Self - Learning Material: Philsaga High School Foundation, Inc
Self - Learning Material: Philsaga High School Foundation, Inc
Self - Learning Material: Philsaga High School Foundation, Inc
SELF –
LEARNING
MATERIAL
Quarter II - Module 4
I.
Self – Learning Material for Mathematics 8 Quarter 2 Week 1 – 2
A. EXPLORE
Activity 1. Pre – Test
Direction. Identify the choice that best completes the statement or
answers the question. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What are the missing numbers in this pattern; 2, 4, 8, 16, ___, ___,
___, 256…
a. 32, 64, 126 c. 128, 64, 32
b. 32, 64, 128 d. 126, 64, 32
B. FIRM UP
3.3. Lines intersect at one and only one point. Lines AB and CD
intersect. Therefore, they intersect at one and only one point.
A common mistake is when q is given to be true and then it is
concluded that p is also true. Remember that the truth table of the
converse is different from that of a conditional. Always bear in mind
also that truth of the conclusion does not assure the truth of the
hypothesis as shown by these examples.
2. If you sleep late, you’ll wake up late. Sarah sleep late last night.
Therefore, ____________________________.
3. The sum of two odd numbers is even. 5 and 7 are odd numbers.
Therefore, ________________________________.
B. Law of Syllogism
Unlike the first law, this law requires two conditionals. This
law tells us that if both conditionals are true and the conclusion of
the first is the hypothesis of the second, then the hypothesis of the
first implying the conclusion of the second is also true.
4.1. If you do not review for the exam, you will fail. If you will fail,
you will repeat the course. Therefore, if you do not review for the
exam, you will repeat the course.
4.5 If a triangle is isosceles, then at least two of its sides are equal. If
two sides of a triangle are equal, then the angles opposite these
sides are equal. Therefore, if a triangle is isosceles, then the angles
opposite the equal sides are equal.
1. If the rain lasts an hour, the water will be full. If the water tank
will be full the water pressure will rise. Therefore, if it rains an hour
_________________________________________________________________.
2. If you will get a grade of less than 75 in any subject, you will fail
the subject. If you fail the subject you will retake the subject.
Therefore, if you have a grade of 72
____________________________________________________.
What this law implies is if we can show that the negation of the
conclusion is true, then the negation of the hypothesis, not the
hypothesis itself, is also true. As we've discussed, by negation we
mean to contradict a statement.
2. If you lie, then you are reprimanded. You are not reprimanded.
Therefore, you did not lie.
5. If a quadrilateral is rhombus, then all its sides are equal. The sides
EFGH are not equal. Therefore, EFGH is a rhombus.
The conclusions on the last two examples are invalid. The law
of indirect reasoning says that the negation of the hypothesis is
concluded not the hypothesis itself.
4. If it rain, then the road is wet. The road is not wet. Therefore,
________________________________.
Writing Proofs
Steps in Proving
1. Understand
Before starting to prove you must have clear understanding of
what you are going to prove. It could help if you draw figures to
represent the given and label it accordingly.
2. Plan
As the popular adage says, "If you fail to plan, then you plan to
fail”. After understanding the problem, picture out in your mind how
you go about on your proof.
3. Execute
You already understood the problem, you have your plan in
mind, and you are now ready to execute your plan. Be sure that
every statement on your proof are logically sequence and clearly
stated.
4. Evaluate
Try to go over your proof to check any inconsistencies and
make corrections if necessary.
Direct Proof
This is a straightforward method of proof. In this method, the
proof is written in paragraph form to explain why a conjecture for a
given situation is true. This method is also known as paragraph form
or informal proof. To show how it is done, let us have the following
theorem.
If two adjacent angles form a straight angle pair, then they are
supplementary.
Proof:
B
A
By addition postulate, ∠AOB
O + ∠BOC= ∠AOC. Since ∠AOB and
C
∠BOC form a straight angle, hence ∠AOC is a straight angle. This
implies that ∠AOC=∠ 180 °. By substitution, ∠AOB + ∠BOC = 180 °. By
definition of supplementary angles ∠AOB and ∠BOC are
supplementary.
Example 7.
Given: a and b, and b and c are complementary
Prove: a and c are equal
Proof:
b
a
c
Philsaga High School Foundation, Inc. 11
Self – Learning Material for Mathematics 8 Quarter 2 Week 1 – 2
Statements Reasons
1. a and b are complementary 1. Given
2. b and c are complementary 2.Definition of Complementary
3. a+b = 90 ° , b+c=90 ° 3. Substitution
4. a+b = b+c 4. Subtraction
5. a = c
Indirect Proof
Unlike the other methods of proving, this method anchors on
the principle of Modus Tollens or the Law of Indirect Reasoning. In
proving using this method, the negation of the conclusion of the
statement to be proven is assumed true. Series of arguments are
shown so that it will lead to a contradiction of known facts or of the
hypothesis. Since there is a contradiction, this shows that the
assumption is false. Therefore, the original statement is true.
Suppose a≠b. Since the three lines intersect, r and a, and s and b are
vertical angles, by definition of vertical angles. Hence r=a and s=b,
by the vertical angle theorem. Adding s on both sides of r=a, we get
r + s = a + s. By substitution, r + b = a + s. Since a ≠ b, r ≠ s. This
contradicts the given. Therefore, a = b.
C. DEEPEN
Activity 4. Checkpoint! One (1) point each.
Direction. Tell what method of reasoning was used in the following
situations. Write your answers in the space provided.
D. TRANSFER
Given:
Prove: a=c
a b s
Proof:
c
V. Comment/Suggestions (Optional)
Direction: Please let us know how we can better help you
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