    which facilitates spread.

    CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:

    • There is considerable overlap in the characteristic clinical courses for HAV, HBV, and
    HCV.

    • The preicteric phase, which lasts approximately 1 week, is characterized by headache,


    anorexia, malaise, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting and usually precedes the
    onset of clinically detectable disease.

    • Jaundice and tender hepatomegaly are the most common physical findings and are
    characteristic of the icteric phase. Prodromal symptoms, particularly in children, may abate
    during the icteric phase.
    • Asymptomatic or mild, nonspecific illness without icterus is common with HAV, HBV, and
    HCV, especially in young children.

    • Hepatitic enzymes may increase 15-fold to 20-fold.

    • Resolution of the hyperbilirubinemia and normalization of the transaminases may take 6 to


    8 weeks.

    LABORATORY AND IMAGING STUDIES

    • Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotrans-ferase levels are elevated and generally
    reflect the degree of parenchymal inflammation.

    • Alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, and total and direct (conjugated) bilirubin levels
    indicate the degree of cholestasis, which results from hepatocellular and bile duct damage.

    • The prothrombin time is a good predictor of severe hepatocellular injury and progression to
    fulminant hepatic failure

    Hepatitis A :

    The diagnosis of viral hepatitis is confirmed by characteristic serologic testing .

    • The presence of IgM-specific antibody to HAV with low or absent IgG antibody to HAV is
    presumptive evidence of HAV.

    Hepatitis B:

    Hepatitis B serologic test , measurement of several hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific antigens


    and antibodies. Routine screening for HBV infection requires assay of at least three serologic
    markers (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs).

    Hepatitis C :

    • A positive result of HCV ELISA should be confirmed with the more specific recombinant
    immunoblot assay, which detects antibodies to multiple HCV antigens.

    • Detection of HCV RNA by PCR is a sensitive marker for active infection, and results of this
    test may be positive 3 days after inoculation.

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