PROJECT TITAL:- Prepar a report showing difference between pump and Turbine

SUBMITTED BY :- 1) Abhijeet Gajanan Chavan (EN :- 2000150700)

2) Anjali Kiran Gate. (EN: - 2000150690)

3) Omkar Shivanand Swami (EN: - 2000150701)

4) Rohit Shankar Sagar (EN: - 2000150688)

IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE MICRO PROJECTS

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAME OF THE BRANCH :- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (REGULAR)

UNDER GUIDANCE BY

PROF :- Dattatray Gaikwad Sir

 CERTIFICATE
GOVERNMRNT POLYTECHNIC SOLAPUR

MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

MUMBAI

(2020-2021)

This certified to the: - Abhijeet Gajanan Chavan .

. Anjali Kiran Gate
. Omkar Shivanand Swami
. Rohit Shankar Sagar

Micro Project Of DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (REGULAR) Of

institude GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SOLAPUR (CODE-1571) has Completed

The Micro Project

PROF: - Dattatray Gaikwad SIR PROF: - C.B. SHETE PROF: - CHITALANGE

(MENTOR PROJECT) (H.O.D) (PRINCIPAL)

 DECLARATION

1) MR. ABHIJEET GAJANAN CHAVAN

2) MISS.ANJALI KIRAN GATE

3) MR. OMKAR SHIVANAND SWAMI

4) MR. ROHIT SHANKAR SAGAR

OF GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SOLAPUR HERE BY THAT THIS PROJECT REPORT
ENTITLED.

Prepar a report showing difference between pump and Turbine

Is written and submitted by me under the guidance of

PROF: - MR. Dattatray Gaikwad SIR for this valuable guidance in my Original work the
finding in this project are based on the data collected by during the course of the project.
Finally, I am very thankful to PROF Dattatray Gaikwad SIR for this valuable guidance in my
project work.
 INTRODUCTION
• A pump is a device or an apparatus used for conveying a fluid
from one point to other, usually through a pipe.
• A pump may, therefore, be defined as a mechanical device which
translates the mechanical energy imparted to it from an external
source (electric motor, diesel engine or even manual energy)
into hydraulic energy in the fluid handled by it.
Difference Between Pump and Turbine
By Linquip Team - February 2, 2021
 Table of Contents
1. Pump
1.1. The efficiency of Pump
1.2. Pump Spec i fic Speed
2. Turbine

2.1. The efficiency of Turbine

2.2. Turbine Specific Speed
3. Difference between Pump and Turbine
3.1. Fundamental Differences
3.1.1. Pump
3.1 .2. Turbine

3.2. The difference in Working Principle

3.2.1. Pump
3.2.2. Turbine
3.3. Differences in Working Conditions
3.3.1. Pump
3.3.2. Turbine
3.4 . Differences in Design
3.4.1. . Pump
3.4.2. . Turbine
3.5. The difference in Overall efficiency
3.5.1. Pump
3.5.2. Turbine
3.6 . Differences in the Installation Location Considering the Cavitation

3.7. Differences in Mechanical Operation

3.8. Differences in Hydraulic Head
3.8.1. Pump
3.8.2. Turbine
3.9. Differences in Classification
3.9.1. Pump
3.9.1 .1. Displ acement Pumps
Pump
A pump is a turbomachine used to transfer liquids from one point to
another. For this purpose, pumps use mechanical energy. The pump
works on the liquid to increase its energy to a higher energy level or
entropy, and consequently its pressure.Most pumps work on the basis of
a rotational motion. However, some pumps have also been developed
that operate by linearly moving their components, increasing liquid
energy. The source of energy for pumps is usually a fuel engine or an
electricalmotor .
The important point about the pump is that this machine is not a means of
converting the form of energy, but directs the energy in a predetermined
direction. Of course, no pump has 100% efficiency, because a portion of
the energy is lost due to vibrations, noise and heat.Water naturally flows
downwards due to gravity. So humans need to use a mechanism that
rises water from lower levels to be utilized for everyday life, washing,
hygiene, food preparation, or special uses such as agriculture, animal
husbandry, and industrial application . The first signs of
the invention of the pump appear to have belonged to the Egyptians
around 2000 BC. The name of this tool is Shadoof , a cup tied to rods and
ropes to draw water from deep wells

Between three hundred and one hundred years BC, the ancient Greeks
made significant advances in pumping.The invention of the water wheel
occurred during this period and was used for irrigation.Archimedes also
invented the screw pump at this time. This video shows how these
turbines work well.
A power pump was also invented in Egypt during this era. The pump
operated manually, using a cylinder and piston system to draw water.
For several centuries, pump technology did not advance and pumping
systems of the past continued to be used until the Enlightenment.
However, since about 500 years ago, the study of water machines was
again considered, which led to the emergence and development of
modern pumps. .
For example, in the 16th century, a gear pump was invented to pump the
liquid with a system of gears. Centrifugal and savery pum ps were
developed during the 17th and 18th centuries, respectively. Also, Ax ial
Flow Pump, Jet Pump, and Electromagnetic Pumps are among the pumps
that were introduced to the industry during the 20th century.

For different situations and cases, the specific pump designed for that flow
conditions should be used.The amount of liquid being pumped, the fluid
pressure at the destination, the flow characteristics including the number
of gases and solid particles in the flow and the type of erosion and
corrosion effects on the pumping system components along with fluid
characteristics such as viscosity, temperature, and density are among the
criteria should be considered.
 The efficiency of Pump

The relation for calculating the efficiency of a pump is as follows:

{\eta}=\frac{{\rho}gQH}{P}

In this relation, p, g, Q, and H are water density, gravitational constant,

mass flow rate, and head, respectively. Also, P is the power given to the
pump to operate.

Pump Specific Speed

The dimensionless specific speed of a pump is calculated by the equation

below:

N_{s}=\frac{NQ"{O.5}}{(gH)"{O.75}}

N represents the rotational speed of the pump in rpm.

Turbine
Turbines are water machines that absorb energy from the flow of water
and convert it into mechanical work. By connecting an electric generator
to the shaft of a turbine, mechanical work is converted into electrical
energy.
The shaft is the rod along the central axis of the turbine that rotates
around itself with the blades attached to it. The blades of a turbine are
usually shaped like fan blades. Of course, in some cases, they are in the
form of buckets. The geometry of the turbines is designed so that the
liquid can apply the rotation of the rotor in the same direction as the force
applied to the blades. .
As mentioned, the turbine rotational motion can generate energy by
connecting to a dynam o. Other applications include connecting the
turbine shaft to the pump to direct water from a lower position to an upper
reservoir.

Like a pump, a portion of the power generated by a turbine is lost in the

form of noise, vibration, or heat. So the efficiency of any turbine is not
100% .
The oldest turbines are windmi lls and water wheels. In the figure below,
one of the ways of positioning a water wheel across the flow stream is
shown. For further information, please check out this link.

Strum whetl
One way of exposing the water wheel to flow (Reference:
en.wikipedia.org)Historians date the use of water wheels to 202 BC and 9
AD in China . Contemporary uses of water power in industry coincide with
the Industrial Revolution, such as the spinning mill set up in England in
1771 by Richard Arkwright.The turning points in the development of water
turbines occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Francis, Pelton, and
Kaplan turbines were invented in 1849, 1880, and 1913, respectively, as
three of the most widely used turbines in the world today.
What turbine engineers use in a given situation depends on several
factors. Including power required for production, geographical location,
available water volume, available river or dam characteristics, waterfall
height, and cost factor for operating a hydroelectric system.

In addition to the above, there is a common type of classification of

hydraulic turbomachines, which is based on the direction of the flow that
enters the machine. Accordingly, machines are either centrifugal (radial),
or axial, or complex flow.

In the case of pumps, which of these three types of pumps to use

depends on the flow conditions. That is, centrifugal pumps, where the flow
angle at the inlet and outlet are perpendicular, are used for large heads.
Axial pumps in which the inlet and outlet flows are aligned are used for
low heads. Mixed pumps, which differ from the inlet flow by more than 90
degrees in the outlet angle, have been developed for medium heads
between axial pumps and centrifugal pumps

However, the type of flow in turbines depends more on the turbine

structure than on the flow conditions . For example, in the Kaplan turbine,
which is an extended version of the Francis turbine, the wheel is axial, but
the Francis turbine is a radial turbine and in modern types, it is a mixed
flow turbine.
The efficiency of Turbine
The relation for calculating the efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is as
follows:

{\eta}=\frac{P}{{\rho}gQH}

In this relation, p, g, Q, and H represent water density, gravitational

constant mass flow rate, and net hydraulic head, respectively. Also, P is
the output power delivered by the water turbine.

Turbine Specific Speed

The specific speed of a pump is calculated by the equation below:

N_{s}=\frac{NPA{0.5}}{(gH)"{1.25}}

N is the turbine rotational speed in rpm.

Difference between Pump and Turbine
Now that a comprehensive description of the pump and turbine, their
function, and their earlier examples have been provided, it is possible to
outline the difference between pump and turbine.

The difference between pump and turbine includes the fo llowing :

Fundamental Differences
The main difference between pump and turbine is the function of the two
presented below.

Pump

The pump has been developed to transfer fluid from one point to another
with a higher pressure energy level. So, a pump increases the energy of a
liquid .

Turbine
The turbine is used to convert the kinetic energy of a fluid with high speed
or pressure into mechanical energy for the rotation of the rotor and shaft,
and ultimately to generate electrical energy . Hence, the turbine reduces
water energy .
The difference in Working Principle
The pump and turbine work in reverse order.

Pump
Pumps move impellers by taking electrical energy from an external
source. This movement causes the momentum to transfer to the
surrounding fluid and move the fluid.

DISCHARGE

Turbine
Water enters the turbine blades very quickly; the blades start moving with
the rotor. The rotor is connected to a shaft which itself is connected to a
generator to generate electrical energy.

Inle
Differences in Working Conditions
A difference between pump and turbine is the operating conditions.

Pump
Pumps typically operate at the constant head, flow, and rotational speeds.
Therefore, the pump is designed for a specific case, which is called the
working point. In an ideal situation, the operating point coincides with the
maximum pump efficiency.

Due to the constant working conditions, it does not need a device to

adjust the current such as a nozzle or guide blade.

Turbine
Conversely, turbines operate with varying head and flow conditions. In a
hydraulic turbine, the flow must be adjustable according to the seasonal
and occasional variations of the available water flow.

Also, since turbines are commonly used to generate electricity, and in

cases where off-grid power plants are used for remote areas, the power
output must be commensurate with consumer demand. The guide vanes
(in the Francis turbine), the adjustable blades (in the Kaplan turbine), and
the system including nozzles and spears (in the Pelton turbine) are
responsible to control the flow rate of a water turbine.
Differences in Design

Since the main difference between a pump and a turbine is the inverse of
their functions, they must be equipped with related components in the
process of transferring the energy.

Pump
Since the task of the pump is to increase the pressure of the liquid, the assembly must be
designed in such a way that its components can increase the energy level of the liquid.
Therefore, the members of a turbo pump include an inlet (suction pipe), impeller, diffuser,
and volute.

Fluid flow enters from the inlet section. It then reaches the impellers that rotate to give
mechanical energy to the water and increase the velocity and pressure of the fluid. Next. in
the diffuser section, the velocity of the fluid is converted to pressure. The flow reaches the
volute, which maintains the velocity of the fluid and directs the flow outward.

A slowed-moving flow is very vulnerable to the phenomena of separation and the formation
of vortices . To prevent this, the impeller and volute ducts are composed of smooth, long
channels with a cross-sectional area that gradually increases. The passage of fluid through
these long ducts is associated with high friction losses.

Turbine
Turbine must be equipped with related components in the process of obtaining fluid
energy. Therefore, the components of a water turbine include the rotor, conductor, or flow
supply for the turbine (adjustable guide vanes or nozzles), the blades, and the draft tube.

The flow that arrives at the blades mounted on the rotor usually reaches the fixed guide
section through a tube called a Penstock, which is responsible for providing the proper
speed and angle for the turbine rotating section.

Then, after giving its energy to the blades and providing mechanical energy to rotate the
shaft, it reaches the draft tube, which has an effective role in supplying the hydraulic head
and preventing the occurrence of undesirable hydraulic phenomena.
The difference in Overall efficiency
The efficiency of pumps is generally lower than turbines due to losses in pumps. The
efficiency difference between pump and turbine is related to the point that how water is
transferred through these two machines.

Pump
In a pump, the fluid is hastened and should be decelerated.

This process in the pump is more challenging than a turbine. Throughout deceleration,
the boundary layer grows. Therefore, there are some more losses in the ca se of pumps in
comparison to the turbines. Hence, the efficiency of pumps is usually less than turbines
because of large losses in the components of pumps.

Turbine
A turbine starts taking the energy of the fluid from the inlet. So, the
pressure and the speed of the fluid increase. This rise in velocity causes the
increases in kinetic energy of the fluid and this leads to a lowering of wastes
of power.

Differences in the Installation Location Considering the Cavitation

The physical position of the pump is critical relative to the reservoir water
level from which the water is pumped. If it is too much, the cavitation
phenomenon would occur.

In this regard, the design of the suction element is important because the
friction loss reduces the inlet pressure of the pump. In contrast the losses
 due to friction in the draft tube raise the pressure on the turbine. Therefore,
turbines are less susceptible to this phenomenon.

Differences in the Installation Location Considering the Cavitation

The physical position of the pump is critical relative to the reservoir water
level from which the water is pumped. If it is too much, the cavitation
phenomenon would occur.

In this regard, the design of the suction element is important because the
friction loss reduces the inlet pressure of the pump. In contrast, the losses due
to friction in the draft tube raise the pressure on the turbine. Therefore,
turbines are less susceptible to this phenomenon.
Differences in Mechanical Operation
The rotational direction of the pump and turbine is opposite in order to apply
their functions . The direction of rotation of the pumps is called backward and
turbines are forwards.

During the pumping, water flows from a lower pressure side to a higher
pressure side. While in the turbine, the opposite path is taken for the fluid on
the blade.

Differences in Hydraulic Head

Another example of the difference between pump and turbine is the effect of
water flow on the machine hydraulic pressure head.

Pump
In a pump, the dynamic head rate that must be generated by the pump
increases as the flow rate increases.

Turbine
In turbines, the available head decreases with increasing flow volume.

Differences in Classification

The classification difference between pump and turbine is based on the most
common methods of determination of the types of these two machines . In
both cases, the effect of the machine on the fluid is introduced as a criter ion
for defining their type.

Pump
Pumps are classified based on what components the pump is made of, or in
what process it increases fluid pressure, or even what fluid it transmits.
However, the most comprehensive and common classification of pumps is
based on the mechanism of power transfer from the motor to the fluid.
 Rotary Vane Pump

Gear Pump centrifugal pump

Displacement Pumps
In these pumps, the transfer of power from the pump to the liquid is discontinuous.
Moving the pump components increases the pressure of the liquid and the sucked
liquid is sent to a point with a higher energy level and pressure.There are two
types of displacement pumps; one is the reciprocating pump and the other is the
rotary pump.

In the reciprocating type, the rotational motion of the crankshaft causes the rod
connected to it to move in the same direction, followed by the movement of the
piston. As the piston moves inward, the fluid pressure increases. Therefore, the
liquid can be discharged with more pressure in the intended direction.

Rotary pumps include cylinders, vanes, and rotors that move the vanes toward the
wall by creating a centrifugal force. As a result, a chamber is formed between the
rotor and the cylinder, which is the position of the liquid entering the chamber.

Dynamic Pumps
In these pumps, unlike the previous category, there is a constant interaction
between the pump and the fluid, and the power is constantly transferred from the
pump to the liquid. Two types of dynamic pumps are peripheral pumps and turbo
pumps.Turbine-like impellers in the peripheral turbines are responsible for
increasing the velocity of the liquid . So, the specific structure of the turbine
converts the velocity to pressure.

Generally, when it comes to pumps, turbo pumps are meant. Because they are
used more in industries and more widely used than other types of pu mps. These
pumps increase the angular momentum and the energy of the fluid by constantly
rotating the blades on the shaft connected to the motor.

Centrifugal, axial, and mixed pumps with horizontal or vertical installation in multi -
stage or single-stage positions form different types of turbopumps.
 Inlet

Centrifugal pump Positive displacement pump

An example of the structures of dynamic pumps displacement

pumps

Turbine
In general, in a comprehensive classification, turbines are divided into two
categories: reaction and impulse .

Impulse Turbine
In impulse turbines, the amount of fluid pressure drop across the turbine rotor is
zero. However, the total fluid pressure drop occurs through the turbine assembly
at the nozzle (s). Pelton, Turgo, and Cro ss-flow turbine are impulse turbines .

In these turbines, the entire hydraulic head in the nozzle is converted to high
speed. In the process of fluid contact with the blades of these turbines, wh ich are
in the form of buckets, pressure and speed changes are negligible, but the direct
ion of velocity changes . The turbine enclosure is not submerged in water What
creates torque in these turbines is the collision of the fluid jet with the buckets and
the rotation of the buckets and runner assembly around the axis .

Reaction Turbine
Unlike impulse turbines, fluid fills the reaction turbine passages; the pressure and
velocity of the fluid passing through the rotor drops and the rotor extract energy
from the fluid. The guide vanes act as nozzles to increase the flow speed. So, part
of the pressure drop occurs in the guide vanes. The guide vanes also help the
fluid reach the rotor in the right direction .
Francis, Kaplan, and Deriaz are three examples of reaction turbines.

impul turbin

ration turbin

Referance :- Google