VOL.

470, SEPTEMBER 23, 2005 639

Nocum vs. Tan

*
G.R. No. 145022. September 23, 2005.

ARMAND NOCUM and THE PHILIPPINE DAILY

INQUIRER, INC., petitioners, vs. LUCIO TAN, respondent.

Remedial Law; Actions; Jurisdictions; It is settled that

jurisdiction is conferred by law based on the facts alleged in the
complaint since the latter comprises a concise statement of the
ultimate facts constituting the plaintiffÊs causes of action.·It is
settled that jurisdiction is conferred by law based on the facts
alleged in the complaint since the latter comprises a concise
statement of the ultimate facts constituting the plaintiff's causes of
action. In the case at bar, after examining the original complaint,
we find that the RTC acquired jurisdiction over the case when the
case was filed before it. From the allegations thereof, respondentÊs
cause of action is for damages arising from libel, the jurisdiction of
which is vested with the RTC. Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code
provides that it is a Court of First Instance that is specifically
designated to try a libel case.
Same; Same; Same; Venue; Jurisdiction and Venue
distinguished.·Petitioners are confusing jurisdiction with venue. A
former colleague, the Hon. Florenz D. Regalado, differentiated
jurisdiction and venue as follows: (a) Jurisdiction is the authority to
hear and determine a case; venue is the place where the case is to
be heard or tried; (b) Jurisdiction is a matter of substantive law;
venue, of procedural law; (c) Jurisdiction establishes a relation
between the court and the subject matter; venue, a relation between
plaintiff and defendant, or petitioner and respondent; and, (d)
Jurisdiction is fixed by law and cannot be conferred by the parties;
venue may be conferred by the act or agreement of the parties.
Same; Same; Same; Same; The term „jurisdiction‰ in Article
360 of the Revised Penal Code construed as referring to the place
where actions for libel shall be filed or „venue.‰·In Laquian v.
Baltazar, this Court construed the term „jurisdiction‰ in Article 360
of the Revised Penal Code as referring to the place where actions for
libel shall be filed or „venue.‰
_______________

* SECOND DIVISION.

640

640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Nocum vs. Tan

Same; Same; Same; Same; Rules on the venue of the criminal

and civil actions in written defamations.·In Escribano v. Avila,
pursuant to Republic Act No. 4363, we laid down the following rules
on the venue of the criminal and civil actions in written
defamations. 1. General rule: The action may be filed in the Court
of First Instance of the province or city where the libelous article is
printed and first published or where any of the offended parties
actually resides at the time of the commission of the offense. 2. If
the offended party is a public officer with office in Manila at the
time the offense was committed, the venue is Manila or the city or
province where the libelous article is printed and first published. 3.
Where an offended party is a public official with office outside of
Manila, the venue is the province or the city where he held office at
the time of the commission of the offense or where the libelous
article is printed and first published. 4. If an offended party is a
private person, the venue is his place of residence at the time of the
commission of the offense or where the libelous article is printed
and first published. The common feature of the foregoing rules is
that whether the offended party is a public officer or a private
person, he has always the option to file the action in the Court of
First Instance of the province or city where the libelous article is
printed or first published.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Objections to venue in Civil Action
arising from libel may be waived since they do not involve a question
of jurisdiction; In Criminal Actions, it is fundamental that venue is
jurisdictional it being an essential element of jurisdiction.·It is
elementary that objections to venue in CIVIL ACTIONS arising
from libel may be waived since they do not involve a question of
jurisdiction. The laying of venue is procedural rather than
substantive, relating as it does to jurisdiction of the court over the
person rather than the subject matter. Venue relates to trial and not
to jurisdiction. It is a procedural, not a jurisdictional, matter. It
relates to the place of trial or geographical location in which an
action or proceeding should be brought and not to the jurisdiction of
the court. It is meant to provide convenience to the parties, rather
than restrict their access to the courts as it relates to the place of
trial. In contrast, in CRIMINAL ACTIONS, it is fundamental that
venue is jurisdictional it being an essential element of jurisdiction.

PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and

resolution of the Court of Appeals.

641

VOL. 470, SEPTEMBER 23, 2005 641

Nocum vs. Tan

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

Ortega, Del Castillo, Bacorro, Odulio, Calma &
Carbonell for petitioners.
Eduardo R. Ceniza for respondent.

CHICO-NAZARIO, J.:

Assailed in a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule

1
45 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure are the decision of
the Court of Appeals dated 19 April 2000 that affirmed the
order of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Makati City,
Branch 56, in Civil Case No. 98-2288, dated 19 April 1999,
admitting respondent Lucio TanÊs Amended Complaint for
Damages for the alleged malicious and defamatory
imputations against him in two (2) articles 2
of the
Philippine Daily Inquirer, and its Resolution dated 15
September 2000 denying petitioners Armand Nocum and
The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.Ês motion for
reconsideration.
The antecedents are summarized by the Court of
Appeals.

On September 27, 1998, Lucio Tan filed a complaint against

reporter Armand Nocum, Capt. Florendo Umali, ALPAP and
Inquirer with the Regional Trial Court of Makati, docketed as Civil
Case No. 98-2288, seeking moral and exemplary damages for the
alleged malicious and defamatory imputations contained in a news
article.
INQUIRER and NOCUM filed their joint answer, dated October
27, 1998, wherein they alleged that: (1) the complaint failed to state
a cause of action; (2) the defamatory statements alleged in the
complaint were general conclusions without factual premises; (3) the
questioned news report constituted fair and true report on the
matters of public interest concerning a public figure and therefore,
was privi-

_______________

1 Rollo, pp. 124-132; Penned by Associate Justice Bernardo P. Abesamis with

Associate Justices Eugenio S. Labitoria and Elvi John S. Asuncion, concurring.
2 Id., at p. 146.

642

642 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Nocum vs. Tan

leged in nature; and (4) malice on their part was negated by the
publication in the same article of plaintiffÊs or PALÊs side of the
dispute with the pilotÊs union.
ALPAP and UMALI likewise filed their joint answer, dated
October 31, 1998, and alleged therein that: (1) the complaint stated
no cause of action; (2) venue was improperly laid; and (3) plaintiff
Lucio Tan was not a real party in interest. It appeared that the
complaint failed to state the residence of the complainant at the
time of the alleged commission of the offense and the place where
the libelous article was printed and first published.
Thus, the Regional Trial Court of Makati issued an Order dated
February 10, 1999, dismissing the complaint without prejudice on
the ground of improper venue.
Aggrieved by the dismissal of the complaint, respondent Lucio
Tan filed an Omnibus Motion dated February 24, 1999, seeking
reconsideration of the dismissal and admission of the amended
complaint. In par. 2.01.1 of the amended complaint, it is alleged
that „This article was printed and first published in the City of
Makati‰ (p. 53, Rollo, CA-G.R. SP No. 55192), and in par. 2.04.1,
that „This caricature was printed and first published in the City of
Makati‰ (p. 55, Id.).
The lower court, after having the case dismissed for improper
venue, admitted the amended complaint and deemed set aside the
previous order of dismissal, supra, stating, inter alia, that:

„The mistake or deficiency in the original complaint appears now to have

been cured in the Amended Complaint which can still be properly
admitted, pursuant to Rule 10 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure,
inasmuch as the Order of dismissal is not yet final. Besides, there is no
substantial amendment in the Amended Complaint which would affect
the defendantsÊ defenses and their Answers. The Amendment is merely
formal, contrary to the contention of the defendants that it is
substantial.‰

Dissatisfied, petitioners, together with defendants Capt.

Florendo Umali and the Airline Pilots Association of the
Philippines, Inc. (ALPAP), appealed the RTC decision to
the Court of Appeals. Two petitions for certiorari were filed,
one filed by petitioners which was docketed as CA-G.R. SP
No. 55192, and
 643

VOL. 470, SEPTEMBER 23, 2005 643

Nocum vs. Tan

the other by defendants Umali and ALPAP which was

docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 54894. The two petitions were
consolidated.
On 19 April 2000, the Court of Appeals rendered its
decision the dispositive portion of which reads:

„WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition is hereby

DENIED DUE COURSE and DISMISSED for lack of merit. The
Order of the court a quo is hereby AFFIRMED.‰

The motions for reconsideration filed by petitioners and by

defendants Umali and ALPAP were likewise denied in a
resolution dated 15 September 2000.
Both petitioners and defendants Umali and ALPAP
appealed to this Court. Under consideration is the petition
for review filed by petitioners.
On 11 December 2000, the Court required respondent3
Tan to comment on the petition filed by petitioners. 4
Respondent filed his comment on 22 January 5
2001 to
which petitioners filed a reply on 26 April 2001.
In a Manifestation filed on 619 February 2001,
respondent stated that the petition filed by defendants
Umali and ALPAP has already been7 denied by the Court in
a resolution dated 17 January 2001.
On 20 August 2003, the Court resolved to give due
course to the petition and required the parties to submit
their respective
8
memoranda within thirty (30) da|ys
9
from
notice. Both petitioners and respondent complied.

_______________

3 Id., at p. 147.
4 Id., at pp. 162-175.
5 Id., at pp. 185-194.
6 Entitled Airline Pilots Association of the Philippines, Inc. v. Lucio
Tan, G.R. Nos. 145282-83.
7 Rollo, pp. 181-183.
8 Id., at pp. 196-197.
9 Id., at pp. 202-221, 223-239.

644

644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

 Nocum vs. Tan

Petitioners assigned the following as errors:

A. THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN RULING

(1) THAT THE LOWER COURT HAD
JURISDICTION OVER THE CASE (ON THE
BASIS OF THE ORIGINAL COMPLAINT)
NOTWITHSTANDING THE FACT THAT THE
LOWER COURT HAD EARLIER DISMISSED
THE ORIGINAL COMPLAINT FOR ITS FAILURE
TO CONFER JURISDICTION UPON THE
COURT; AND (2) THAT THE AMENDED
COMPLAINT WAS PROPERLY ALLOWED OR
ADMITTED BECAUSE THE LOWER COURT
WAS „NEVER DIVESTED‰ OF JURISDICTION
OVER THE CASE;
B. THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN NOT
RULING THAT THE ORIGINAL COMPLAINT OF
RESPONDENT WAS AMENDED PURPOSELY TO
CONFER UPON THE LOWER
10
COURT
JURISDICTION OVER THE CASE.

Petitioners state that Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code

vests jurisdiction over all civil and criminal complaints for
libel on the RTC of the place: (1) where the libelous article
was printed and first published; or (2) where the
complainant, if a private person, resides; or (3) where the
complainant, if a public official, holds office. They argue
that since the original complaint only contained the office
address of respondent and not the latterÊs actual residence
or the place where the allegedly offending news reports
were printed and first published, the original complaint, by
reason of the deficiencies in its allegations, failed to confer
jurisdiction on the lower court.
The question to be resolved is: Did the lower court
acquire jurisdiction over the civil case upon the filing of the
original complaint for damages?
We rule in the affirmative.
It is settled that jurisdiction is conferred by law based
on the facts alleged in the complaint since the latter
comprises a concise statement of the ultimate facts
constituting the plain-

_______________

10 Rollo, pp. 19-20.

645
 VOL. 470, SEPTEMBER 23, 2005 645
Nocum vs. Tan

11
tiff Ês causes of action. In the case at bar, after examining
the original complaint, we find that the RTC acquired
jurisdiction over the case when the case was filed before it.
From the allegations thereof, respondentÊs cause of action
is for damages arising from libel, the jurisdiction of which
is vested with the RTC. Article 360 of the Revised 12
Penal
Code provides that it is a Court of First13Instance that is
specifically designated to try a libel case.
Petitioners are confusing jurisdiction with venue. A 14
former colleague, the Hon. Florenz D. Regalado,
differentiated jurisdiction and venue as follows: (a)
Jurisdiction is the authority to hear and determine a case;
venue is the place where the case is to be heard or tried; (b)
Jurisdiction is a matter of substantive law; venue, of
procedural law; (c) Jurisdiction establishes a relation
between the court and the subject matter; venue, a relation
between plaintiff and defendant, or petitioner and
respondent; and, (d) Jurisdiction is fixed by law and cannot
be conferred by the parties; venue may be conferred by the
act or agreement of the parties.
In the case at bar, the additional allegations in the
Amended Complaint that the article and the caricature
were printed and first published in the City of Makati
referred only to the question of venue and not jurisdiction.
These additional allegations would neither confer
jurisdiction on the RTC nor would respondentÊs failure to
include the same in the original complaint divest the lower
court of its jurisdiction over the

_______________

11 Salva v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 132250, 11 March 1999, 304

SCRA 632, 652.
12 The Courts of First Instance were replaced by the Regional Trial
Courts under Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, otherwise known as „The
Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980.‰
13 Jalandoni v. Endaya, G.R. No. L-23894, 24 January 1974, 55 SCRA
261, 263; Bocobo v. Estanislao, G.R. No. L-30458, 31 August 1976, 72
SCRA 520, 523; See also Administrative Order No. 104-96 dated 21
October 1996.
14 Remedial Law Compendium, Vol. 1, Sixth Revised Ed., p. 6.

646
646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Nocum vs. Tan

case. RespondentÊs failure to allege these allegations gave

the lower court the power, upon motion by a party, to
dismiss the complaint on the ground that venue was not
properly laid. 15
In Laquian v. Baltazar, this Court construed the term
„jurisdiction‰ in Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code as
referring to the place where actions for libel shall be filed
or „venue.‰ 16
In 17Escribano v. Avila, pursuant to Republic Act No.
4363, we laid down the following rules on the venue of the
criminal and civil actions in written defamations.

1. General rule: The action may be filed in the Court

of First Instance of the province or city where the
libelous article is printed and first published or
where any of the offended parties actually resides
at the time of the commission of the offense.
2. If the offended party is a public officer with office in
Manila at the time the offense was committed, the
venue is Manila or the city or province where the
libelous article is printed and first published.
3. Where an offended party is a public official with
office outside of Manila, the venue is the province or
the city where he held office at the time of the
commission of the offense or where the libelous
article is printed and first published.
4. If an offended party is a private person, the venue
is his place of residence at the time of the
commission of the offense or where the libelous
article is printed and first published.

The common feature of the foregoing rules is that whether

the offended party is a public officer or a private person, he
has always the option to file the action in the Court of First
Instance of the province or city where the libelous article is
printed or first published.

_______________

15 G.R. No. L-27514, 18 February 1970, 31 SCRA 552, 555.

16 G.R. No. L-30375, 12 September 1978, 85 SCRA 245, 253-254.
17 An Act to Further Amend Article Three Hundred Sixty of the
Revised Penal Code, approved 19 June 1965.

647
 VOL. 470, SEPTEMBER 23, 2005 647
Nocum vs. Tan

18
We further restated the rules on venue in Article 360 a s
follows:

1. Whether the offended party is a public official or a

private person, the criminal action may be filed in
the Court of First Instance of the province or city
where the libelous article is printed and first
published.
2. If the offended party is a private individual, the
criminal action may also be filed in the Court of
First Instance of the province where he actually
resided at the time of the commission of the offense.
3. If the offended party is a public officer whose office
is in Manila at the time of the commission of the
offense, the action may be filed in the Court of First
Instance of Manila.
4. If the offended party is a public officer holding office
outside of Manila, the action may be filed in the
Court of First Instance of the province or city where
he held office at the time of the commission of the
offense.

We fully agree with the Court of Appeals when it ruled:

We note that the amended complaint or amendment to the

complaint was not intended to vest jurisdiction to the lower court,
where originally it had none. The amendment was merely to
establish the proper venue for the action. It is a well-established
rule that venue has nothing to do with jurisdiction, except in
criminal actions. Assuming that venue were properly laid in the
court where the action was instituted, that would be procedural, not
a jurisdictional impediment. In fact, in civil cases, venue may be
waived.
Consequently, by dismissing the case on the ground of improper
venue, the lower court had jurisdiction over the case. Apparently,
the herein petitioners recognized this jurisdiction by filing their
answers to the complaint, albeit, questioning the propriety of venue,
instead of a motion to dismiss.
...

_______________

18 Agbayani v. Sayo, G.R. No. L-47880, 30 April 1979, 89 SCRA 699,

705.
 648

648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Nocum vs. Tan

We so hold that dismissal of the complaint by the lower court was

proper considering that the complaint, indeed, on its face, failed to
allege neither the residence of the complainant nor the place where
the libelous article was printed and first published. Nevertheless,
before the finality of the dismissal, the same may still be amended
as in fact the amended complaint was admitted, in view of the court
a quoÊs jurisdiction, of which it was never divested. In so doing, the
19
court acted properly and without any grave abuse of discretion.

It is elementary that objections to venue in CIVIL

ACTIONS arising from libel may be waived since they do
not involve a question of jurisdiction. The laying of venue is
procedural rather than substantive, relating as it does to
jurisdiction of the court over the person rather than the
subject matter.
20
Venue relates to trial and not to
jurisdiction. It is a procedural, not a jurisdictional,
matter. It relates to the place of trial or geographical
location in which an action or proceeding should
21
be brought
and not to the jurisdiction of the court. It is meant to
provide convenience to the parties, rather than restrict 22
their access to the courts as it relates to the place of trial.
In contrast, in CRIMINAL ACTIONS, it is fundamental
that venue is 23
jurisdictional it being an essential element of
jurisdiction.

_______________

19 Rollo, pp. 130-131.

20 Diaz v. Adiong, G.R. No. 106847, 5 March 1993, 219 SCRA 631, 637.
21 Philippine Banking Corporation v. Tensuan, G.R. No. 104649, 28
February 1994, 230 SCRA 413, 416.
22 Rudolf Lietz Holdings, Inc. v. The Registry of Deeds of Parañaque
City, G.R. No. 133240, 15 November 2000, 344 SCRA 680; Philippine
Banking Corporation v. Tensuan, Ibid.; The Heirs of Pedro Lopez v. De
Castro, G.R. No. 112905, 3 February 2000, 324 SCRA 591.
23 Cudia v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110315, 16 January 1998, 284
SCRA 173; People v. Amadore, G.R. Nos. 140669-75 and 140691, 20 April
2001, 357 SCRA 316; Balindong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 159962, 16
December 2004, 447 SCRA 200; People v.

649

VOL. 470, SEPTEMBER 23, 2005 649

 Nocum vs. Tan

PetitionersÊ argument that the lower court has no

jurisdiction over the case because respondent failed to
allege the place where the libelous articles were printed
and first published would have been tenable if the case
filed were a criminal case. The failure of the original
complaint to contain such information would be fatal
because this fact involves the issue of venue which goes
into the territorial jurisdiction of the court. This is not to be
because the case before us is a civil action where venue is
not jurisdictional.
24
The cases cited by petitioners are not applicable here.
These cases involve amendments on complaints that confer
jurisdiction on courts over which they originally had none.
This is not true in the case at bar. As discussed above, the
RTC acquired jurisdiction over the subject matter upon the
filing of the original complaint. It did not lose jurisdiction
over the same when it dismissed it on the ground of
improper venue. The amendment merely laid down the
proper venue of the case.
WHEREFORE, the foregoing considered, the decision of
the Court of Appeals dated 19 April 2000 is AFFIRMED in
toto. No costs.

_______________

Metropolitan Trial Court of Quezon City, Br. 32, G.R. No. 123263, 16
December 1996, 265 SCRA 645; Unimaster Conglomeration, Inc. v. Court
of Appeals, G.R. No. 119657, 07 February 1997, 267 SCRA 759.
24 Rosario v. Carandang, 96 Phil. 845; Campos Rueda Corp. v.
Bautista, G.R. No. L-18453, 29 September 1962, 6 SCRA 240; Tamayo v.
San Miguel Brewery, Inc., G.R. No. L-17749, 31 January 1964, 10 SCRA
115; Gaspar v. Dorado, G.R. No. L-17884, 29 November 1965, 15 SCRA
331; Versoza v. Versoza, G.R. No. L-25609, 27 November 1968, 26 SCRA
78; Prudence Realty and Development Corp. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
110274, 21 March 1994, 231 SCRA 379; Alvarez v. The Commonwealth of
the Philippines, 65 Phil. 302.

650

650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Rimbunan Hijau Group of Companies vs. Oriental Wood
Processing Corporation

SO ORDERED.
 Puno (Chairman), Austria-Martinez, Callejo, Sr. and
Tinga, JJ., concur.

Judgment affirmed in toto.

Note.·Jurisdiction over the nature of the action and

subject matter is conferred by law. (Platinum Tours and
Travel, Incorporated vs. Panlilio, 411 SCRA 142 [2003])

··o0o··

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