SUBJECT: SAMPLE OUTCOMES-BASED CURRICULUM FOR THE DOCTOR OF OPTOMETRY

PROGRAM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONS

Program Description

Name of Degree :

Doctor of Optometry

Nature of the Field of Study:

Doctor of Optometry (OD) is a six year program consisting of first two years of general
education courses, middle two years of allied health & medical sciences, ocular/visual
biology, vision science, optics, theories and principles in optometry, ethics,
jurisprudence and practice management, and last two years of clinical courses, clinics,
research and internship rotations in different fields of optometry specialization.

Program Goals:

For the graduates to practice the full scope of optometry as indicated in RA

8050, section 3, must obtain:

a. Knowledge in basic allied and health sciences, general and ocular medical
sciences, visual sciences, clinical sciences, as well as an understanding of the
health care delivery system;

b. Provide quality eye and vision care through comprehensive and appropriate
examination, measurement, assessment, diagnosis, treatment and management
of eye and vision conditions;

c. Competence in the prevention, detection, diagnosis, and management of visual

conditions and processes caused by systemic disease;

d. Exhibit standard personal, professional, and ethical values fitting of a health care
provider;

e. Be cognizant and responsive to the health care needs of the community and
other sectors;

f. Life-long commitment to continuing professional development;

g. Conduct and present research and clinical studies which will contribute to the
advancement of optometry and improve the quality of life.

1
 Specific professions/Careers/Occupations for graduates

a. Practitioner / Specialists
b. Educator
c. Administrator / Leaders
d. Entrepreneur / Manager
e. Researcher / Scientist
f. Social mobilizer

Allied Fields:

A Doctor of Optometry graduate may practice in partnership with:

a. Public Health/Epidemiology
b. Occupational Health
c. Ophthalmology
d. Pediatrics
e. Geriatrics
f. Sports Science

Program Outcomes

The minimum standards for the OD program are expressed in the following minimum set of
learning outcomes.

Common to all programs in all types of schools

a) The ability to engage in life-long learning and an understanding of the need to

keep current of the developments in the specific field of practice.
b) The ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using both English and
Filipino
c) The ability to work effectively and independently in multi-disciplinary and multi-
cultural team
d) A recognition of professional, social, and ethical responsibility
e) An appreciation of “Filipino historical and cultural heritage” (based on RA 7722)

Common to Health Sciences

a) Clinical competence in specific profession

b) Health professional & ethical practice
c) Interprofessional Education
d) Communication skills/Educator
e) Lifelong learner (personal/continuing professional development)
f) Leader/ manager / systems approach to health care
g) Researcher
h) Social advocate / mobilizer

2
 Specific to Doctor of Optometry

a) Apply the knowledge in basic allied and health sciences, general and ocular medical
sciences, visual sciences, clinical sciences, as well as an understanding of the health
care delivery system;
b) Provide quality eye and vision care through comprehensive and appropriate
examination, measurement, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and management of
eye and vision conditions;
c) Demonstrate competence in the prevention, detection, diagnosis, and management
of visual conditions and processes caused by systemic disease;
d) Exhibit standard personal, professional, and ethical values fitting of a health care
provider;
e) Respond to the health care needs of the community and other sectors;
f) Engage in to continuing professional development and life-long commitment;
g) Conduct and present research and clinical studies which will contribute to the
advancement of optometry and improve the quality of life

Common to a horizontal type as defined in CMO 46 s 2012.

For professional institutions: a service orientation in one’s profession

For colleges: an ability to participate in various types of employment, development

activities, and public discourses particularly in response to the needs of the
communities one serves

For universities: an ability to participate in the generation of new knowledge or in

research and development projects

Graduates of State Universities and Colleges must, in addition, have the competencies
to support “national, regional and local development plans.” (RA 7722)

Sample Performance Indicators

A. Theoretical knowledge, technical skills and work attitude required for career entry into
the Doctor of Optometry profession

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS:

Acquire optometric knowledge, clinical skills and the delivery of vision & eye care services
Perform clinical vision & eye screening evaluation/assessment.
Correlate and analyze clinical findings/results to arrive at a diagnosis.
Implement the management plan as discussed with the patient.
Refer patient to appropriate specialist if necessary.

3
B. Critical thinking skills in judgment, problem-solving and decision-making in the workplace

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS:
Perform relevant tests
Evaluate the validity of the generated clinical test results and assure its reliability before
recording.
Correlate and analyze data, and conducts differential diagnosis.
Formulate and implement management plan.
Educate patients on compliance

C. Interpersonal skills, leadership qualities, and ethical practice of the profession

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS:
Act in accordance with the rules and regulations, and professional ethics
Ensure the privacy and confidentiality of patients’ case records
Co-manage patients with other health professionals
Exhibit ethical behavior towards members of other health professions
Plan and organize professional-related activities

D. An ability to engage in community-based program and research activities

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS:
Collaborate and engage in community-based activities
Identify research problem / topic relevant to the field of study
Design appropriate methods
Perform the research according to plan
Analyze and interpret research data
Disseminate and publish research results

E. Lifelong learning

PERFORMANCE INDICATOR:
Keep current of the development in the Optometry profession (continuing professional
education and development)

F. Effective oral and written communication

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS:
Follow verbal and written instructions
Prepare correct communication letters/instructions
Communicate effectively with faculty members, fellow students, clinical staff, and other
health care professionals both oral and written
Instruct patient clearly in relation to his condition

4
 CURRICULUM

Curriculum Description

HEIs offering Doctor of Optometry education may exercise flexibility in their curricular offering.
However, Doctor of Optometry course as prescribed in the sample program of study shall be
implemented.

Minimum Curriculum

Components
9.1.1General Education Courses ---------------------------------- 68 Units

Language and Humanities ------------------------------------ 21 units

English -------------------------------------------------- 6
Filipino -------------------------------------------------- 6
Humanities ----- ---------------------------------------- 9
(Philosophy, Logic & Literature)

Mathematics & Natural Sciences

Information Technology ----------------------------------- 9 units

Mathematics I ------------------------------------------ 3
Basic Statistics------------------------------------------ 3
Computer I (Intro. to Info. Tech.) ----------------- 3

Social Sciences ----------------------------------------------- 12 units

Psychology --------------------------------------------- 3
Socio Anthropology ---------------------------------- 3
Health Economics with TLR------------------------- 3
Phil. History, Govt. & Constitution ------------------ 3

Mandated subjects -------------------------------------------- 3 units

Rizal's Life Works & Writings ------------------------- 3

Total = 54 Units

P.E. -------------------------------------------------------------- 8 units

NSTP (2 Sems.) ----------------------------------------------- 6 units

5
Outline and total units of Core courses ------------------------- 18 Units

Core Subjects
Biological Science ----------------------------------------------- 5 units
Physical Sciences--------------------------------------------------- 15 units

Chemistry 1 (Inorganic Chemistry)------------------ 5 units

Chemistry 2 (Organic Chemistry)-------------------- 5 units
Biochemistry -------------------------------------------- 5 units
Physics ---------------------------------------------------- 5 units

Professional Courses ----------------------------------------------- 78 units

General Medical Science ----------------------------------------- 25 units

Human Anatomy and Physiology--------------------- 5 units
Human Regional Anatomy------------------------------ 5 units
Human Histology and Embryology------------------- 4 units
Microbiology with Parasitology ----------------------- 4 units
General Pathology --------------------------------------- 4 units
General Pharmacology --------------------------------- 3 units

Ocular Medical Science / Visual Biology ----------------------- 23 units

Ocular Anatomy and Physiology----------------------- 4 units
Ocular Disease 1 ----------------------------------------- 4 units
Ocular Pharmacology------------------------------------ 4 units
Ocular Disease 2 ------------------------------------------ 4 units
Clinical Medicine in Optometry ------------------------ 3 units
Neuro-Optometry ---------------------------------------- 4 units

Vision Sciences ----------------------------------------------------- 56 units

Intro & History of Optometry -------------------------- 2 units
Theoretical Optics ---------------------------------------- 7 units
Physiological Optics-------------------------------------- 7 units
Theoretical Optometry-------- -------------------------- 3 units
Practical and Mechanical Optics------------------------ 5 units
Applied Optics -------------------------------------------- 4 units
Refraction ------------------------------------------------- 4 units
Optometry Practice 1 ----------------------------------- 4 units
Optometry Practice 2 ----------------------------------- 4 units
Binocular Vision and Perception --------------------- 5 units
Contact lens 1 -------------------------------------------- 4 units
Pediatric Optometry ------------------------------------ 3 units
Public Health and Environmental Optometry ------ 2 units
Low Vision and Rehabilitation ------------------------- 3 units

6
 Visual Analysis -------------------------------------------- 3 units

Clinical Optometry ------------------------------------------------ 58 units

Clinic 1 ----------------------------------------------------- 3 units
Clinic 2 ------------- --------------------------------------- 3 units
Clinical Contact Lens ----------------------------------- 4 units
Clinical Orthoptics and Pediatrics ------------------- 4 units
Clinical Low Vision -------------------------------------- 3 units
Clinical Neuro-Optometry ----------------------------- 3 units
Vision Therapy and Rehabilitation ------------------ 3 units
Sports Vision --------------------------------------------- 3 units
Occupational and Industrial Optometry ------------ 3 units
Ocular Prosthetics -------------------------------------- 3 units
Conference 1 (Visual Analysis & Management 1)- 3 units
Conference 2 (VAM 2 ) --------------------------------- 3 units

Research ------------------------------------------------------------- 7 units

Optometry Research 1 (Research
Proposal)----------------------------------------- 3 units
Optometry Research 2 (Data Collection and
Scientific Writing) ----------------------------- 3 units
Research Presentation --------------------------------- 1 unit

Ethics, Jurisprudence and Practice Management -------------- 6 units

Optometric Economics and
Practice Management ------------------------- 3 units
Optometric Ethics and Jurisprudence --------------- 3 units

Seminar (Special Topics)------------------------------------------ 9 units

Seminar 1 ------------------------------------- 3 units

Internship ------------------------------------------------------------ 20 units

Community and Hospital Optometry 1----- 6 units

FIRST YEAR

FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER

Unit
COURSES Lec Lab Units COURSES Lec Lab
s
Communication
English 1 3 0 3 English 2 Communication Skills II 3 0 3
Skills I
Sining ng
Pagbasa at Pagsulat tungo
Filipino 1 Pakikipagtalastas 3 0 3 Filipino 2 3 0 3
sa Pananaliksik
an

Math 1 College Algebra 3 0 3 Chem 2 Organic Chemistry 3 1 4

7
 General/Inorgani
Chem 1 2 1 4 Math 2 Basic Statistics 3 0 3
c Chem.

Gen General Foundation of Philosophy

3 0 3 Philosophy 3 0 3
Psycho Psychology and Ethics

Introduction and
Intro to
History of 2 0 2 Biology 1 Zoology and Botany 3 1 4
Opto
Optometry
Principles of
Logic 3 0 3
Logic
P.E. 1 2 P.E. 2 2
NSTP 3 NSTP 3

Total 24 Total 25
Community and Hospital Optometry 2----- 14 units

Total Units – General Education Courses ----------------- 88 units

Core Courses ------------------------------------ 23 units
Professional Courses ------------------------- 158 units
Internship --------------------------------------- 20 units

Grand Total -------------------- 289 units

Program of Study
SECOND YEAR
FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER
COURSES Lec Lab Units COURSES Lec Lab Units
Philippine History
and Government
History 1 3 0 3 English 4 Technical Writing 3 0 3
with New
Constitution
English 3 Speaking Skills 3 0 3 Basic Statistics 3 0 3
Sociology,
Physics General Physics 3 2 5 Sociology Anthropology with 3 0 3
Family Planning
Health Economics
Comp 1 Computer Science 3 0 3 Health Eco with Taxation and 3 0 3
Land Reform
Human Anatomy
and Physiology Human Histology
Biology 2 3 2 5 Biology 3 2 1 3
and Embryology
Biochemistry Bio Chemistry 3 2 5
P.E. 3 2 0 2 P.E. 4 2

Total 21 Total 25

8
THIRD YEAR / FIRST YEAR PROPER
FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER
COURSES Lec Lab Units COURSES Lec Lab Units
3 2 5
Regional Anatomy and Human Anatomy and
3 2 5
Physiology Physiology

Ocular Anatomy and

Theoretical Optics 5 2 7 3 1 4
Physiology
Neuro-Optometry / 3 1 4
Theoretical Optometry 3 0 3
Neuro-Anatomy
Practical and Mechanical 2 1 3
Physiological Optics 5 1 6 Optics
General Pathology 3 1 4

Total 21 Total 24

FOURTH YEAR – SECOND YEAR PROPER

FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER
COURSES Lec Lab Units COURSES Lec Lab Units

3 1 4 Ocular Pharmacology 0 3 3
Ocular Disease 1
Optometry Practice 2
2 0 2 3
General Pharmacology (Practical Optometry 2)
Low Vision and Geriatric
3 2 5 3
Binocular Vision Optometry
Optometry Practice 1 (Practical
1 2 3 Contact Lens 15
Optometry 1)
Refraction 2 2 4 Pediatric Optometry
Optometry Economics and
1 1 2
Applied Optics Practice Management
Optometry Ethics and
2 0 2
Jurisprudence
Total 22 Total 21

FIFTH YEAR – THIRD YEAR PROPER

FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER

COURSES Lec Lab Units COURSES Lec Lab Units

Clinic and Conference 1 3 2 5 Clinic and Conference 2 3 2 5
Clinical Contact Lens Occupational and Industrial
2 2 4 1 1 2
Optometry

9
Clinical Orthopics and Pediatric Vision Training and Sports
3 1 4 1 1 2
Optometry Vision
Clinical Geriatric Optometry and
1 2 3 2 1 3
Low Vision Optometric Rehabilitation
Refraction Public Health and
2 2 4 2 0 2
Environmental Optometry
Applied Optics Optometric Research 1
1 1 2 2 1 3
(Research Proposal)
Optometry Ethics and
2 0 2
Jurisprudence
Total 22 Total 20

SIXTH YEAR – FOURTH YEAR PROPER

SUMMER

COURSES Lec Lab Units

Community and Hospital Optometry 1 5 1 6

Total 6

SIXTH YEAR – FOURTH YEAR PROPER

FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER

COURSES Lec Lab Units COURSES Lec Lab Units

Seminar 1 (Current Issues and Community and Hospital
1 5 6 0 14 14
Trends in Optometry) Optometry 2
Optometry Research 2 (Data Seminar 2 (Case
1 2 3 1 0 1
Collection) Presentation)
Optometry Medicine 3 0 3
Total 22 Total 15

Sample Curriculum Map

Key Legends:

I – Introduction: basic concepts are merely introduced

P – Practice: the concepts and principles are presented with applications
D – Demonstrate: I + P + with skills acquisition

a. Apply the knowledge in basic allied and health sciences, general and ocular medical
sciences, visual sciences, clinical sciences, as well as an understanding of the health care
delivery system;

10
 b. Provide quality eye and vision care through comprehensive and appropriate examination,
measurement, assessment, diagnosis, treatment and management of eye and vision
conditions;
c. Demonstrate competence in the prevention, detection, diagnosis, and management of
visual conditions and processes caused by systemic disease;
d. Exhibit standard personal, professional, and ethical values fitting of a health care provider;
e. Respond to the health care needs of the community and other sectors;
f. Engage in to continuing professional development and life-long commitment;
g. Conduct and present research and clinical studies which will contribute to the advancement
of optometry and improve the quality of life

IDENTIFIED PROGRAM OUTCOMES FOR DOCTOR OF OPTOMETRY PROGRAM

CURRICULAR MAP
FIRST YEAR PROPER

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Ocular Anatomy and Physiology

Practical and Mechanical Optics

Physiological Optics

General Pathology
Regional Anatomy

Theoretical Optic

Neuro-Anatomy
Core Program Outcomes

1. Apply the knowledge in basic allied and

health sciences, general and ocular medical
sciences, visual sciences, clinical sciences, as IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
well as an understanding of the health care
delivery system;
2. Provide quality eye and vision care through
comprehensive and appropriate examination,
measurement, assessment, diagnosis, I I I I I I I I
treatment and management of eye and vision
conditions;
3. Demonstrate competence in the prevention,
detection, diagnosis, and management of
visual conditions and processes caused by I I I I IPD IPD I IPD
systemic disease;
4. Exhibit standard personal, professional, and
ethical values fitting of a health care provider I I I I IPD IPD IPD IPD
5. Respond to the health care needs of the
I I I I IPD IPD IPD IPD
community and other sectors;
6. Engage in to continuing professional
I I I I I I I I
development and life-long commitment
7. Conduct and present research and clinical
studies which will contribute to the
advancement of optometry and improve the I I I I I I I I
quality of life

11
 SECOND YEAR PROPER

Optometry Economics and

Optometry Practice 1 &2
General Pharmacology

Practice Management
Binocular Vision 1 & 2

Optometry Ethics and

Ocular Pharmacology
Ocular Disease 1 & 2

Pedia Optometry
Applied Optics

Jurisprudence
Contact Lens

Refraction
Core Program Outcomes

1. Apply the knowledge in basic allied

and health sciences, general and
IPD I IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
ocular medical sciences, visual
IPD
sciences, clinical sciences, as well as an
understanding of the health care
delivery system;
2. Provide quality eye and vision care
through comprehensive and
appropriate examination,
measurement, assessment, diagnosis, IPD I IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
treatment and management of eye
and vision conditions;
3. Demonstrate competence in the
prevention, detection, diagnosis, and
management of visual conditions and IPD I IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
processes caused by systemic disease;
4. Exhibit standard personal,
professional, and ethical values fitting IPD I IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
of a health care provider
5. Respond to the health care needs of
the community and other sectors; IPD I IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
6. Engage in to continuing professional
development and life-long IPD I IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
commitment;
7. Conduct and present research and
clinical studies which will contribute to
the advancement of optometry and IPD I IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
improve the quality of life

12
 THIRD YEAR PROPER

Optometric Research 1 (Research

Public Health and Environmental
Clinical Geriatric Optometry and

Vision Training and Sports Vision

Clinical Orthoptics and Pediatric
Clinic and Conference 1 & 2

Occupational and Industrial

Optometric Rehabilitation
Clinical Neuro-Optometry
Clinical Contact Lens

Ocular Prosthetics
Optometry

Optometry

Optometry
Low Vision

Proposal)
Core Program Outcomes

1. Apply the knowledge in basic

allied and health sciences,
IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
general and ocular medical
sciences, visual sciences, clinical
sciences, as well as an
understanding of the health care
delivery system;
2. Provide quality eye and vision
care through comprehensive and
appropriate examination,
measurement, assessment, IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
diagnosis, treatment and
management of eye and vision
conditions;
3. Demonstrate competence in
the prevention, detection,
diagnosis, and management of IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
visual conditions and processes
caused by systemic disease;
4. Exhibit standard personal,
professional, and ethical values
fitting of a health care provider IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD

5. Respond to the health care

needs of the community and IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
other sectors;
6. Engage in to continuing
professional development and IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
life-long commitment;
7. Conduct and present research
and clinical studies which will
contribute to the advancement of
optometry and improve the IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
quality of life

13
 FOURTH YEAR PROPER

( Data Collection and Research

(Current Issues and Trends in

Optometry Research 3
Optometry Research 2
Optometry Medicine

(Case Presentation)
Community and Hospital

Presentation)
Optometry)
Seminar 1
Core Program Outcomes

Optometry 1 & 2
1. Apply the knowledge in basic allied and health
sciences, general and ocular medical sciences,
IPD I IPD IPD IPD
visual sciences, clinical sciences, as well as an
understanding of the health care delivery system;
2. Provide quality eye and vision care through
comprehensive and appropriate examination,
IPD I IPD IPD IPD
measurement, assessment, diagnosis, treatment
and management of eye and vision conditions;
3. Demonstrate competence in the prevention,
detection, diagnosis, and management of visual
conditions and processes caused by systemic IPD I IPD IPD IPD
disease;
4. Exhibit standard personal, professional, and
ethical values fitting of a health care provider IPD I IPD IPD IPD

5. Respond to the health care needs of the

IPD I IPD IPD IPD
community and other sectors;
6. Engage in to continuing professional
IPD IPD IPD IPD IPD
development and life-long commitment;
7. Conduct and present research and clinical
studies which will contribute to the advancement IPD I IPD IPD IPD
of optometry and improve the quality of life

Sample Means of Curriculum Delivery

Sample ID of Learning Outcome 1.Theoretical knowledge, technical skills and work attitude
required for career entry into the OD profession

 Understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the eye.

 Demonstrate the function of accommodating Purkinje-Sanson images.
 Appreciate the process of lenticular changes during

Sample ID of Learning Outcome 2. Skills in judgment, problem-solving and decision-making

to analyze laboratory results

14
  Differentiate convex and concave lens.
 Determine the effects of lenses on the rays of light.
 Demonstrate the effects of lenses on the rays of light.
 Determine the appropriate lenses to focus the rays of light.

Sample ID of Learning Outcome 3. Interpersonal skills and leadership required in the

practice of OD profession

 Demonstrate a clinical skill in determining the dominant eye of a child.

 Relate the skills to group mates.
 Relay the clinical skills to the class.

Sample ID of Learning Outcome 4. Research and community-oriented

 Apply the clinical skills in taking the dominant eye to a selected population.
 Formulate statistical data and interpret the results.
 Disseminate the results, findings, and recommendation.

Sample ID of Learning Outcome 5. Lifelong learning

 Ability to perform the dominant eye test to all patients.

Sample ID of Learning Outcome 6. Effective oral and written communication

 Ability to explain the significance of the dominant eye test procedure in a

conference setting.

Goal Learning Knowledge Skills Attitudes

Objectives
At the end of year level 6, OD students in various settings should be able to:
Clearly Explain to the Pre-analytical Communication Empathy,
instruct patient clearly procedures, social and skills compassion,
patients prior the instruction of cultural differences sensitivity, social
to specimen specimen and cultural
collection collection competence,
professionalism,
resourcefulness

15
Section 8.Sample Course Syllabi

Course Name : PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS

Course Description : This course deals with the study of the parts and functions of the
human eye associated with visual perception. It also includes the
principles involved in seeing and the various factors affecting the
visual process.
Course Credit : 7 units(5 units lecture & 2 units laboratory)
Contact Hours : 5 hours lecture and 6 hours laboratory per week
Total of 80 lecture hours and 96 laboratory hours per semester
Prerequisite : Ocular Anatomy and Physiology
Placement : Third year; Second semester
Course Intended At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
Learning Outcomes 1.
Course Outline : 1. Basic terminology
2. Review of ocular anatomy and adnexa
2.1 Tunics of the Eye
2.2 Transparent Media
2.3 Chambers of the eye
2.4 Eyelids
2.5 Conjunctiva
2.6 Lacrimal Apparatus
3. Dioptrics of the eye
3.1 Dioptric components
3.2 Cardinal points
3.3 Reference planes
3.4 Reference axes
3.5 Reference angles
4. Entoptic phenomena
4.1 Definition
4.2 Origin
4.3 Types
5. Pupil
5.1 Entrance & exit pupil
5.2 Optical function
5.3 Pathway
5.3.1 Sympathetic
5.3.2 Parasympathetic
5.4 Abnormal pupillary conditions
6. Accommodation
6.1 Definition
6.2 Experiments in accommodation
6.3 Theories
6.4 Changes in accommodation
6.5 Mechanism of accommodation
6.6 Accommodative terms

16
 6.7 Anomalies
7. Retinal stimulation
7.1 Definition
7.2 Characteristics
7.3 Factors affecting threshold
7.4 Repetitive stimulation
7.5 Subliminal stimuli summation
7.6 Repetitive stimulation with supraliminal stimuli
8. Visual sensation
8.1 Definition
8.2 Properties
9. Mechanism & physiology of vision
9.1 Visual pathway
9.2 Processes of seeing
9.3 Nerve impulse
9.4 Latent period
9.5 Definition
9.6 Factors affecting latent period
10. Retinal adaptation
10.1 Retinal changes
10.2 Characteristics of photopic vision
10.3 Characteristics of scotopic vision
10.4 Factors affecting photopic & scotopic vision
10.5 Duplicity theory
10.6 Nyctalopia
10.7 Rods vs cone vision
11. Refractive state of the eye
11.1 Emmetropia
11.2 Ametropia
11.3 Anisometropia
11.4 Pseudo-myopia
12. Visual field
12.1 Definition
12.2 Kinds
12.3 Concept
12.4 Extent
12.5 Characteristics
12.6 Visual field charting
12.7 Visual field defects
13. Color vision
13.1 Definition
13.2 Theories
13.3 Color mixing
13.4 Color wheel
13.5 Primary color
13.6 Secondary color
13.7 Tertiary color

17
 13.8 Trichromatic color vision
13.9 Dichromatic color vision
13.10 Achromatic color vision
13.11 Color vision tests
14. After image
14.1 Definition
14.2 Types
11.5 Factors affecting after image
15. Extra ocular muscles
15.1 Descriptive muscle term
15.2 Types of ocular movements
Textbook :
References 1. Adler’s Physiology of the Eye by Hart
2. Physiological Optics By Zoethout
3. The Visual Field by Harrington

Electronic Reference:
[email protected]
www.future optometrist.com

Laboratory
Exercises

18