CSE2003– Computer Architecture and

Organization
Dr. Swagat Kumar Samantaray
School of Computing Science & Engineering
VIT Bhopal University
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR CLASS

COURSE DETAIL
Course Code :CSE2003 Number of Unit:6
Course Type :LT
Credits:4

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• to provide basic concepts of computer architecture
and organization
• to impart the knowledge of implementation of
arithmetic operations in the computer.
• to develop a deeper understanding of the hardware
environment upon which all processing are carried
out.
• to provide knowledge about internals of memory
system, interfacing techniques and subsystem
devices.

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 MODULE-1-2

Introduction to computer systems - Overview of Organization and Architecture -Functional

components of a computer -Registers and register files-Interconnection of components-
Organization of the von Neumann machine and Harvard architecture-Performance of
processor
Introduction to ISA (Instruction Set Architecture)-Instruction formats- Instruction types and
addressing modes- Instruction execution (Phases of instruction cycle)- Assembly language
programming-Subroutine call and return mechanisms-Single cycle
Data path design-Introduction to multi cycle data path-Multi cycle Instruction execution.
Tutorial on Assembly Language Programming
Data Representation and Computer Arithmetic
Fixed point representation of numbers-algorithms for arithmetic operations: addition-
subtraction - multiplication – division (restoring and non-restoring)- Floating point
representation with IEEE standards and algorithms for common arithmetic operations –
conversion between integer and real numbers.
Tutorial on Fixed and floating point arithmetic operations

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 MODULE-3

Memory System
Memory systems hierarchy-Main memory organization-Types of Main memory : SRAM ,
DRAM and its characteristics and performance – latency –cycle time -bandwidth- memory
interleaving
Cache memory: Address mapping-line size-replacement and policies- coherence
Virtual memory: Paging (Single level and multi-level) – Page Table Mapping – TLB
Reliability of memory systems: Error detecting and error correcting systems.
Tutorial on design aspects of memory system

Mid Term Examinations August 04 - 08, 2021

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 MODULE-
4-5-6
External storage systems and Pipelining
Organization and structure of disk drives: Electronic- magnetic and optical technologies, RAID
Architectures.
Pipelining – Data Hazards – Instructional hazards – Performance Case Study on RAID
architectures used in Industry

Interfacing and Communication

I/O fundamentals: handshaking, buffering - I/O techniques: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O,
DMA- Interrupt structures: vectored and prioritized-interrupt overhead- Buses: Bus Protocols -
Arbitration

Multiprocessor Architectures
Introduction – Characteristics – Multi core Architecture – Parallel Processing - Flynn
Classification – Inter Connection Structures –Memory Organization

Term End Examinations August 31 - September 06, 2021

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 Text Books

W. Stallings, “Computer organization and

Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky, architecture: Designing for Performance”,
“Computer organization”, Mc Graw Hill, Fifth edition Prentice-Hall, 9th edition, 2013, ISBN: 978-
, 2011, ISBN: 9781259005275 9332518704

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 Reference Books

• David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy “Computer

Organization and Design-The Hardware/Software Interface”,
Morgan Kaufmann, 5th edition, 2011.
• James P Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”,
Mc Graw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2012, ISBN:9781259028564.

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 “
What is Computer Architecture and Organization?

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 Computer Architecture Computer Organization

⊡ The architecture of a computer ⊡ Organization of a computer system

system can be considered as a defines the way system is structured
catalogue of tools or attributes that so that all those catalogued tools can
are visible to the user such as be used.
instruction sets, number of bits used ⊡ Physical Aspects of Computer System
for data, addressing techniques, etc.
⊡ Computer organization is used to
⊡ Logical Aspects of a Computer study the basic computer hardware
System structure and behavior of digital
⊡ The architecture refers to those Computers. It answers the question,
attributes of the system visible to the ⊡ “ How operations are carried out in
programmer Computer?”
⊡ “How fast we can run our system
hardware.”

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 Benefits and Importance of studying Computer Organization and Architecture.
• COA is necessary to understand the designing and functioning of the various components to
process information digitally.
• COA study focuses on the Interface between hardware and software.
• COA tells the way of operating hardware components and their interconnections in Computer.
• COA provides an organized way of working with different hardware components together in one
place.
• Computer organization says, “How to do?” and computer architecture says, “What to do?”.
• COA provides detailed knowledge of the system components, Circuit designs, Structure of
Instruction, Computer arithmetic, Assembly programming, processor control, logical design, and
performance method.
• COA proves that different computer organizations can use the same architecture. For example,
Intel and AMD make X86 CPU (processor is of 86 bits), but INTEL makes its organization on X86,
and AMD makes its own, which means the processor is 86 bits. Still, internal circuits, working,
interconnections will be different.
• COA subject helps the computer engineers to understand the components functioning, working,
characteristics, performance, and their interactions.

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 Course Roadmap
Introduction to computer systems Data Representation External storage systems
and Computer Arithmetic and Pipelining

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1 3

2 6
4

Multiprocessor
Architectures

Instruction Set Architecture

Memory System Interfacing and Communication

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 Class Schedule

DAY 8:30-10:00 10:05-11:35 11:40 -13:10 14:50 -16:20

MON B11

TUE B11

WED B11

THU B11

FRI B11 DB1

Class Number : BL2021225000006 Slot: B11+DB1

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 EVALUTION PATTERN

No of No of Attendance
No of Quiz-5 No of Activity-5 Assignment-3
Tutorial-5

Mid Term Term End

Examinations Examinations

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14
 Quiz Solution
1.Out of what material are computer chips made? (1 Point)
Plastic
Silicon
Olestra 7.The programs written in assembly
2.Convert Decimal number 56₁₀ to Binary (1 Point) language is coverted into machine
101000 instruction by___________.(1 Point)
111000
Compiler
110011
Interpreter
3.What does CPU stand for ?(1 Point) Assembler
Core Processing unit
Converter
Computer Processing Unit
Central Processing unit 8.How many bits is eqal to 1 byte?(1 Point)
4.Who is” The Father of Computing”(1 Point) 4
Charles Babbage 8
August Kerckhoffs 16
John von Neumann 32
5.Which one of these device is not a secondary memory 9.A flip flop stores __________(1 Point)
device ? (1 Point) 1 bit of information
Hard Disk 2 bit of Information
Pen drive 3 bit of information
SD Card All the above
CPU 10.What does ROM stand for(1 Point)
6.Which programming languages are you comfortable with? (1 Random only Memory
Point) Read On Memory
C
Read only memory
Python
Both

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 1

Introduction to Computer
Architecture
Introduction to computer systems - Overview of Organization and Architecture -
Functional components of a computer -Registers and register files-Interconnection of
components- Organization of the von Neumann machine and Harvard architecture-
Performance of processor

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 Computer Types

Digital
Computer

MICRO Mini
Computer Computer

Super
Mainframes
Computers

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 Microcomputer

• A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with

a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).

• The Commodore 64, also known as the C64 or the CBM 64, is an 8-bit home
computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International.

Ref: InfoWorld, 1 February 1982

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 Mini Computer

A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a class of smaller general purpose computers that

developed in the mid-1960s[1]

The PDP-8 is a 12-bit minicomputer that was produced

by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
It was the first commercially successful minicomputer,

1. Henderson, Rebecca M.; Newell, Richard G., eds. (2011). Accelerating Energy Innovation: Insights from Multiple Sectors. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0226326832.

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 Mainframes

A mainframe computer, informally called

a mainframe or big iron,[1] is a computer used
primarily by large organizations for critical
applications like
• bulk data processing for tasks such
as censuses,
• industry and consumer statistics,
• enterprise resource planning,
• large-scale transaction processing.

Vance, Ashlee (July 20, 2005). "IBM Preps Big Iron

Fiesta". The Register. Retrieved October 2, 2020.

A single-frame IBM z15 mainframe. Larger capacity

models can have up to four total frames

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 Super Computer

• A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a

general-purpose computer.
• The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations
per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS).

The IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer "Intrepid"

at Argonne National Laboratory runs 164,000
processor cores using normal data center air
conditioning, grouped in 40 racks/cabinets
connected by a high-speed 3D torus network.[1][2]

Top 5 supercomputers in the world

1. "IBM Blue gene announcement". 03.ibm.com. 26 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
2. "Intrepid". Argonne Leadership Computing Facility. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013.
Retrieved 26 March 2020.

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 Digital Computers

⊡ MICRO Computer ⊡ MINI Computer

□ A microcomputer is a □ It was first developed by
small relatively IBM in mid 1960.
inexpensive computer □ Also called midrange
with a microprocessor as computer.
its central processing □ It may content one or
unit (CPU). more processors, support
□ It includes a multiprocessing and
microprocessor , tasking and generally
memory, and resilient to high
Input/output devices. workloads.
□ Example: IBM Pc, Apple □ Example: DEC’s,VAX,
Macintoshes, Dell. RANGE.

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 Digital Computers

⊡ Mainframe Computer ⊡ Super Computer

□ It is type of computers that □ It consists of tens of
generally are known for thousands of processor
their large size, amount of that are able to perform
storage, processing power
billions and trillions of
and high reliability.
calculations or
□ Used by large organizations
for mission-critical computations per
applications required for seconds.
high volume data □ Designed for enterprises
processing. and organization which
□ Ability to run multiple need massive computing
operating system. power.
□ It first appeared in 1940. □ Example: IBM Sequoia
□ Example: IBM.
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 “
Which is the Indian super computer ?

Param shivay

India's newest and fastest supercomputer, PARAM-Siddhi AI

As of November 2020 the latest and fastest machine in the series is the PARAM Siddhi
AI which ranks 63rd in world with an Rpeak of 5.267 petaflops

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 Quiz- Solution

1.What type of computer is used for weather forecasting ? (1 Point)

Mainframes
Supercomputers
Micro Computer
2.India's newest and fastest supercomputer name is (1 Point)
PARAM Siddhi AI
PARAM 8000
Pratyush
3.Super Computer used for weather forecasting in India(1 Point)

Pratyush
4.which supercomputer beat chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov.(1 Point)
Deep Blue
5.Supercomputer built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
(1 Point)
Pleiades
SAGA-220

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 Name the computers most suited for these tasks

Super computer
Complex scientific research

Weather forecasting
Gaming computer

Playing games

Domestic needs like document preparation windows8/7/10 home

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 India Super Computer

India's Journey of Supercomputers began in the '80s when the USA refused to give supercomputer to
India.
The father of India’s supercomputer
first supercomputer PARAM 8000

In response, the Indian government set up the Centre

for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) with
the mission of building an indigenous supercomputer.

Prathush is India’s fastest supercomputer with

3.7 petaflops high performance

The supercomputer is at the Indian Institute of

Meteorology, Pune

Prof.Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar

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Basic Structure of Computers

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 Functional Units

Basic functional units of a computer

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 Information Handled by
Computer
⊡ Instructions/machine instructions
□ Govern the transfer of information within a
computer as well as between the computer and its
I/O devices
□ Specify the arithmetic and logic operations to be
performed
□ Program : A list of Instruction that perform a task
⊡ Data
□ Used as operands by the instructions
□ Source program
⊡ Encoded in binary code – 0 and 1.
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 DATA
⊡ Data is to be processed
⊡ Compilation of High level language source program in to list of
machine instruction ( object Program)

object Program
Compiler
source program

⊡ Information chandelled by computer must encoded in suitable form.

⊡ Each number ,character or instruction is encoded as a string of
binary digits called bits.( 0 or 1)

Module-II Data Representation and Computer Arithmetic

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 Input Unit

⊡ Computer accept coded information

⊡ Read the data
⊡ Example: keyboard, Joystick, mouse,Micrphone.
⊡ In keyboard when a key is pressed , the
corresponding letter or digit is automatically
translated into its corresponding binary code and
transmitted over a cable to the memory or
processor.

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 Memory Unit
□ Store programs and data
□ Two classes of storage
□ Primary storage
■ Fastest
■ Programs must be stored in memory while they are being
executed
■ Large number of semiconductor storage cells
■ Processed in words Address : To provide easy access to
any word
■ RAM and memory access time
■ Memory hierarchy – cache, main memory
□ Secondary storage
■ larger Module-III Memory System
■ cheaper
⊡ In Computing, a Word is the natural unit of data
used by a particular processor design.
⊡ Word addressing means that address of memory
on a computer uniquely identify words of
memory.

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 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
( ALU)

⊡ Most computer operations are executed in ALU of the

processor.
⊡ Load the operands into memory – bring them to the
processor – perform operation in ALU –store the result
back to memory or retain in the processor.
⊡ Registers – High speed storage element
⊡ Fast control of ALU
⊡ Faster than other devices connected to a computer which
enables a single processor to control external devices
( keyboard, display, sensors etc.)
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 Output Unit

⊡ Send processed results to the outside world

⊡ Most common example is Printer, Graphical
Display
⊡ Very slow compare to processor speed.

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 Control Unit

⊡ All computer operations are controlled by the control

unit.
⊡ The timing signals that govern the I/O transfers are also
generated by the control unit.
⊡ Control unit is usually distributed throughout the
machine instead of standing alone.

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 Basic functional
units of a computer

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 Operations of a
computer

⊡ Accept information in the form of programs and data

through an input unit and store it in the memory
⊡ Fetch the information stored in the memory, under
program control, into an ALU, where the information
is processed
⊡ Output the processed information through an output
unit
⊡ Control all activities inside the machine through a
control unit

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This instruction adds the operand at the memory location LOCA
with the operand at the register R0 in the processor and place
the sum result into the register R0.

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 Assignment Solution

Need to perform an Logical AND Operation between two data which is available at memory
location LOCX and loctaion LOCY. Write an assembly program to do the logical AND operation
and store the result in memory location LOCZ ( Hint: Use Internal Registers). Also write down
the stpes to do the operation.

R0
Address Data/operand

LOCY 10101111 R2

LOCX 11011101

LOCZ

LOAD LOCX, R0 LOCX---- R0

LOAD LOCY, R2 LOCY---- R2
AND R0,R2 R0 AND R2 - R2
STORE R2, LOCZ R2 -- LOCZ

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 Registers and register files-
Interconnection of components

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 Registers
⊡ In Computer Architecture, the Registers are very fast computer
memory which are used to execute programs and operations
efficiently.
⊡ The sole purpose of having register is fast retrieval of data for
processing by CPU.
⊡ Different registers in Processor
□ Instruction Register (IR)
□ Program Counter ( PC)
□ General Purpose Register (R0 – Rn-1)
⊡ Different registers for Memory
□ Memory Address Register ( MAR)
□ Memory Data Register (MDR)

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 Processor and Memory
Interconnection

MEMORY

MAR MDR
CONTROL

PC R0 Processor
R1
.
.
IR ALU
.
Rn-1

n general purpose Register

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 Registers
⊡ Instruction Register (IR):
□ The IR holds the instruction which is just about to be executed.
□ The instruction from PC is fetched and stored in IR.
□ As soon as the instruction in placed in IR, the CPU starts executing the
instruction and the PC points to the next instruction to be executed.
⊡ Program Counter (PC):
□ Program Counter (PC) is used to keep the track of execution of the program.
□ It contains the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.
□ PC points to the address of the next instruction to be fetched from the main
memory when the previous instruction has been successfully completed.
□ PC also functions to count the number of instructions.
⊡ General Purpose Registers:
□ These are numbered as R0, R1, R2….Rn-1, and used to store temporary data
during any ongoing operation.
□ Its content can be accessed by assembly programming.

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 Memory Registers
⊡ Memory Address Registers (MAR):
It holds the address of the location to be accessed
from memory.

⊡ Memory Data Registers (MDR):

It contains data to be written into or to be read out
from the addressed location

MAR and MDR (Memory Data Register) together facilitate

the communication of the CPU and the main memory.

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0x1004 MOV
0x1003 AND X,Y
0x1002 STORE
0x1001 MOV
0x1000 ADD x y

0x0000 23
MEMORY

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 Typical Operating Steps

1. Programs reside in the memory through input

devices
2. PC is set to point to the first instruction
3. The contents of PC are transferred to MAR
4. A Read signal is sent to the memory
5. The first instruction is read out and loaded into
MDR
6. The contents of MDR are transferred to IR
7. Decode and execute the instruction

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 Typical Operating
Steps…

8. Get operands for ALU

• General-purpose register
• Memory (address to MAR – Read – MDR to ALU)
9. Perform operation in ALU
10. Store the result back
• To general-purpose register
• To memory (address to MAR, result to MDR – Write)
11. During the execution, PC is incremented to the
next instruction

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 Typical Operating Steps…

Write Control Registers

0x1004 XXXX
0x1003 99
CONTROL

PROGRAM
Input 0x1002 XXXX
UNIT
Device 0x1001 XXXX ALU
0x1000 ADD x y

0x0000
99
MEMORY
0x1001 DECODE
0x1000 0x1000 ADD x y ADD x y &
EXECUTE
PC MAR MDR IR

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 Bus Structures

⊡ There are many ways to connect different parts inside a

computer together.
⊡ To achieve a reasonable speed of operation , a
computer must be organized so that all its units can
handle one full word of data at a given time.
⊡ A group of lines that serves as a connecting path for
several devices is called a bus.
□ Address
□ Data
□ Control
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Bus is Pathway of Bits

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54
 Single Bus Structure

Input Output Memory Processor

• A simple way to interconnect functional units is to use a single Bus

• Bus can be used for one transfer at a time
• Only two unit can actively use the bus at any given time.
• The bus control lines are used to arbitrate/decide the multiple request for
use the bus.
• Advantages: Low cost and flexibility for attaching peripherals device
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 Speed of Operation

⊡ Different devices have different transfer/operate speed.

⊡ Device such as keyboard, printer are relatively slow
and magnetic disk is fast.
⊡ Memory and Processor units is faster part of computer
⊡ If the speed of bus is bounded by the slowest device
connected to it, the efficiency will be very low.
⊡ How to solve this?
⊡ A common approach – use buffer registers

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 Buffer

⊡ The buffer registers with the devices to hold the information during
transfer.
⊡ Example : Consider the transfer of an encoded character from
processor to a Character Printer
□ The Processor sends the character over the bus to the printer
buffer.
□ Once the Buffer is loaded , the printer is start printing with out
ant further intervention by processor.
Advantages:
□ The buffer registers smooth out timing difference among
processors, memories and I/O device during sequence of data
transfer .
□ Allow processor to switch rapidly from one device to another
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Thank You

Study Material Till 15-07-2021…

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