QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HQASTS201_0717

5 the last digit is 0 or 5,

NUMBER PROPERTIES – 1 6 n is divisible by both 2 and 3,
Natural numbers 8 the number formed by the last three digits is divisible
by 8,
The counting numbers {1, 2, 3, …} are called natural numbers. 9 the sum of the digits of n is a multiple of 9,
Whole numbers 10 the last digit is 0,
11 the difference between the sum of digits in the odd
The counting numbers as well as 0 {0, 1, 2, 3, …} are called positions and the sum of digits in the even positions is
whole numbers. 0 or a multiple of 11.
Integers Factors and Multiples
Positive and negative counting numbers, as well as zero {…, –2, If a divides b without any remainder, then a is called as one of
–1, 0, 1, 2,…} are called Integers. the factors of b and b as one of the multiples of a.
Rational numbers Prime factorization
The numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of an integer to a The expression of a number as a product of prime factors is
non-zero integer. Note that all integers are rational, but the called the prime factorization of it.
converse is not true.
HCF (Highest common factor) or GCD (Greatest common
The above is not the entire list of Number system. But the divisor)
knowledge of the above numbers is sufficient for an aptitude test.
The HCF of two or more than two numbers is the greatest
Fractions and Decimals number that divides them without any remainder.

Every fractional number can be represented in the form of LCM (Least common multiple)
decimals.
The LCM of two or more than two numbers is least number
1 1 which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is
Example : = 0.5 and = 0.333...
2 3 called their LCM.
Based on the decimal form, Rational Numbers are classified into
Product of two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM
1
recurring and non-recurring rational. is an example of
3 HCF and LCM of a fraction:
recurring rational as the number 3 repeats without an end. And HCF of numerators
HCF =
1 LCM of denominators
is an example of non-recurring rational as there are only
2 LCM of numerators
LCM =
finite number of terms after the decimal point. HCF of denominators
Conversion of Recurring rational from Decimal to
Fractional form Number of factors of a number

Application 1 If N = pαqβ· ... · r γ

Where, p, q, ..., r are prime, while α, β, ..., γ are positive integers.
Convert 3.67575757... into fractional form. Then, the number factors of N = (α + 1)(β + 1) ... (γ + 1)
Solution Digit in the Units Position
Let x = 3.67575757...
 10x = 36.7575... and 1000x = 3675.7575... The method to find the digit in the Units position of a number n
raised to a power k is given below in a step-by-step algorithmic
3639 style.
 990x = 3639 or x =
990
If the digit in the units position of n is 0, 1, 5 or 6, the required digit
Divisibility Criteria is 0, 1, 5 or 6 as the case may be irrespective of the value of k.

The following table is a ready reckoner for determining whether If the digit in the units position is 2, 3, 7 or 8, divide k by 4 and
a given number n is divisible by a number k. get the remainder, say r. If r>0 then the required digit is the
units digit of 2r, 3r, 7r or 8r as the case may be and if r = 0, the
k n is divisible by k if
required digits will be 6,1,1,6 respectively.
2 the last digit of n is divisible by 2,
If the digit in the units position is 4 or 9 and k is odd, the
3 the sum of the digits of n is a multiple of 3,
required units digit is 4 or 9 as the case may be, and if k is even
4 the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4,
the answer is 6 for 4 and 1 for 9.

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Application 2 4. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 73 and 2555
respectively. If one number is 365, then the other number is
Determine the digit in the units position of 1323  2737  1945. (a) 73 (b) 146 (c) 438 (d) 511

Solution 5. Which of the following is the largest four digit number

13 ends in 3. So, divide the power 23 by 4 to get the remainder that can be added to 5793 so that the sum is divisible by
each of 12, 14, 33 and 42?
3. 33 ends in 7 and hence 1323 ends in 7.
(a) 9854 (b) 9924 (c) 9963 (d) 9915
27 ends in 7. So, divide the power 37 by 4 to get the remainder
6. Find the greatest number of five digits which when
1. 71 ends in 7 and hence 2737 ends in 7.
divided by 10, 13, 15 and 26 gives remainders 4, 7, 9 and
19 ends in 9. So, divide the power 45 by 2 to get the remainder
20 respectively.
1. 91 ends in 9 and hence 1945 ends in 9. (a) 99854 (b) 99834 (c) 99844 (d)99914
Now, 7 × 7 × 9 ends in 1 and so 1323 × 2737 × 1945 ends in 1. 7. How many pairs of positive integers a, b exist such that
[Answer] HCF (a, b) + LCM (a, b) = 77?
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 6
Maximum Power of a Factor in Factorial
8. The product of the two positive integers multiplied with
The method to find the maximum power of a prime factor, say p,
the square of its HCF is 240. How many such pairs exist?
in a factorial, say n, consists of
(a) 9 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) None of these
– divide n by p and get the quotient, say q1 .
9. If a two digit number pq has 3 divisors, then how many
– divide q1 by p and get the quotient, say q2 . divisors does the number pqpq have?
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
– divide q2 by p and get the quotient, say q3 .
– continue the above process till the quotient obtained is less 10. Find the number of divisors of 1400 which are not perfect
than p. squares.
(a) 24 (b) 20 (c) 18 (d) 16
The required power is the sum of the successive quotients.
11. Find the number of even divisors of 2016.
Application 3
(a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 30 (d) 24
What is the maximum power of 7 in 1024!?
12. Find the sum of divisors of 2475.
Solution (a) 2418 (b) 3627
7)1024 (c) 4836 (d) Cannot be determined
7) 146 13. How many divisors of x x are perfect squares?
7) 20 (a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18
2
14. The numbers A, B, C and D have 10, 15, 27 and 49 divisors
Since 2 < 7, the process is stopped and the maximum power of 7 respectively. Which of these could be a perfect cube?
= 146 + 20 + 2 = 168. [Answer] (a) A and B (b) B and C (c) C and D (d) A and D
Irrational Numbers 15. What is the unit's digit of ?
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 3 (d) 1
To simplify an irrational number (or surd) with an irrational
denominator, multiply both the numerator and the denominator
16. Find the last non zero digit of the number 801230 .
by the conjugate of the denominator.
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
SESSION – 1
17. What is the unit's digit of ?
1. Write 0.0512512... as a fraction in its lowest terms. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 6
512 256 512 128 18. Find the number of trailing zeros in 229!
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9990 4995 9900 2475 (a) 50 (b) 55 (c) 60 (d) 65
2. The number 43xy20xy is exactly divisible by 12. How 19. Find the least number n such that no factorial has n
many two digit numbers as xy are possible? trailing zeros or n+1 trailing zeros.
(a) 4 (b) 6 (a) 29 (b) 30 (c) 49 (d) 50
(c) 8 (d) Cannot be determined
20. Find the greatest value of n such that exactly divides
3. Let N = 5ab42ab. If N is exactly divisible by 180, then the 128!
sum of the digits in N is (a) 30 (b) 15
(a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 27 (d) 36 (c) 31 (d) such n does not exist

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NUMBER PROPERTIES – 2  22 
R  = 4
Remainders
 9 
If you divide a number 'a' by another number 'b' which is not a  23 
factor of 'a', two remainders are possible. One remainder is R  = 8
positive and the other is negative.  9 

Example
 24 
R  = 7
 9 
8 53
 , here the remainder is +3 and it is called the positive  25 
5 5
R  = 5
remainder.  9 
8 10  2
 , here the remainder is –2 and it is called the  26 
5 5 R  = 1
negative remainder.  9 
Here the cyclicity is 6. On dividing the exponent by 6, we get the
Useful Properties remainder as 0.
a  b a b  20 
1. R    R d   R d  So the required remainder is R   =1
 d       9 
 ab  a b
2. R    R   R   Cancellation Rule
d d  d 
n The remainder when 18 divided by 16 is 2.
 an  a
3. R    R   18 9
 d  d  We know that,  (cancelling the common factor 2 from
16 8
the numerator and denominator)
Application 1
The remainder when 9 is divided by 8 is 1.
What is the remainder when 1973  1974  1975 is divided by 17? By multiplying the cancelled factor 2 with the remainder 1, we
Solution will get the actual remainder 2.

 1973  1974  1975   1973   1974   1975  Application 4

R
17   R  17   R  17   R  17 
        What is the remainder when 345 is divided by 324?
= 1  2  3 = 6 (using Property 2)
Solution
Application 2  345   345 
R  R 4 
What is the remainder when 341 is divided by 4? 324  3  4 
Solution  341 
R  = 3 (by Application 2)
 4 
 341  41
3
R   R   (Using Property 3)
 4  4 So the required remainder is 3  = 243

= (–1)41 = – 1 Fermat’s Theorem

∴The positive remainder is 3 (= 4 – 1). If ‘p’ is a prime number and ‘a’ natural number co-prime to ‘p’,
Application 3  ap  1 
then R   = 1.
 p 
What is the remainder when 2084 is divided by 9?
Solution Application 5

 2084  84 What is the remainder when 374 is divided by 73?

 20 
R   R   (Using Property 3)
 9  9 Solution
73 is a prime number and 3 is co-prime to 73.
 284 
R   372 
By Fermat’s theorem, R   1
 9 
 73 
Now we go for the cyclicity of powers of 2 when divided by 9.
 374   372   32 
2 R  R  R   = 1  9 = 9
R  =2
9  73   73   73 

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Wilson’s Theorem Numbers ending with 2

If ‘p’ is a prime number, then (p – 1)! + 1 is a multiple of p. There is only one two digit even number which always ends in
itself raised to any power i.e., 76.
  p  1!  And 2 raised to the power of 20 ends in 76. Let’s use this in our
In other words, R   = p – 1, if p is a prime number.
 p  next example.

Application 6 Application 10
What is the last two digits of 2137?
What is the remainder when 42! is divided by 43?
Solution Solution
 42!  2137 = (220)6  210  27
Since 43 is a prime number, by Wilson’s theorem R   = 42
 43   Last two digits of 2137 = 76  24  28 = 72

Other Important Results Numbers ending with 4, 6 and 8

1. an + bn is divisible by (a + b) when n is odd. Whatever the number is, we are going to consider only the last
2. an – bn is divisible by (a + b) when n is even. two digits along with its power to find the last two digits. Any
3. an – bn is divisible by (a – b) for all the values of n. two digit number ending with 4, 6 and 8 can be written as the
product of numbers ending with 2 and an odd number or as a
Finding last two digits power of 2. Using this, the last two digits can be easily found.
Numbers ending with 1
Application 11
Application 7 What is the last two digits of 14137?
What is the last two digits of 8137? Solution
Solution 14137 = 2137  7137
The unit digit is 1. The tens digit is the unit digit of the product Last two digits of 2137 = 72 (by application 10)
of 8 and 7 (8137). 7137 = (74)34  7
 Last two digits of 8137 = 61 Last two digits of 7137 = 01  07 = 07
Numbers ending with 3, 7 and 9  Last two digits of 14137 = 72  7 = 04
Important tip: Last two digits of 372 is same as the last two
What is the special with the numbers 3, 7 and 9? We get 1 as the
unit digit by raising these numbers to some power. digits of 132 as 37 is 13 less than 50. Also last two digits of 63 2 is
Example: 34 = 81 same as the last two digits of 132 as 63 is 13 more than 50. The
reason behind this is the formula of (a + b)2 and (a – b)2. Even
Application 8
100 can be considered as the base instead of 50, when the
What is the last two digits of 350? numbers are closer to 100.

Solution SESSION – 2
350 = (34)12  32 = 8112  09 1. A number N gives a remainder of 6 when divided by D and
a remainder of 19 when divided by 3D. What will be the
 Last two digits of 350 = 61  09 = 49
remainder when 2N is divided by D?
Numbers ending with 5 (a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 19 (d) 24

Application 9 2. What is the remainder when 690 – 590 is divided by 91?

What is the last two digits of 3513? (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 89 (d) 90
Solution 3. Find the remainder when 35555 + 53333 is divided by 23.
3513 = (356)2  35 (a) 18 (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) None of these
We know that, unit digit of 356 is 5. If we raise a number ending 24 25
with 5 to power 2, we get 25 as last two digits. 4. What is the remainder when 23 is divided by 7?

 Last two digits of 3513 = 25  35 = 75 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6

There are only two possibilities for last two digits in this case: 5. What is the remainder when 35182 is divided by 37?
25 and 75. If the product of unit digit of exponent and tens digit (a) 15 (b) 11 (c) 8 (d) 4
of the number is odd, then the last two digits are 75. Otherwise,
it is 25. 6. Find the remainder when the number 3451 + 3452 +…
In the above example, 3 x 3 = 9 (3513) which is odd. So the last + 3794 is divided by 345.
two digits are 75. (a) 340 (b) 175 (c) 53 (d) None of these

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7. How many integers are there from 1 to 500 that leaves a WEIGHTED AVERAGE
remainder of 2 on division by 5 and a remainder of 5 on
division by 7? When we have two or more groups whose individual averages
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 are known, then to find the combined average of all the
elements of all the groups, we use weighted average.
8. A number when divided by 33 leaves a remainder 10. The
same number when divided by 22 leaves a remainder n. If we have k groups with averages A1 , A2 ... Ak and having
How many values can n take?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 n1 , n2 , ... nk elements, the weighted average

9. Find the remainder when 264 is divided by 160. n1A1  n2A2  ...  nk Ak

(a) 36 (b) 66 (c) 96 (d) None of these n1  n2  ...  nk
10. What is the last two digits in the expression 91  92  93
 …  98? AGES AND AVERAGES
(a) 80 (b) 30 (c) 40 (d) 50
If the average age of a group of persons is x years today then
11. Find the last two digits in 3177  7584. after ‘n’ years, their average age will be (x + n) years. Also ‘n’
(a) 25 (b) 55 (c) 75 (d) 95 years ago, their average age would have been (x – n) years.

12. Find the last two digits in 5927. AVERAGE SPEED

(a) 19 (b) 29 (c) 39 (d) 49
If a man covers a distance at x km/h and an equal distance at y
13. Find the last two digits in 7835. km/h, then the average speed during the whole journey is
(a) 18 (b) 32 (c) 58 (d) 72 2xy
km / h.
14. What is the last two digits of1626? x 2
(a) 16 (b) 26 (c) 06 (d) None of these
Application 1
15. What is the last two digits in the expression 3115 – 2415?
(a) 25 (b) 75 (c) 27 (d) 57 Find the average of all prime numbers between 30 and 50.

16. How many divisors of 1405 will have at least one zero at Solution
its end?
The prime numbers between 30 and 50 are 31, 37, 41, 43
(a) 225 (b) 300 (c) 350 (d) 425
and 47.
17. Let K be the largest number with exactly three factors that
divide 40! How many factors does K – 1 have? 31  37  41  43  47 199
Required average    39.8
(a) 16 (b) 24 (c) 32 (d) 40 5 5

18. How many factors does 6N have, if N is a number such AVERAGE OF THE FIRST ‘N’ NATURAL NUMBERS
that 2N has 28 factors and 3N has 30 factors?
(a) 35 (b) 32 (c) 28 (d) None of these The first ‘n’ natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, …, n.

38 1  2  3  4  ...  n n(n  1) n  1
38
19. What is the unit digit in the expression 38 ? Average   
n 2n 2
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6

20. What is the last non zero digit in 25!? AVERAGE OF THE SQUARES OF THE FIRST ‘N’
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1 NATURAL NUMBERS

AVERAGE 12  22  32  ...  n2 n  n  1   2n  1 
Average  
n 6n
The average is a measure of central tendency of a set of numbers.

The average which is also known as the Arithmetic mean of a set 

 n  1 2n  1
of numbers can also be defined as the number by which we can 6
replace each and every member of the set without changing the
total of the set of numbers. MEDIAN
For example, the average of 4 numbers 12, 13, 17 and 18 is Median is a measure of central tendency which corresponds to
the middle value of the set of quantities. If the quantities are
12  13  17  18 60
  15 arranged in the decreasing or increasing order of magnitude, the
4 4
middle value in this arrangement is called the median.

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The median is calculated as follows.  Runs in the 26th inning  26  58  25  56

(i) Arrange the data in ascending or descending order of  1508  1400  108
magnitude. Let the total number of quantities be ‘n’.
Application 5
th
 n 1
(ii) If n is odd, then the median is the value of the   The average marks of a group of 20 students on a test is reduced
 2 
by 4 when the topper who scored 90 marks is replaced by a new
observation.
student. How many marks did the new student have?
n th Solution
(iii) If n is even, the median is the average of the and
2
th Let the initial average be x.
n 
  1 observation.
 Initial total = 20 x
2 

MODE New average  x  4  New total  20  x  4  20x  80

Mode is the frequently occurred variable in a set of quantities. The reduction of 80 is created by the replacement.

Any given set of quantities can have more than 1 mode also. Hence the new student has 80 marks less than 90 or 10 marks.

Application 2 SESSION – 3
Find the median and mode of 15, 6, 16, 8, 21, 21, 9, 18, 25. 1. The average weight of 5 men is decreased by 3 kg when
one of them weighing 150 kg is replaced by another
Solution person. Find the weight of the new person.
Arranging in ascending order: 6, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 21, 21, 25. (a) 165 kg (b) 135 kg (c) 138 kg (d) 162 kg

9  1 th 2. A train travels 8 km in the first quarter of an hour, 6 km in

Since there are 9 items, median is the value of the 5 the second quarter and 40 km in the third quarter. Find the
2
item average speed of the train per hour over the entire journey.
(a) 72 km/h (b) 82 km/h
 Median = 16 (c) 77.33 km/h (d) 78.5 km h
The quantity 21 occurs twice (most number of times).
3. The average of the salaries of 17 teachers is Rs.45000. 3
 Mode = 21 teachers went out and the average is dropped by Rs.2500.
What is the sum of the salaries of the 3 teachers who left?
Application 3 (a) Rs.173000 (b) Rs.176000
Find the average of the scores of the tests taken by Ram given (c) Rs.170000 (d) Rs.85000
that his scores were 78, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 93 and 95.
4. The average of 71 results is 48. If the average of the first
Solution 59 results is 46 and that of the last 11 is 52, find the 60th
Total scores in all the tests result.
Average score  (a) 132 (b) 122 (c) 134 (d) 128
Number of tests taken

78  82  84  86  87  89  93  95 5. The average marks of 3 students A, B, C is 48. When another

 student D joins the group, the average becomes 46 marks. If
8
another student E who has 3 marks more than D, joins the
694
  86.75 group, the average of the 4 students B, C, D, E becomes 45
8 marks. How many marks did A get in the exam?
Application 4 (a) 47 (b) 43 (c) 40 (d) 53

The average of a batsman after 25 innings was 56 runs per 6. Find the average of the first 5 multiples of 7.
innings. If after the 26th inning, his average increased by 2 runs, (a) 20 (b) 21 (c) 28 (d) 30
th
then what was his score in the 26 inning? 7. The average age of a group of men is increased by 5 years
Solution when a person aged 18 years is replaced by a new person
of age 38 years. Find the number of men in the group.
Total runs after 25 innings  25  56
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
Total runs after 26 innings  26  58

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8. A person travels three equal distances at a speed of x (a) n

km/h, y km/h and z km/h respectively. Find the average (b) n + 1
speed during the whole journey. (c) n + 2
xy + yz + zx (d) Kn, where K is a function of n
(a) xyz /  xy  yz + zx (b)
xyz
18. The average of 20 numbers is zero. Of them, at the most,
(c) 3xyz /  xy  yz + zx (d) None of these how many may be greater than zero?
(a) 20 (b) 11 (c) 10 (d) 19
9. A school has only four classes that contain 10, 20, 30, 40,
students respectively. The pass percentage of these 19. If the average of a set of observations x1 , x2 ... x10 is 20,
classes are 20%, 30%, 60% and 100% respectively. Find the average of x1  4, x2  8, x3  12, ... x10  40is
the pass percent of the entire school.
(a) 34 (b) 42 (c) 38 (d) 40
(a) 56% (b) 76% (c) 34% (d) 66%
20. The average salary of male employees in a firm was
10. The mode of the set of numbers 1, 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 3, 12, 15, 3,
Rs.5200 and that of females was Rs.4200. The average
9, 1, 9, 6, 9, 3, 6, 3, 12, 3 is
salary of all the employees was Rs.5000. Find the
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 9 (e) 12
percentage of male employees.
11. Some friends have planned to go to a picture by bus for (a) 80 (b) 60 (c) 40 (d) 20
which the charge for all is Rs.720. If the number of
persons increased by 4, then the charge per person will SESSION – 4
decrease by Rs.6, when the total charges remains the
same. Find the number of persons. 1. In a family of 8 males and a few ladies, the average
monthly consumption of grain per head is 10.8 kg. If the
(a) 20 (b) 24 (c) 18 (d) 30
average monthly consumption per head be 15 kg in the
Directions for Q12 to Q14: Answer the questions based on the case of males and 6 kg in the case of females, find the
following information. number of females in the family.
(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 15
At the end of a soccer season, every player had a prime number
of goals and the average of the 11 players was also a prime 2. The average weight of 40 teachers of a school is 80 kg. If
number. No player's individual tally was the same as of anyone however the weight of the principal be included, the average
else's or as the average. Nobody has scored more than 45 goals. decreases by 1 kg. What is the weight of the principal?
(a) 109 kg (b) 29 kg
12. What was the average of their goals scored?
(c) 39 kg (d) None of these
(a) 28 (b) 23 (c) 29 (d) 31
3. The captain of a Cricket team of 11 members is 26 years
13. What was the maximum goals scored by a single person?
old and the wicket keeper is 3 years older. If the ages of
(a) 43 (b) 38 (c) 27 (d) 34 these two are excluded, the average age of the remaining
players is one year less than the average age of the whole
14. What was the minimum number of goals scored by a
team. Find out the average age of the team.
single person?
(a) 23 years (b) 20 years
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 9 (c) 21 years (d) 24 years
15. The average weight of 3 men A, B and C is 84 kg. Another 4. The average of 50 observations was 36. It was found later
man D joins the group and the average now becomes that an observation 48 was wrongly taken as 23. Find the
80 kg. If another man E whose weight is 3 kg more than corrected new average.
that of D replaces A, then the average weight of B, C, D and (a) 35.2 (b) 36.1 (c) 36.5 (d) 39.1
E becomes 79 kg. The weight of A is (in kg)
5. A library has an average of 510 visitors on Sundays and
(a) 85 (b) 80 (c) 75 (d) 72
240 on other days.
16. A man whose bowling average is 12.4, takes 5 wickets for Find the average number of visitors per day in a month of
26 runs and thereby decreases his average by 0.4. The 30 days beginning with a Sunday.
number of wickets taken by him before his last match was (a) 250 (b) 276 (c) 280 (d) 285
(a) 96 (b) 85 (c) 83 (d) 95 6. Typist A can type a sheet in 6 minutes, typist B in 7 minutes
and typist C in 9 minutes. Find the average number of
17. A sequence of seven consecutive integers is given. The
sheets typed per hour per typist for all three types.
average of the first five integers is n. The average of all the
265 530 655 530
seven integers is (a) (b) (c) (d)
33 63 93 33

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7. If the average of 5 positive integers is 40 and the 15. Natural numbers 1 to 25 (both inclusive) are split into 5
difference between the largest and the smallest of these 5 groups of 5 numbers each. The medians of these 5 groups
numbers is 10. Find the maximum value possible for the are A, B, C, D and E. If the average of these medians is m,
largest of these 5 integers. what are the smallest and the largest values m can take?
(a) 50 (b) 52 (c) 49 (d) 48 (a) 8, 16 (b) 10, 1 (c) 9, 17 (d) 7, 15

8. The average age of 35 students in a class is 16 years. The 16. Consider a class of 40 students whose average weight is
average age of 21 students is 14 years. What is the 40 kg. ‘m’ new students join this class whose average
average age of remaining 14 students? weight is ‘n’ kg. If it is known that m + n = 50, what is the
(a) 15 years (b) 17 years maximum possible average weight of the class now?
(c) 18 years (d) 19 years (a) 40.18 kg (b) 40.56 kg
(c) 40.67 kg (d) 40.49 kg
9. The average of 5 consecutive numbers is ‘n’. The next
2 numbers are also included, find the resultant average. 17. Visitors to a show were charged Rs.15.00 each on the first
(a) Remains the same (b) Increases by 1 day, Rs.7.50 on the second day and Rs.2.50 on the third
(c) Increases by 1.4 (d) Increases by 2 day. The total attendance for the three days was in the
ratio 2:5:13 respectively. Find the average charge per
10. A group of 20 friends went to a hotel. 16 of them paid person for the whole show.
Rs.50 each and the remaining 4 paid Rs.10, Rs.15, Rs.25 (a) Rs.7 (b) Rs.5 (c) Rs.9 (d) Rs.11
and Rs.30 more than the average amount paid by all. Find
18. There were 35 students in a hostel. If the number of
the total bill.
students is increased by 7, the expenses of the mess were
(a) Rs.1040 (b) Rs.1180 (c) Rs.1100 (d) Rs.1200
increased by Rs.42 per day, while the average expenditure
11. In a cricket team, the average age of eleven players is 28 per head diminished by Re.1. The original expenditure of
years. Out of these, the average ages of three groups of the mess was
three players each are 25 years, 28 years, and 30 years (a) Rs.400 (b) Rs.420 (c) Rs.432 (d) Rs.442
respectively. If in these groups, the captain and the 19. The average age of 4 players is 18.5 years. If the age of the
youngest player are not included and the captain is eleven coach is also included, the average age increases by 20 %.
years older than the youngest player, what is the age of The age of coach is
the captain?
(a) 28 years (b) 31 years
(a) 35 (b) 28 (c) 21 (d) 30 (c) 34 years (d) 37 years

12. There are 27 students in a class whose average weight is 20. The monthly sales for the first 11 months of the year of a
36 kg. Among these 27 students, 15 are boys and 12 are certain salesman were Rs.12,000. But due to the illness
during the last month, the average sales for the whole
girls. The average weight of 15 boys is 6.75 kg more than
year came down to Rs.11375. Find the value of the sale
the average weight of 12 girls. What is the average weight
during the last month.
of 12 girls (in kg)?
(a) Rs.4,500 (b) Rs.6,000
(a) 41.25 (b) 37.50 (c) Rs.10,000 (d) Rs.8,000
(c) 26.65 (d) 32.25

13. Stan was asked to calculate the arithmetic mean of ten PROGRESSIONS
positive integers each of which has two digits. By mistake A set of quantities are said to be in Arithmetic progression, if
he interchanged the digits of one of these ten numbers. As they increase or decrease by a common difference. It is denoted
a result his answer was 1.8 more than what it should have by AP.
been. The difference between the digits of the number
If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference of an
that was wrongly used is
arithmetic progression, it is given by a, a + d, a + 2d, … a + nd, …
(a) 1 (b) 2
The common difference is obtained by subtracting any term of
(c) 3 (d) Cannot be determined
the series from the next term. The r th term of an arithmetic
14. The average of five different positive numbers is 25. x is sequence with first term a and common difference is d is given
the decrease in the average when the smallest number by t r  a  (r  1)d.
among them is replaced with 0. What can be said about x?
For example, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, … is an arithmetic sequence.
(a) x < 5 (b) x > 5
(c) x = 5 (d) None of these 10th term  t10  3  10  1 4  3  36  39.

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Sum to ‘n’ terms of an Arithmetic Progression

Sn 

a 1  rn  if r  1
n r
Sn  2a   n  1 d
2

If a is the first term and L is the last term or the n th term, then 

a rn  1  if r  1
r 1
n a  L
Sn 
2 Sum of an infinite G.P. when r < 1

a
Arithmetic mean between any 2 quantities Sn 
1r
ab
If a, b are any 2 quantities, Arithmetic mean  1 1 1 1
2 For example, 1     ...  2
2 4 8 1
1
2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
Quantities are said to be in Geometric Progression. When they
SMART Tip
increase or decrease by a constant factor. The constant factor is
called the common ratio. The general Geometric sequence
The sum of the term numbers which exhibit equal sums is
whose first term is ‘a’ and common ratio is ‘r’ is given by
constant for a given AP.
a, ar, ar2 , ..., arn 1. S12  S18 in an AP, then S11  S19 , S10  S20 .... S30  S0  0.

Geometric Progression is denoted by G.P. The n th term of a G.P.

with first term ‘a’ and common ratio ‘r’  arn 1. [[

HARMONIC PROGRESSIONS
GEOMETRIC MEAN
A set of quantities is said to form Harmonic Progression if the
When 3 quantities a, b, c are in G.P., then
reciprocals of the quantities form an A.P.
b c
  b2  ac  b  ac 1 1 1 1
a b In general, if a, b, c, d are in A.P. then , , , are in Harmonic
a b c d
Progression.
ac is called the Geometric mean between a and c. For
example, the Geometric mean of 3 and 12 is 3  12  36  6. Harmonic mean between two numbers

‘n’ Geometric means between 2 given quantities If a, b are two quantities and then Harmonic mean is H,
1 1 1 1
Let a, b be the given quantities and G1 , G2 ... Gn be the Geometric   
H a b H
means between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
2 1 1
 a, G1 , G2 ..., Gn , b are in GP.   
H b a
th 2ab
b   n  2 term  arn  1 H
ab
1
 b n  1
r  RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PROGRESSIONS
a
If A, G, H are the Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic means
Hence the Geometric means are
between 2 quantities ‘a’ and ‘b’
1 2 n
 b n  1  b n  1  b n 1 ab 2ab
a  , a  , .... a   A , G  ab, H 
a a a 2 ab

Sum to ‘n’ terms of a Geometric Progression AH  G2

If ‘a’ is the first term, ‘r’ the common ratio and Sn the sum to n Also A  G  H

terms, then

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SMART Tip
SMART Tip
1. Whenever 3 terms of an A.P. to be assumed, consider the
1. Questions in H.P. can be solved by inverting the terms to
terms as a – d, a, a + d to avoid complicated calculations.
form an A.P. and then use the corresponding properties.
2. In the same way, 3 terms of a G.P. can be assumed as
2. To solve certain complicated problems, the option based
a
, a, ar. approach is the test. This will end up in saving a lot of
r time.

3. For simplification of numbers, number properties can be

Application 1
made use of.
Find the sum of all numbers divisible by 6 in between 100 and
400. Application 4
Solution The sum to infinity of the terms of a G.P. is 120. The sum to
Here t1  102, last term = 396 = t n . infinity of the squares of the terms of the same G.P. is 2880. Find
the series.
Let ‘n’ be the number of terms.
a  n  1 d  tn Solution
Let the first term and the common ratio of the G.P. be ‘a’ and ‘r’
102  n  1  6  396 respectively.
n  1  6  396  102  294 a
Sum to infinity   120 … (i)
1r
294
n 1  49
6 The squares of the terms are, a2 , a2r2 , a4r4 , ...
 n  50
First term  a2 and common ratio  r2.
50 102  396 50  498
S50    12450 a2
2 2  Sum of the squares   2880 … (ii)
1  r2
Application 2
a
(ii)  (i)   24 … (iii)
Find t 18 and S18 for the following series 2, 8, 32, … 1r

1  r 120
Solution (i)  (iii)   5
1  r 24
2, 8, 32, … is a G.P. with first term 2 and common ratio 4.
2
t 18  ar17  2  417  235  1  r  5  5r  6r  4  r 
3


a rn  1   2 4
18
1 2 4 2 a
S18 
r 1 4 1 3
 18

1
Substituting r 
3
in (iii),
1
2
 24

3
Application 3  3a  120  a  40

80 160
The 50th and 60th terms of an Arithmetic Progression are 100 Hence the series is 40, , , ...
3 9
and 120 respectively. Find the 10th term.
Application 5
Solution
If there are six Arithmetic means between 5 and 33, find the
Let ‘a’ be the first term and ‘d’ be the common difference.
common difference.
t50  a  49d  100 … (i)
Solution
t60  a  59d  120 … (ii)
If there are six arithmetic means between 5 and 33, 33 is the
(ii)  (i)  10d  20  d  2
8th term of the A.P. with first term = 5.
Substituting in (i)
28
a  98  100  a  2  5  7d  33  7d  28  d   4.
7
t10  a  9d  2  9  2  2  18  20

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Application 6 7. If  ,  are the roots of x2  3x  a  0, and  ,  are the

1 1 1 1 roots of x2  12x  b  0 and  , ,  ,  form an

Find the harmonic mean of , , , .
2 3 4 5 increasing G.P. then
(a) a  3, b  12 (b) a  12, b  3
Solution
(c) a  2, b  32 (d) a  4, b  16
1 1 1 1
The terms  , , ,
2 3 4 5 8. The sum of the first three terms of an increasing G.P. is 13
Harmonic mean and their product is 27. Find the sum of the first 5 terms.

4 4 4 2 40
    (a) 121 (b) (c) 243 (d) 363
 1 1 1 1  2  3  4  5 14 7 3
    
 1/2 1/3 1/ 4 1/5  1 1 1
9. If a x b y
c z
and a, b, c are in G.P. then x, y, z are in
Application 7 (a) A.P. (b) G.P.
(c) H.P. (d) None of these
If a, b, c are in G.P., then log a, log b, log c are in _______.
10. The Harmonic mean of 2 numbers is 4 and the Arithmetic
Solution
and Geometric means satisfy the relation 2A  G2  27.
2
a, b, c are in G.P.  b  ac Find the numbers.
 2 log b  log a  log c (a) 6, 3 (b) 5, 4
 log b  log a  log c  log b (c) 5, – 2.5 (d) – 3, 1

 a, b, c are in A.P. 11. If H is the harmonic mean between P and Q the value of
H H
 is
P Q
SESSION – 5
(a) 2 (b) PQ(P + Q)
1. How many terms are there in the A.P. 20, 25, 30, … 130.
PQ
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 21 (d) 24 (c) (d) None of these
PQ
2. The sum of numbers between 100 and 500 which are
12. The relationship between a, b, c, d when a, b, c are in A.P.
divisible by 6 is and b, c, d are in H.P. is
(a) 67 (b) 498 (c) 2010 (d) 20100 (a) ab  cd (b) ac  bd
3. If the first, second and the last terms of an A.P. are a, b, c (c) ad  bc (d) None of these
respectively, find the number of terms.
13. The sum of the infinite series of a G.P. is 4 and the sum of
1 1 the cubes of these terms is 192. Find the common ratio.
(a)  a  b  c  (b)  b  c  2a 
2 2 (a) 2 (b)  2
b  c  2a
(c) (d) None of these 1
ba (c) (d) None of these
2
4. If in an A.P. the ratio of the sum of m terms to the sum of n
14. If the sum to n terms of an A.P. is 3n2  5n, while
2 2
terms is m : n , then if a is the first term and d the t m  164, find the value of m.
common difference, then
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (d) 28
(a) a  2d (b) a  d
15. If the harmonic mean and geometric mean of 2 positive
(c) d  2a (d) None of these
numbers are in the ratio 4:5, then the 2 numbers are in
5. If x, 2x + 2, 3x + 3 are in G.P., the fourth term is the ratio

(a) 27 (b) – 27 (c) 13.5 (d) – 13.5 (a) 4:1 (b) 3:1 (c) 2:1 (d) 3:2

6. The sum of an infinite G.P. is 23 and the sum of the 16

16. The harmonic mean between 2 numbers is , their A.M.
squares of infinite terms is 69. Find the first term. 5

69 10 9 13 is A and G.M. is G. If 2A  G2  26, the numbers are

(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 3 10 69 (a) 6, 8 (b) 4, 8 (c) 2, 8 (d) 1, 8

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17. The sum of the first 4 terms of an A.P. is 28 and the sum of 7. The set of natural numbers is divided as groups as: (1)
the first 8 terms of the same A.P. is 88. Find the sum of the (2, 3, 4) (5, 6, 7, 8, 9)..... then the sum of numbers in the n th
first 16 terms of the A.P. group is
(a) 346 (b) 340 (c) 304 (d) 268 (a) (n + 1)3 – n3 (b) (n + 1)3 – (n + 2)3

18. If x be the first term, y be the n th term and p be the (c) (n – 1)3 + n3 (d) None of these

product of n terms of a G.P. Find the value of p2 . 8. If a, b, c are in G.P and x and y are A.M of a, b and b, c
respectively, then a/x + c/y is equal to
(a) (xy)n  1 (b) (xy)n
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1 /2
(c) (xy)1  n
n
(d) (xy ) 2

9. If the roots of the equation x3 – 12 x2 + 39 x – 28 = 0 are in

19. If a, b, c are in A.P., b, c, d are in G.P. and c, d, e are in H.P., A.P, then the common difference is
then a, c, e are in (a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±4
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
10. If there are ‘m’ A.M’s between 1 and 31 and the ratio of 7th
(c) H.P. (d) None of these
and (m – 1)th means is 5:9, the value of m is
20. If a, b, c are in A.P. and a, c – b, b – a are in G.P. (a  b  c) (a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15
then a:b:c is
11. After knee surgery, your trainer tells you to return to your
(a) 1:3:5 (b) 1:2:4
jogging program slowly. He suggests jogging for
(c) 1:2:3 (d) None of these
12 minutes each day for the first week. Each week
thereafter, he suggests that you increase that time by
SESSION – 6 6 minutes per day. How many weeks will it be before you
are up to jogging 60 minutes per day?
1. a, b, c is a geometric progression (a, b, c are real
(a) 8 weeks (b) 9 weeks
numbers). If a + b + c = 26 and a2 + b2 + c2 = 364, find the
(c) 7 weeks (d) None of these
value of b.
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 4.75 12. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180º, of a
quadrilateral is 360º and of a pentagon is 540º. Assuming
2. Let the nth term of AP be defined as tn, and sum up to 'n' this pattern continues, find the sum of the interior angles
terms be defined as Sn. If |t8| = |t16| and t3 is not equal to of a dodecagon (12 sides).
t7, what is S23? (a) 3600º (b) 1980º (c) 1800º (d) 3420º
(a) 23 ( t6 – t8) (b) 0
13. A mine worker discovers an ore sample containing
(c) 23 t11 (d) Cannot be determined 500 mg of radioactive material. It is discovered that the
radioactive material has a half life of 1 day. Find the
3. The sum of 2n terms of A.P. {1, 5, 9, 13…..} is greater than
amount of radioactive material remaining in the sample at
sum of n terms of A.P. {56, 58, 60..…}. What is the smallest
the beginning of the 7th day.
value n can take?
(a) 15.63 mg (b) 7.815 mg
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 6
(c) 31.26 mg (d) 3.9075 mg
4. Consider a, b, c are in a G.P. such that |a + b + c| = 15. The
median of these three terms is a and b = 10. If a > c, what 14. You visit the Grand Canyon and drop a penny off the edge
is the product of the first 4 terms of this G.P.? of a cliff. The distance the penny will fall is 16 feet the
first second, 48 feet the next second, 80 feet the third
(a) 40000 (b) 80000 (c) 32000 (d) 48000
second, and so on in an arithmetic sequence. What is the
5. Second term of a GP is 1000 and the common ratio is r total distance the object will fall in 6 seconds?
where r is a natural number. Pn is the product of n terms (a) 576 feet (b) 675 feet
of this GP. P6 > P5 and P6 > P7, what is the sum of all (c) 570 feet (d) 729 feet
possible values of n?
15. Solve the following English nursery rhyme:
(a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 5 (d) 13
As I was going to St.Ives, I met a man with seven wives.
6. Among four numbers, first three are in G.P and the last Each wife had seven sacks. Each sack had seven cats. Each
three are in A.P whose common difference is 6. If the first cat had seven kits. A man, wives, sacks, cats and
and the last terms are the same, then first number is kits – how many people did I meet?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (a) 2401 (b) 2400 (c) 2800 (d) 2801

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16. A certain city has projected population of 1,86,624 in 75

10 years from now. If its population increases 0.75   75%
100
geometrically at the rate of 20% every two years, what is
the population right now? Suppose a man invests 5% of his income in shares. This means
(a) 90000 (b) 36000 he invests Rs.5 for every Rs.100 of his income in shares.
(c) 18000 (d) None of these
CONVERSION OF A PERCENTAGE AS A
17. Hari bought a new car and is slowly breaking it in by
FRACTION
increasing his mileage by a constant number of miles each
week. How many miles will he have to drive the car in the x
11th week if he drove it 280 miles in the third week and To express x% as a fraction, we have x% =
100
400 miles in the sixth week?
(a) 560 (b) 680 (c) 720 (d) 600 20 1 45 9
Thus, 20%   , 45%  
100 5 100 20
18. Nandhini wants to host a party. She invites 3 friends and
told them to invite 3 of their friends. The 3 friends do
invite 3 others and asks each to invite 3 more people. The CONVERSION OF A FRACTION AS A
invitation process goes on for 5 generations of invitations. PERCENTAGE
Including herself, how many people can Nandhini expect
at her party? a a a 
To express as a percent, we have    100  %
(a) 120 (b) 124 (c) 121 (d) 240 b b  b 
19. In a library there are certain number of books and they
1 1  3 3 
are stacked in layers on a shelf. Each layer of books has Thus,    100  %  25%,    100  % = 37.5%
4 4  8 8 
one less than the layer below it, if there are 20 books on
the bottom layer and one on the top layer, how many Suppose A invests 15% of his income in shares and his income is
books are stacked on the shelf? Rs.50,000, the amount invested in shares = 15% of Rs.50,000
(a) 210 (b) 120 (c) 420 (d) 105
15
20. A piece of equipment cost a certain factory Rs.600,000. If   Rs.50,000  Rs.7500
100
it depreciates in value, 15% the first year, 13.5 % the next
year, 12% the third year and so on, what will be its value Example 1
at the end of 10 years, all percentages applying to the
original cost? Express 6 3 as rate percent.
4
(a) Rs.2,00,000 (b) Rs.1,05,000
(c) Rs.4,05,000 (d) Rs.6,50,000 Solution

27  27   2700 
PERCENTAGE 6 34    100  %    %  675%
4  4   4 
Percentages are very important as most of the chapters in
Commercial Arithmetic use percentages. This also helps to Example 2
develop calculation skills. Percent literally means ‘for every Evaluate 28% of 450 + 45% of 280.
hundred’. The basic utility of percentage arises from the fact
that it is one of the most powerful tools for comparison of Solution
numerical data and information. It is also one of the simplest
28
tools for comparison. 28% of 450 =  450  126
100
Percentage represents a fraction with denominator 100. Percent
implies for every 100 and is denoted by the symbol %. To write
45
45% of 280 =  280  126
a fraction or a decimal as a percentage, convert it to an 100
equivalent fraction with denominator 100.  28% of 450 + 45% of 280 = 126 + 126 = 252

For example if a student scored 30 marks out of 50, the Example 3

30
percentage of marks =  100% = 60% 88% of 370 + 24% of 210 – x = 118, find x.
50
Solution
1 20
  20% 88
5 100 88% of 370   370  325.6
100

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24 87.5 7
24% of 210   210  50.4  Rs.  x = Rs. x
100 100 8
 325.6  50.4  x  118 100  70 7
Amount after spending 70%  Rs.  x
 x  325.6  50.4  118  376  118  258 100 8

Example 4 3 7 21
 Rs.  x  Rs. x
10 8 80
270 candidates appeared for the exam out of which 252 passed.
Find the pass percentage. 21
Now, x  210
Solution 80

 252  280 210  80

  100  %  %  93 13 % x  Rs.800
 270  3 21

The following Properties are Helpful to Solve Problems.

PERCENTAGE INCREASE AND DECREASE (1) Given an amount, if x% of the amount is taken by the
Percentages are often used to indicate the changes in the quantity. first, y% of the remaining is taken by the second and z%
of the remaining is taken by the third, the amount left is
Final quantity  Initial quantity A, then the given amount
Percentage change =
Initial quantity
 100   100   100 
 A   
For example, if the cost of an article changes from Rs.10 to  100  x   100  y   100  z 
12  10
Rs.12, the percentage change is given by  100%  20% (2) Given an amount, if x% of the amount is added, then y% of
10 the increased quantity is added and then z% of the
If a quantity increases by x%, then its value gets multiplied by increased quantity is added remaining quantity is A, the
initial amount is given by
100  x
.
100  100   100   100 
A   
Similarly if a quantity decreases by x%, then its value gets  100  x   100  y   100  z 
100  x
multiplied by . Example 7
100
After deducting 10% from a certain sum, and then 20% from the
Example 5 remainder and then 10% from the remainder, there is Rs.3240
left. Find the original sum.
The population of a town has increased from 60,000 to 65000.
Find the increase percent. Solution

Solution Let the original sum be Rs.x.

65000  60000 100 100 100

Percentage increase   100% x  3240   
60000 90 80 90

5000 25 3240  1000000

  100%   8 13 %  Rs.  Rs.5000
60000 3 648000

 The increase percent is 8 1 %.

3 REDUCTION IN CONSUMPTION
Example 6 (1) If the price of a commodity increases by r% then the
reduction in consumption without increasing the
A man loses 12.5% of his money and after spending 70% of the
 r 
remainder, he is left with Rs.210. How much he had at first? expenditure is    100  %
 100  r 
Solution
(2) If the price of a commodity decreases by r%, then
Let the amount he had at first be Rs.x. increase in consumption without decreasing the
100  12.5  r 
 Amount after losing 12 1 % = Rs. x expenditure    100  %
2 100  100  r 

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Example 8 RESULTS ON POPULATION

If the price of petrol is increased by 30%, by how much percent
If the population of a town is P and it increases at the rate of r%
a car owner must reduce his consumption in order to maintain n
the same budget.  r 
per annum then, (i) Population after ‘n’ years = P  1  
 100 
Solution
P
 r  (ii) Population ‘n’ years ago 
Decrease in consumption    100  %  r 
n
 100  r  1  
 100 
30 30 1 %
  100%  %  23 13 Results on Depreciation
130 13
Let the present value of a machine be P.
Example 9
If it depreciates at the rate of r% per annum then
The price of a commodity decreases by 20%. By what
n
percentage should the quantity be increased so as to keep the  r 
(i) Value of the machine after n years  P  1  
revenue constant?  100 

Solution P
(ii) Value of the machine n years ago  n
 r 
20 20 1  
Increase in quantity   100%   100% = 25%  100 
100  20 80
Example 12
Example 10
A district has 64000 inhabitants. If the population increases at
The number of seats in a cinema hall is increased by 25%. The the rate of 2 1 % per annum, find the number of inhabitants at
2
price of a ticket also is increased by 10%. What is the effect on
the end of 3 years.
the revenue collected?
Solution
Solution
Number of inhabitants = 64000
Since there is increase in seats as well as increase in the price of
tickets, Increase percent = 2 1 %
2

Percentage effect  Number of inhabitants after 3 years

3 3
25   10  5   41  3
 25  10   35  2.5  37.5%  64000  1 
200
  64000      41  68921
100    40 

Example 11 Example 13

Depreciation applicable to an equipment is 20%. The value of

The salary of a person was reduced by 10%. By what percent the equipment 3 years from now will be less by what percent?
should the reduced salary be raised so as to bring it at par with
his original salary? Solution

Let the present value be Rs.100.

Solution
3
 20 
Let the original salary be Rs.100. Value after 3 years = Rs.100  1  
 100 
New salary = Rs.100 – 10% of Rs.100
3
4 6400
 Rs.100     Rs.
 Rs100  10  Rs.90 5 125

 Increase on 90 = 10  Rs.51.20

 Reduction in value = Rs.100 – Rs.51.20 = Rs.48.80

10 100
 Increase on 100 =  100%  %  11 19 %
90 9 48.80
 Reduction percent   100%  48.8%
100

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Example 14

During 1 year, the population of a town increased by 5% and SMART Tip

during the next year, the population decreased by 5%. If the
total population is 9975 at the end of the second year, what was A is x% Less than (or More than) B:

the population in the beginning of the first year?  If A is x% more than B, then B is less than by A
.
Solution
 If A is x% less than B, then B is more than by A
Population in the beginning of the first year
.
9975 20 20
  9975  
 5  5  21 19
1   1   Example 16
 100  100 
Express 20 as a percentage of 80.
 25  20  20  10000
Solution
If one is 80, the other is 20.

20
SMART Tip  If one is 100, the other is  100  25
80

Increase and Subsequent Decrease of x%:  20 is 25% of 80

Example 17
 If there is increase of x% and subsequently x% decrease
then there is always loss / decrease in the condition. Express 250 as a percentage of 50.

Solution

PERCENTAGE RELATIONSHIP Let x% of 50 = 250

(1) If first value is r% more than the second value, then the x 25000
  50  250  x  = 500
100 50
 r 
second is   100  % less than the first value.
 100  r   250 is 500% of 50

(2) If the first value is r% less than the second value, then SESSION – 7
 r 
the second value is   100  % more than the
 100  r  1. What is 20% of 25% of of 4000?

first value. (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 40

(d) 60 (e) None of these
Example 15
2. 50% of a number is 500 more than 75% of the same
If A’s salary is 25% more than B, find how much percent B’s number, what is 20% of that number?
salary is less than that of A. (a) 400 (b) 800 (c) 600
(d) 500 (e) None of these
Solution
3. If the numerator of fraction is increased by 150% and the
Let D’s salary be Rs.100 per month. denominator of the fraction is increased by 200%, the
 A’s salary = Rs.125 per month resultant fraction is . What is the original fraction?

(a) (b) (c)

 25 
B’s salary is less than A’s salary by   100  %
 100  25  (d) (e) None of these

25 100 4. Successive discounts of 20% and 15% are equivalent to a

  100   20% single discount of
125 5
(a) 68% (b) 65% (c) 35%
(d) 32% (e) None of these

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5. If 60% of a number is equal to one third of another 15. The greatest of , , 0.3, 0.01 is
number, what is the ratio of the first number to the
second? (a) (b) (c) 0.3

(a) 9:5 (b) 5:9 (c) 6:1 (d) 0.01 (e) None of these
(d) 1:6 (e) None of these 16. Length of the rectangle is increased by 30%. To maintain
6. The price of an article is raised by 25% and then two the same area the breadth will have to be decreased by
successive discounts of 10% each are allowed. Ultimately (a) % (b) % (c) 30%
the price of the article is (d) 15% (e) None of these
(a) increased by 2% (b) remains the same
17. Salary of a person is first increased by 20% and then it is
(c) decreased by 1.25% (d) increased by 1.25%
decreased by 20%. Change in his salary is
(e) None of these
(a) 4% increased
7. A test consists of 120 questions carrying 1 mark each, ravi (b) 4% decreased
answered 90% of the first 60 questions correctly. What (c) 8% decreased
percent of the other 60 questions does he need to answer (d) neither increased or decreased
correctly to score 80% on the entire exam?
(e) None of these
(a) 80 (b) 70 (c) 50
(d) 60 (e) None of these 18. A reduction of 20% in the price of rice enables a person to
buy 3.5 kg more rice for Rs.385. The original price of rice
8. Radha spends 40% of her salary on food, 20% on house per kg is
rent, 10% on entertainment and 10% on conveyance. If (a) Rs.20 (b) Rs.22.50 (c) Rs.25
her savings at the end of a month are Rs.1500, then her
(d) Rs.27.50 (e) None of these
salary per month. (in Rs) is
(a) 8000 (b) 7500 (c) 6000 19. Difference between two numbers is 1660. If % of one
(d) 10000 (e) None of these number is 8 % of the other number. The smaller number

9. 150 % of 500 + ? of 700 = 960 is

(a) 12% (b) 18% (c) 20% (a) 7055 (b) 5395 (c) 3735
(d) 2075 (e) None of these
(d) 30% (e) None of these
20. A person spends 80% of his income. If his income &
10. The income of a company increases 20 % per annum. If its
expenditure are increased by 40% and 20% respectively
income is Rs.2664000 in the year 2009, what was its
then what is the % increase in saving?
income in the year 2007 (in Rs.)?
(a) 120% (b) 125% (c) 130% (d) 110%
(a) 2850000 (b) 2121000 (c) 1855000
(d) 2220000 (e) None of these
SESSION – 8
11. (47% of 2750) – (42% of 2990) = ?
1. An ore contains 25% of an alloy that has 90% iron. In the
(a) 35.7 (b) 37.7 (c) 36.7
remaining 75% of the ore, there is no iron. How many
(d) 46.7 (e) None of these
kilograms of the ore are needed to obtain 45 kg of pure
12. The reduction of 25% in the price of salt enabled a iron?
purchaser to obtain 4 kg more for Rs.160. The reduced (a) 200 kg (b) 250 kg
price of salt per kg is (c) 300 kg (d) 266.66 kg
(a) Rs.2 per kg (b) Rs.5 per kg
(c) Rs.4 per kg (d) Rs.10 per kg 2. The population of a village is 1,00,000. The increase rate
per annum is 10%. Find the population at the starting of
(e) None of these
the fourth year.
13. What is the percentage is equal to ? (a) 1,33,100 (b) 1,21,000
(a) 525% (b) 425% (c) 625% (c) 1,33,000 (d) None of these
(d) 715% (e) None of these
3. The price of rice falls by 20%. How much rice can be
14. What percent of is ? bought now with the money that was sufficient to buy 20
kg of rice previously?
(a) 15% (b) 18% (c) 10%
(a) 5 kg (b) 15 kg (c) 25 kg (d) 30 kg
(d) 12% (e) None of these

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4. Of the adult population in town A, 45% of men and 25% of 11. Consider a big cube formed of 64 smaller cubes of which
women are married. What percentage of the total 40 are colored. The smaller cubes are arranged such that
population of adults is married (assume that no man the exposure of the colored cubes to the outside is
marries more than one woman and vice versa)? minimized. What is the percentage of the exposed area
(a) 33.33% (b) 31.1% that is colored?
(c) 32.14% (d) None of these (a) 62.5% (b) 50% (c) 41.6% (d) 57.1%

5. A manufacturer of detergent cakes increased the price of 12. Mr. X is a computer programmer. He is assigned three jobs
his product as a result of which there was a decrease of for which time allotted is in the ratio of 5:4:2 (jobs need to
20% in its sales. If the sales turnover increases by 20% be done individually). But due to some technical issue, 10%
due to this change, what was the percentage increase in of the time allotted for each job gets wasted. Thereafter,
the price? owing to the lack of interest, he invests only 40%, 30%,
(a) 20% (b) 36% (c) 40% (d) 50% 20% of the hours of what was actually allotted to do the
three jobs individually. Find how much percentage of the
6. In the university examination last year, Rajesh scored total time allotted is the time invested by X?
65% in English and 82% in History. What is the minimum (a) 38.33% (b) 39.45% (c) 36.66% (d) 32.72%
percentage he should score in Sociology, which is out of
50 marks (English and History were for 100 marks each), 13. Australia scored a total of x runs in 50 overs. India tied
if he aims at getting 78% overall? the scores in 20% less overs. If India's average run rate
(a) 94% (b) 92% (c) 98% (d) 96% had been 33.33% higher the scores would have been tied
10 overs earlier. Find how many runs were scored by
7. 40% marks are essential to pass an examination. A obtains Australia?
10% marks less than the pass marks and B obtains 11.11% (a) 200 (b) 250
marks less than A. What percent less than the sum of A's
(c) 275 (d)Cannot be determined
and B's marks should C obtain to pass the exam?
3 5 14. A motorist uses 24% of his fuel in covering the first 20%
(a) 40% (b) 41 % (c) 28% (d) 41 % of his total journey (in city driving conditions). He knows
17 17
that he has to cover another 25% of his total journey in
8. Jack goes to a shop to buy a fastrack watch costing city driving conditions. What should be the minimum
Rs.2,916. The rate of sales tax is 8% and the final value is percentage increase (approx.) in the fuel efficiency for
rounded off to the next higher integer. He tells the non-city driving over the city driving, so that he is just
shopkeeper to reduce the price of the watch so that he has able to cover his entire journey without having to refuel?
to pay Rs.2,916 inclusive of sales tax. Find the reduction (a) 39.2% (b) 43.5% (c) 45.6% (d) 41.2%
needed in the price of watch.
15. Two vessels contain equal quantities of 40% alcohol. A
(a) Rs.180 (b) Rs.216 (c) Rs.200 (d) Rs.210
changed the concentration of the first vessel to 50% by
9. The population of towns A and B is in the ratio of 1:4. For adding extra quantity of pure alcohol. B changed the
the next 2 years, the population of A would increase and concentration of the second vessel to 50% by replacing a
that of B would decrease by the same percentage every certain quantity of the solution with pure alcohol. By what
year. After 2 years, their population became equal. What percentage is the quantity of alcohol added by A more
is the percentage change in the population? than that replaced by B?
(a) 33.33% (b) 66.67% (a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 40% (d) 50%
(c) 25% (d) Not possible
Directions for Q16 to Q20: Read the following and answer the
10. The owner of a flower shop follows a particular pattern questions that follow.
for his business. During a period of inflation, he raises his
Five friends - A, B, C, D and E went on a shopping trip. Before
price by P% and during a slowdown, he decreases his
shopping, the first person had Rs.400, the second person had 25%
price by P%. After a year in which there was inflation first,
less than first person, the third person and the fourth person had
followed by a slowdown, the cost of a red-rose bouquet
50% less than the first person and the fifth person had 66.66%
decreases by Rs.162. After another year, in which there
less than the second person. While shopping they did not lend or
was inflation followed by a slowdown, the cost of this
borrow from each other. After the shopping was over, it was
bouquet reduced by a further Rs.147.42. What was the
observed that they were left with Rs.165, Rs.95, Rs.70, Rs.40 and
original price of the red-rose bouquet?
Rs.10, not necessarily in that order. We don't know who is the first
(a) Rs.1,500 (b) Rs.1,000 or the second or onwards. Following is known about the money
(c) Rs.1,800 (d) Rs.1,111 they started with, they spent, or they were left with.

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● A started with more money than D. said to be directly proportional to each other, e.g. the weight of
● B spent Rs.15 more than C. solid material is proportional to its volume.
● E started with more money than just one another person Direction Variation: If A is said to vary directly as B, then as
of the group. A increases, B also increases but not proportionally. The
● A spent the most but did not end with the least. variation is denoted by A B or A = kB, where k is a constant.
● C started with 66.66% of the money that B started with. For example, the total cost of production is directly related to
● D spent the least and ended with more than A and C. the number of items produced.
● E spent Rs.35.
Here, the variation is direct but not proportional.
16. Who ended with the maximum amount of money?
Inverse Proportion: If two quantities are so related that an
(a) A (b) E (c) C (d) B increase in one of them produces a proportional decrease in the
other or vice versa, then the two quantities are said to be
17. How much money did A spend?
inversely proportional to each other, e.g. the time a train takes
(a) Rs.205 (b) Rs.190 (c) Rs.35 (d) Rs.360 to travel a certain distance is inversely proportional to its speed.
18. In ascending order of spending, E would rank at which Inverse Variation: If A is inversely related to or varies
position? inversely as B increases, A decreases but not proportionally.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5 This relation can be expressed mathematically as
1 1
19. Who ended with Rs.40? A  A  k  where k is constant. Here, the variation is
B B
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
inverse but not proportional.
20. Which two persons started with the same amount?
Application 1
(a) A & B (b) A & C (c) C & E (d) D & E
If all the members of a team are either juniors or seniors and if
the ratio of the juniors to seniors in the team is 3:5, what
RATIO AND PROPORTIONS percent of the team members are seniors?
(a) 50% (b) 60% (c) 62.5% (d) 65%
A ratio is a relation between two or more quantities normally of
same kind. The ratio a to b is written as a:b and is also expressed Ans: [c]
as a fraction a/b (b ≠ 0). While considering homogeneous
quantities, the ratio is also expressed as percentage. Solution

If two quantities are in the ratio a:b, it means that if the first Ratio of juniors to seniors = 3:5 (i.e. 5 out of 8 members
quantity is ax, then the second quantity is bx. A and B are in the are seniors)
ratio a:b ⇒ as a proportion of the total, A is a/a + b and B is b/a + b.
Seniors as a percent of the team = 5/8 × 100 = 500/8 = 62.5
Ratio is a mere number and to find the ratio of two quantities,
Percentage of seniors = 62.5%
they must be expressed in the same units.
Application 2
If the two ratios are equal, then the four quantities are in
proportion. Thus if a:b is equal to c:d, then a, b, c, d are in A club had 3 boys and 5 girls. During a membership drive, same
proportion and the proportion is written as a:b::c:d, where a and number of boys and girls joined the club. How many members
d are called the extremes and b and c the means. Thus if a:b::c:d, does the club have now if the ratio of boys to girls is 3:4?
then ad = bc. (a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 15
Proportionality: The values of two quantities may not be Ans: [b]
independent. For example, the volume of a cube is proportional
to its side and vice versa. Two mutually dependent quantities Solution
are proportional if the ratio of their values remains constant. Number of boys = 3
If a/b = c/d, then each term of the ratio a/b and c/d is called Number of girls = 5
proportional. a, b, c and d are respectively the first, second, third
and fourth proportionals. Here, a and d are known as extremes Let the number of boys and girls who joined during the
and b, c are known as means. membership drive be x each.

The increased number of boys = 3 + x

Direct Proportion: If two quantities are so related that an
increase or decrease in one quantity produces a proportional The increased number of girls = 5 + x
increase or decrease in the other, then the two quantities are

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3 x 3 Application 5

5 x 4
Anand, Krish and Selva have invested a total of Rs.1,20,000 in a
business in the ratio 4:5:6. At the end of one year, the profit
 43  x  35  x
earned was Rs.12,000. What is the profit share of Krish?
 12  4 x  15  3x (a) Rs.3000 (b) Rs.4000 (c) Rs.5000 (d) Rs.6000

Ans: [b]
 x 3
Solution
The number of boys now = 3 + 3 = 6 and the number of girls
The investment ratio of Anand : Krish : Selva
=5+3=8
4 : 5 : 6
The club now has 6 + 8 = 14 members
5
Proportion of Krish =
Application 3 15
If two numbers are in the ratio 6:13 and their least common Total Profit = Rs.12,000
multiple is 312, what is the sum of the numbers?
5
(a) 60 (b) 76 (c) 65 (d) 75  Profit share of Krish = × Rs.12000 = Rs.4000
15
Ans: [b]
Application 6
Solution
Find the number that must be subtracted from the terms of the
Let the two numbers be 6x and 13x. ratio 13:17 to make it equal to 5:9.
LCM of the numbers = 78x = 312 (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 5

312 Ans: [c]

x 4
78 Solution
The two numbers are 6 × 4 = 24 and 13 × 4 = 52. The sum of the Let the two numbers to be subtracted be x.
two numbers = 24 + 52 = 76.
13  x 5
Then 
Application 4 17  x 9
The sum of the salaries of John and Mary is Rs.12000 per month. → 119 – 9x = 85 – 5x
John spends 80% of his salary and Mary spends 70% of her
salary. If their savings are in the ratio 4:3, what is the salary of →x=8
John?
Application 7
(a) Rs.8000 (b) Rs.8500 (c) Rs.6500 (d) Rs.7850
The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 7:2 and their
Ans: [a]
expenditures are in the ratio 4:1. If each saves Rs.1000, find
Solution their expenditures.
(a) Rs.20000, Rs.5000 (b) Rs.22000, Rs.7000
Let John's salary be Rs.X and Mary's salary be Rs.(12000 – X).
(c) Rs.18000, Rs.5000 (d) Rs.19000, Rs.6000
John's spending is 80% and his saving is 20% ⇒ X × 20/100
Ans: [a]
= 0.2X
Solution
30
Mary's spending is 70% and her saving is 30% ⇒
100 Let the incomes of A and B be 7x + 2x and their expenditures 4y
(12000 – X) & y respectively.

The ratio of John's saving to Mary's saving = 4:3  7x – 4y = 1000 … (1)

2x – y = 1000 … (2)
→ 0.2X : 0.3(12000 – X) = 4:3
Multiplying (1) by 2, 14x – 8y = 2000 … (3)
→ 3(2X) = 4 × 3(12000 – X)
and multiplying (2) by 7, 14x – 7y = 7000 … (4)
→ 6X = 144000 – 12X
Solving (3) and (4), y = 5000
→ 18X = 144000 ⇒ X = 8000
 Expenditure of A = 4y = Rs.20,000 and that of B = Rs.5,000
Salary of John = Rs.8000

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SESSION – 9 12. 30 litres of mixture contains milk and water in the ratio
3:5. If 6 litres of this mixture are replaced by 6 litres of
1. A, B, C and D are four quantities of the same kind such milk, the ratio of milk to water in the new mixture will
that A:B = 3:4, B:C = 5:6, C:D = 11:9. What is the ratio of
become
A to D?
(a) 1:2 (b) 1:1 (c) 2:3 (d) 7:3
(a) 1:3 (b) 15:72 (c) 55:72 (d) 15:216
13. In what ratio must 35% acid be mixed with 50% alcohol
2. The ratio of three numbers is 3:4:5 and the sum of their
squares is 1250. The sum of the three numbers is to get a mixture of 45% of acid strength?
(a) 60 (b) 90 (c) 30 (d) 50 (a) 1:3 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:3 (d) 3:2

3. Two numbers are in the ratio 3:5. If each number is 14. One type of liquid contains 25% of milk, the other
increased by 10, the ratio becomes 5:7. The numbers are contains 30% of milk. A can is filled with 6 parts of first
(a) 3, 5 (b) 7, 9 (c) 13, 22 (d) 15, 25 liquid and 4 parts of second liquid. Find % of milk in the
mixture.
4. A, B and C play cricket. The ratio of A's runs to B's runs is
4:3 and the ratio of B's runs to C's is 3:6. What is the ratio (a) 29% (b) 31% (c) 27% (d) 33%
of A’s runs to C’s runs? 15. A container contains 40 litres of milk. From this container
(a) 2:1 (b) 2:3 (c) 3:2 (d) None of these 4 litres of milk was taken out and replaced by water. This
5. Three numbers A, B, C are in the ratio of 12:15:25. If the process was repeated further two times. How much milk
sum of the numbers is 312, find the ratio between the is now contained by the container?
difference of B and A and the difference of C and B. (a) 29.16 litres (b) 26.45 litres
(a) 3:7 (b) 10:3 (c) 3:10 (d) None of these (c) 24 litres (d) 28.26 litres
6. The prices of a scooter and a television set are in the ratio 16. In a 80 litres mixture of milk and water, they are in the
3:2. If the scooter costs Rs.6000 more than the television, ratio 3:1. If this ratio is to be 4:1, then the quantity of milk
then the price of television set is
to be added is
(a) Rs.18,000 (b) Rs.12,000
(a) 15 litres (b) 20 litres
(c) Rs.24,000 (d) Rs.28,000
(c) 30 litres (d) 35 litres
7. Two numbers are in the ratio 4:9. If the larger number is
35 more than the smaller number, then the product of the 17. 500 gm of sugar solution has 60% sugar in it. How much
numbers is sugar should be added to make it 90% in the solution?
(a) 1764 (b) 1564 (c) 1864 (d) 1664 (a) 1500 gm (b) 1800 gm
(c) 1900 gm (d) 1400 gm
8. Rs.770 have been divided among A, B, and C such that A
receives 2/9th of what B and C together received. What is 18. Three containers P, Q and R have volumes p, q and r
A’ share? respectively; and container P is full of water while the
(a) Rs.140 (b) Rs.154 other two are empty. If from container P water is poured
(c) Rs.165 (d) Rs.170 into container Q which becomes 1/3rd full, and into
9. The ratio of present ages of Sita and Gita is 4:3. If 4 years container R which becomes half full, how much water is
before, the ratio of their ages was 2:1, the present age of left in container P?
Sita is (a) p – q/2 – r/3 (b) (6p – 2q – 3r)/6
(a) 8 years (b) 10 years (c) (p – q – r)/6 (d) (5p – 3q – 2r)/6
(c) 12 years (d) None of these
19. Two vessels contain spirit of 0.6 and 0.8 concentrations. If
10. A person earns 15% on an investment but loses 10% on three litres from the first vessel and four litres from the
another. If the ratio of the two investments be 3:5, what is second vessel are mixed, what will be the ratio of the
the gain or loss on the two investments taken together? spirit and the water in the resultant solution?
(a) 10% loss (b) 13 % loss (a) 13:7 (b) 5:2 (c) 6:5 (d) 7:17

20. How much water must be added to 60 litres of milk at

(c) 13 % gain (d) None of these
1.5 litres for Rs.20 so as to have a mixture worth Rs.10
11. The ratio of milk and water in 108 litre of adulterated a litre?
milk is 28:3. The amount of water which must be added to (a) 15 litres (b) 10 litres
make the ratio 3:1 is (in litre) (c) 12 litres (d) 18 litres
(a) 14 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 10

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SESSION – 10 10. A bus started its journey with old passengers to young
passengers in the ratio 3:1. At the first stop, 16
1. The ratio of the number of gents to the number of ladies passengers got down with old and young passengers in
in a group was 2:3. When 20 more gents joined the group, the same ratio, and 6 new young passengers got in. The
the ratio was reversed. Find the number of ladies in the ratio of old to young passengers then became 2:1. What
group? was the total number of passengers in the bus when it
(a) 40 (b) 24 (c) 20 (d) 12 started?
2. The cost of a book and the cost of a pen are in the ratio (a) 52 (b) 56 (c) 60 (d) 64
3:2. If the cost of 10 books and 6 pens is Rs.63, the cost of 11. There are 90 litres Castrol and 150 litres CRB mobil oil.
a book is The price of Castrol is Rs.80 per litre and the price of CRB
(a) Rs.5.50 (b) Rs.6.50 (c) Rs.3.50 (d) Rs.4.50 is Rs.75 per litre. Equal amounts of Castrol and CRB are
taken out and then CRB is poured in the vessel of Castrol
3. Rs.432 is divided amongst three workers A, B and C such
and Castrol is poured out in the vessel of CRB. Now the
that 8 times A’s share is equal to 12 times B’s share and
rate of both the mixtures is same. What is the amount of
the latter in turn is equal to 6 times C’s share. How much
mobil oil taken out from each of the vessel?
did A get?
(a) 55.25 litres (b) 56.25 litres
(a) Rs.192 (b) Rs.133 (c) Rs.144 (d) Rs.128
(c) 50.25 litres (d) None of these
4. A sum of Rs.53 is divided among A, B and C in such a way
that A gets Rs.7 more than what B gets and B gets Rs.8 12. Two vessels have equal volumes of pure alcohol and
more than what C gets. The ratio of their shares is Pepsi. A bartender is mixing the drinks. He takes half the
volume of the first vessel containing alcohol and transfers
(a) 16:9:18 (b) 25:18:10
it to the second vessel containing Pepsi. He now transfers
(c) 18:25:10 (d) 15:8:30
½ of the resultant solution from the second vessel to the
5. Ajay, Aman, Suman and Geeta rented a house and agreed first. He repeats the process once more transferring
to share the rent as follows: always ½ of the resultant solution to the other vessel.
Ajay:Aman = 8:15, Aman:Suman = 5:8 and Suman:Geeta Find the fractional volume of alcohol in the first
= 4:5. The part of rent paid by Suman will be container?

24 12 13 17 7 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b)
77 55 66 77 16 32
11
6. The annual income and expenditure of a man and his wife (c) (d) None of these
21
are in the ratios 5:3 and 3:1 respectively. If they decide to
save equally and find a balance of Rs.40,000 at the end of 13. Three vessels whose capacities are in the ratio 2:3:5 are
the year, their incomes were filled with mixtures of milk and water. The ratio of milk to
(a) Rs.50000, Rs.30000 (b) Rs.60000, Rs.40000 water in each of the 3 vessels is respectively 4:3, 2:1 and
(c) Rs.30000, Rs.20000 (d) None of these 3:2. What is the ratio of milk to water in the resultant
mixture obtained by adding a half of the 1st vessel, 2/3 of
7. If the daily income of A, B and C are in the ratio of 2:5:11 the 2nd vessel and 3/5 of the 3rd vessel?
and the income of B is Rs.180 more than that of A, then
(a) 389:241 (b) 241:389
what is the ratio of the difference of income between A
(c) 240:390 (d) None of these
and B to that between B and C?
(a) 2:3 (b) 3:4 (c) 1:2 (d) 5:4 14. From a tank of petrol , which contains 200 litres of petrol,
the seller replaces each time with kerosene when he sells
8. The height of a student is of the same proportion as the
40 litres of petrol (or mixture). Every time he sells out
square of his age (between 5 and 17 years). What will be
only 40 litres of petrol (pure or impure). After replacing
the height of the student after 7 years, if he is 4 feet tall at
the petrol with kerosene 4th time, the total amount of
the age of 9 years?
kerosene in the mixture is
1 2 2 2 (a) 81.92 litres (b) 96 litres
(a) 5 ft (b) 4 ft (c) 2 ft (d) 5 ft
3 5 3 3 (c) 118.08 litres (d) None of these
pqr 15. In what ratio must water be mixed with milk to gain
9. p, q and r are three positive numbers and Q  . If
2
(Q – p):(Q – q):(Q – r) = 2:5:7, what is the ratio of p, q and 16 % on selling the mixture at cost price?
r? (a) 1:6 (b) 6:1 (c) 2:3 (d) 4:3
(a) 12:5:9 (b) 12:9:5 (c) 12:9:7 (d) 12:7:9

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16. A shopkeeper mixes two varieties of pulses to get a

mixture of pulses. He uses 1 kg and 4 kg of pulses costing
Rs.10 and Rs.20 per kg respectively. What is the cost of
the resultant mixture (in Rs.per kg)?
(a) 11 (b) 15 (c) 17 (d) 25 (e) 18

17. Milk contained in a vessel capacity 72 litres is diluted by

replacing it with water twice. After the replacement the
ratio of milk to water is 25:11. Find the quantity of water
added each time.
(a) 24 litres (b) 30 litres (c) 12 litres
(d) 42 litres (e) 10 litres

18. A teacher teaches two different classes having the same

number of students. In one class the ratio of the number
of students who passed to the number of students who
failed is 3:4. In the other class, the same ratio is 4:5. The
teacher wants to find the total passing percentage of all
her students in both classes. The approximate value of
this quantity is
(a) 41% (b) 44% (c) 47% (d) 50%

19. The alloy Cuzi contains copper and zinc in the ratio 3:4.
The alloy Zial contains zinc and aluminium in the ratio
5:2. The alloy Alfie contains aluminium and iron in the
ratio 1:3. Equal amounts of each alloy are melted together
and recast into a new alloy. What is the ratio of the
amount of copper to the amount of aluminium in this new
alloy?
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:3 (c) 3:4 (d) 4:5

20. Mr.Dayal, a shopkeeper, bought two varieties of orange

juice at Rs.50 per litre and Rs.42 per litre respectively. He
mixed them in some proportion to get a drink he called
‘Oranj-La’, which he sold at Rs.54 a litre, thereby making a
profit of 20%. How much of the Rs.50 variant of juice is
present in 40 litres of Oranj-La?
(a) 15 litres (b) 20 litres (c) 30 litres
(d) 25 litres (e) 32 litres

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