Topic No.

3
PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS
1. Main types of computers and basic features of
different operating systems
2. Main parts of computer
3. Storage devices and basic category of memory
4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to
the practice of bookkeeping
a. program/application
5. Process in date input and output
6. Use basic functions of a www.browser to locate
information
7. Maintenance of computer equipment and systems
1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System

● SUPERCOMPUTER
● MAINFRAME COMPUTER
● MINICOMPUTER

By: Nhalyn Jhona

1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System

Supercomputer
Any of a class of extremely powerful computers. The term is commonly applied to the
fastest high-performance systems available at any given time. Such computers have been
used primarily for scientific and engineering work requiring exceedingly high-speed
computations.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System

Mainframe Computer
Informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large
organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as
censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and
large-scale transaction processing.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System
Minicomputer
computer that was smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a mainframe or
supercomputer but more expensive and more powerful than a personal computer.
Minicomputers were used for scientific and engineering computations, business
transaction processing, file handling, and database management.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System

BASIC FEATURES OF
DIFFERENT OPERATING
SYSTEM
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System
What is an Operating System?
- It is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer’s
memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows you
to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer’s
language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.
1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System
FEATURES OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System
File Management
It is the process of administering a system that correctly handles digital data. Therefore,
an effective file management system improves the overall function of a business
workflow. It also organizes important data and provides a searchable database for quick
retrieval.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System

Process Management
It involves various tasks like creation, scheduling, termination of processes, and a dead
lock. Process is a program that is under execution, which is an important part of
modern-day operating systems. The OS must allocate resources that enable processes
to share and exchange information.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System

Security Management
The security management function of an operating system helps in implementing
mechanisms that secure and protect the computer system internally as well as
externally. Therefore an operating system is responsible for securing the system at two
different levels which are internal security and external security.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System
Secondary Storage Management
It is the nonvolatile repository for (both user and system) data and programs. As
(integral or separate) part of an operating system, the file system manages this
information on secondary storage.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System
I/O Device Management
I/O Requests are managed by Device Drivers in collaboration with some system
programs inside the I/O device. The requests are served by OS using three simple
segments : I/O Traffic Controller : Keeps track of the status of all devices, control units,
and communication channels.
 1. Main Types of Computers and Basic
Features of Different Operating System
Network Management
It is defined as the process of orchestrating network traffic and data flow across the
enterprise ecosystem using network monitoring, network security, network automation,
and other tools either hosted on-premise or on the cloud.
2. Parts of a Computer

By: Fe Manuel
 2. Parts of a Computer
1. The Computer Case
- This is the part that holds all of the parts of a computer to
make up the computer system.

- It is usually designed in such a manner to make fitting a

motherboard, wiring, and drives as easy as possible. Some
are designed so well that it is easy to make everything look
tidy and presentable

- Computer cases rely on computer fans inside them to create

proper airflow to keep all the internal parts cool and working
reliably.
 2. Parts of a Computer
2. Motherboard
- It is the main board that is screwed directly inside
the computer case. It is where all other cards and
everything else plugs directly (CPU, RAM, drives,
power supply).

- Its function involves integrating all the physical

components to communicate and operate
together.
 2. Parts of a Computer
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- is basically like the brain of computer systems. It processes all the
information on a computational level.

- It takes all the processes from the RAM and processes it to

perform the tasks required by the computer system.

- The central processing unit is usually seated in a socket that

utilizes a lever or a latch with a hinged plate with a cut out in the
center to secure the central processing unit onto the motherboard.

- It has many copper pads underneath it for the socket contacts to

push up against them to make electrical contact.
 2. Parts of a Computer
4. Random Access Memory (RAM)
- is a data storage device that can provide fast read
and write access.

- is volatile memory, meaning it loses all the stored

data when power is lost.

- The RAM keeps data ready for the CPU to process.

The RAM speed is a big contributor to the overall
speed of a computer system.
 2. Parts of a Computer
5. Graphic Card (GPU)
- is an output device that processes the data from the
motherboard and sends the appropriate information to
the computer’s screen for display.

- It can also be referred to as a video or display card.

- A graphics card has a GPU (Graphics Processing

Unit), the main part of a computer system that requires
cooling.
 2. Parts of a Computer
6. Sound Card
- the sound chip built into the motherboard is used for audio
output.

- Sound cards plug into a computer in multiple ways. It can

be through USB, PCI slot, or PCI Express x1 slot.

- A sound processing chip on the card does all of the audio

processing and is usually not a very powerful processor.

- A sound card can offer a wide range of connectivity with

various audio equipment.
 2. Parts of a Computer
7. Hard Drive (HDD)
- It’s usually a mechanical drive that stores all the data and
is still found in most computer to this day.

- it can also be used as a boot drive to run the operating

system from it

- Various categories of hard drives made for various

real-world applications such as; general use for desktops
or laptop computers, Gaming optimized for desktops or
laptops computers, General high capacity storage, NAS
Devices, Servers and Video recordings.
 2. Parts of a Computer
8. Solid State Drive (SSD)
- It is also a type of hard drive, but it doesn’t have
any moving parts. It consists of a bank of flash
memory that can hold a reasonable amount of
data.

- It is a high-performance drive. It’s fast and

cannot be as easily damaged by dropping it or
taking a few bumps.
 2. Parts of a Computer
9. Power Supply (PSU)
- A power supply unit mounts inside the computer case. This
converts the AC mains supply from the power cord from a
wall socket and supplies the correct DC voltages to all the
components inside the computer.

- It plays an important role in keeping a computer running

reliably.

- It comes with its own cooling fan. This helps all the internal
components to stay cool when the power supply is
subjected to bigger loads.
 2. Parts of a Computer
10. Monitor
- is an output device used to visualize the graphics
data sent from the computer’s GPU.

- There are various types of monitors on the market.

A LED (Light Emitting Diode) backlit LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display) monitor is the most commonly
used with modern computers and it come in
different sizes.
 2. Parts of a Computer
11. Keyboard
- is an input device that is one of the ways to
communicate with a computer. Typing a
key from the keyboard sends a small
portion of data to tell the computer which
key was pressed.
 2. Parts of a Computer
12. Mouse
- is an input device that allows the user to
move a pointer displayed on the monitor
and experience a more intuitive
interaction with computer systems.
 2. Parts of a Computer
(external peripherals)

13. Printer
- can take an image sent by a computer and deliver it
onto a sheet of paper.
14. Scanner
- can take anything on paper and scan it to produce a
replicated digital image.
15. Speakers
- can connect up to the sound card at the rear of the
computer.
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

By: Noli Lubay

3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

WHAT IS A STORAGE DEVICE?

- A storage device is any type of computing hardware that is used for storing, porting or
extracting data files and objects. Storage devices can hold and store information both
temporarily and permanently. They may be internal or external to a computer, server or
computing device.

- A storage device may also be known as a storage medium or storage media depending
on whether it is seen as discrete in nature (for example, “a hard drive” versus “some
hard drive space.”)
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

Different Storage Devices:

• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
• Solid State Drive (SSD)
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• CD, DVD and Blu-Ray Discs
• DVD-RAM
• ROM
• USB Flash Memory
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)?
Hard disk drives are non-volatile magnetic
storage devices capable of remembering vast amounts
of data.

Benefits:
1. Capable of holding vast amounts of
data at affordable prices
2. Fast read and write speeds
3. Reliable technology
4. Relatively small in size
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory
Solid State Drive(HDD)
Solid state drives are non-volatile storage devices
capable of holding large amounts of data.

Typical applications for solid state

drives:
• Smartphones
• Tablet computers
• High-end laptops
• Two drive desktop solutions
• Portable drives are sometimes used in HD video cameras
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

Benefits of solid state drives:

• Extremely fast read/write speeds
• Small in physical size and very light, ideal for portable devices
• No moving parts to wear, fail or get damaged – ideal for making portable computers
and devices more reliable and durable
• Uses less power than a HDD, increasing battery life time
• Very quiet
• Generates less heat
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

- It is a computer’s primary memory. It is a very fast
solid state storage medium that is directly accessible
by the CPU.
- There are two types of RAM, the SRAM and DRAM, each
with their own advantages and disadvantages.

Benefits :
- Directly accessible to the CPU, making processing data faster
- Fast solid state storage, making processing data faster
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory
Static RAM (SRAM)
• Data on SRAM does not require refreshing.
• However, the technology is bulkier meaning less memory per chip.
• More expensive than DRAM
• Much faster than DRAM
• Consumes less power
• Commonly used in cache memory

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

• The most common type of RAM in use.
• The data needs to be continually refreshed otherwise it fades away.
• Continually refreshing the data takes time and reduces performance speeds.
• Cheaper than SRAM
• Commonly used in main memory
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

CD, DVD AND BLU-RAY DISCS

CD, DVD and Blu-Ray drives are optical storage devices.

Typical applications for optical media:

• CD – Audio and small amounts of data
• DVD – Standard definition movies and data
• Blu-Ray – HD video and large amounts of data
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

Differences between DVD, Blu-ray and DVD RAM

• Despite being the same physical size, a DVD can hold more data than a CD.
• Blu-Ray technology squashes even more data into the same size disc as a CD or
DVD.The spiral data tracks on a Blu-Ray disc are so small a special blue (violet) laser
has to be used to read the ‘bumps’.
• DVD-RAM is an optical media storage device.
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory
Typical applications for DVD-RAM:
a. Personal and digital video recorders
b. High-end CCTV

Benefits of DVD-RAM:
- Read and write at the same time.

- Can be rewritten to many more times than a traditional DVD-RW.

- Has write-protect tabs to prevent accidental deletion when used in an optional cartridge.

- Data is retained for an estimated 30 years. This long life is great for archiving data.

- Reliable writing of discs because the verification done by the hardware, not by software.
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory

ROM
This is a non-volatile memory chip whose
contents cannot be altered.
It is often used to store the start up routines in a
computer (e.g. the BIOS).

Typical applications for ROM

Storing the computer’s start up routine.
3. Storage Devices and Basic Categories of Memory
What is USB Flash Memory?
- Flash are non-volatile solid state storage devices which use NAND
flash memories to store data (millions of transistors).
- USB refers to the USB connection that allows users to plug the
device into the USB port of a computer.
- Other types of flash storage include the memory cards used in
digital cameras.
- Flash memory comes in a variety of capacities to suit most
budgets and requirements

Typical applications for flash memory

- USB memory sticks – saving and transferring documents etc
Memory cards in digital cameras
4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )

By: Josephine Leonen

4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )

What is a Computer Hardware?

- Hardware is the physical parts of a computer system

such as; the case, central processing unit (CPU), random access memory
(RAM), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound
card, speakers and motherboard.
4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )

1. Input Device
Any instruction or data entered into the computer is known as the input, same as the
devices we used to input data in computer are called Input devices. Too many
techniques are used to enter data into any computer system.

● Examples of Input devices: Mouse, keyboards, scanners, joystick, digital web

camera, touch screen, light pen , etc.
 4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )

2. Output Device
When the data has been processed into a useful form is called output, the same as the
devices are used to process the data from the computer are called Output devices.

● Examples of Output devices– Display devices, printers, plotters, speakers,

headphones, etc.
 4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )

3. Storage Devices
The devices used by a computer user to store any type of digital data are called storage
devices. Most of the time you don’t have to purchase a storage device while purchasing a
laptop or computer Because the manufacturers already attached an HDD or SSD with the
CPU of your system.

● Examples of Storage devices: HDD (hard disk drive), optical discs, flash drive,
memory card, Cloud storage, pen drive, etc.
4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )

4. Internal Components
Internal components are those devices that are present in the central processing unit.

● Examples are: Control unit, memory unit, and Arithmetic logic unit.
4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )

What is a Computer Software?

- The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate the computer
and control it.
- performs the basic functions to start and operate the hardware components of the
computer system.
- They instruct the computer on how to operate its peripherals. In other words, these
makes the system work.
 4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )
What software can do?
● can make the computer to compare data, make logical decisions, do mathematical calculations, store
and retrieve data and instructions from primary or secondary, and carry-out sequences of tasks.
● enables computer users to obtain what they need from the computer.
● make the computer to work towards giving the outputs in the manner the user wants it, such as output
on a screen, printouts, sounds, sending emails, etc.
● Some software is used to translate the program written in different or secondary languages into
machine languages. These software are called ‘compilers’ or ‘interpreters’.
● Compilers are the collection of large programs. It changes the high-level language into machine
language.
● Interpreters are the programs that are never compiled but their instructions are taken one by one.
 4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )
4 TYPES OF SOFTWARES:
1. OPERATING SYSTEM

- An operating system or OS is a software program that deals with the functioning of the
computer and its peripherals. It is the core software component of your computer. It is an
interface between your computer and outside the world.

Examples:

DOS, UNIX, Microsoft Windows OS, Apple IOS and Apple macOS, Google Android OS, and
Linux Operating software (these are examples of leading Operating software in the World)
4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )
2. UTILITY SOFTWARE
- Utility programs are mainly intended as a helping aid and is provided by the computer
manufacturer. These programs are also known as service programs. Such programs
are available for call up by the operating system. It performs a specific task, usually
related to managing a computer, its devices, or programs. It helps to manage the
computer hardware and application software.

Examples:

File manager, disk cleaner, uninstaller, screen saver, file compression, virus scanner, and
disk defragment
4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )
3. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
- is the main type of computer software. This software is used to edit text, graphics, and
utilizes the capabilities of a computer for the completion of tasks.
- It facilitates communication tools.

Examples:

Word processing software, spreadsheet, database, presentation graphics, accounting

software, computer-aided design (CAD) software, video, and audio editing software, and
many more these types of software are examples of application software.

(Quickbooks, Client Hub, BookkeeperQuote)

 4. Appropriate hardware and software appropriate to the practice of
bookkeeping
( program/application )
4. PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
- This is the sets of logical instructions that make a computer system perform certain
tasks.
- This is the tools that help programmers in instructing a computer system including a text
editor, compilers, and interpreters.

Examples:

JAVA, PHP, Notepad++, Visual Studio, Flosum, and UltraEdit are some examples of
programming software.
5. Process in Data input and Output

By: Josephine Leonen

 5. Process in Data input and Output

What is Data Processing?

- Data processing occurs when data is collected and translated into usable
information. Usually performed by a data scientist or team of data scientists, it is
important for data processing to be done correctly as not to negatively affect the
end product, or data output.

- Data processing starts with data in its raw form and converts it into a more readable
format (graphs, documents, etc.), giving it the form and context necessary to be
interpreted by computers and utilized by employees throughout an organization.
 5. Process in Data Input and Output

SIX STAGES OF DATA PROCESSING

1. Data Collection
Collecting data is the first step in data processing. Data is pulled from available sources,
including data lakes and data warehouses. It is important that the data sources available
are trustworthy and well-built so the data collected (and later used as information) is of
the highest possible quality.
 5. Process in Data input and Output

2. Data Preparation
Once the data is collected, it then enters the data preparation stage. Data preparation,
often referred to as “pre-processing” is the stage at which raw data is cleaned up and
organized for the following stage of data processing. During preparation, raw data is
diligently checked for any errors. The purpose of this step is to eliminate bad data
(redundant, incomplete, or incorrect data) and begin to create high-quality data for the
best business intelligence.
 5. Process in Data input and Output

3. Data Input
The clean data is then entered into its destination (perhaps a CRM like Salesforce or a data
warehouse like Redshift), and translated into a language that it can understand. Data input is
the first stage in which raw data begins to take the form of usable information.

4. Processing
During this stage, the data inputted to the computer in the previous stage is actually
processed for interpretation. Processing is done using machine learning algorithms, though
the process
 5. Process in Data input and Output

5. Data Output/Interpretation
The output/interpretation stage is the stage at which data is finally usable to non-data
scientists. It is translated, readable, and often in the form of graphs, videos, images, plain
text, etc.). Members of the company or institution can now begin to self-serve the data for
their own data analytics projects.
 5. Process in Data input and Output

6. Data Storage
The final stage of data processing is storage. After all of the data is processed, it is then
stored for future use. While some information may be put to use immediately, much of it
will serve a purpose later on. Plus, properly stored data is a necessity for compliance with
data protection legislation like GDPR. When data is properly stored, it can be quickly and
easily accessed by members of the organization when needed.
6.THE BASIC FUNCTION OF WWW. BROWSER

By. Sofia Marie

 6.THE BASIC FUNCTION OF WWW. BROWSER
Web Browsers
● A web browser takes you anywhere on the internet. It retrieves information from other
parts of the web and displays it on your desktop or mobile device.
● locate information from other side of the web and display it on your desktop or mobile
devices
● visiting any website can be done using web browser

Search Engine
● find information using keyword or phrases
● when a URL is entered in the search engine,
the web browser take us to that website
 6.THE BASIC FUNCTION OF WWW. BROWSER

RELEVANT LINKS

● it is to connect the site to authoritative

document
and web pages that offer real value to the
online user
● refers to how topically similar to a website
● different links are shown in the web
 6. THE BASIC FUNCTION OF WWW. BROWSER

BOOKMARKS

● a web browser feauture used to save a

website’s URL addresss for future
reference

● useful pages are bookmarked

7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems

By: Noli Lubay

 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
Computer Maintenance
- Means keeping your computers and laptops in good condition through regular
cleanings, hard drive updates, and virus prevention. Doing so can lengthen the
lifespan of your devices and it can also help you browse the web more safely.
Ways to maintain your computer:
1. Dust your keyboard using compressed air
- Wipe down your keyboard with a damp lint-free cloth, but be sure not to soak it in
water.
- For harder to reach areas such as in between the keyboard keys, use a compressed
air canister.
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
2. Wipe down your monitor
- in order to keep your screen view fresh and clean, wipe down your monitor once a
week using a dry lint-free or microfiber cleaning cloth. Gently wipe in long motions
as pressing too hard can damage your device.

3. Get rid of your mouse’s dust and particles

- Unplug your mouse and turn it upside down. From there, you’ll want to remove the
bottom panel and clean the ball with a lint-free cloth. You can add rubbing alcohol to
the cloth for a deeper clean. Let the ball dry before
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems

4. Clean your system thoroughly

- Every three to six months you should do a thorough cleaning of your entire
hardware system. You can do this in a number of ways, including with a computer
vacuum. You’ll want to save and close any active files before you unplug your device
to begin cleaning.
- From there, you can open the casing by removing the screws. Don’t vacuum the
inside of the computer. Instead, use the compressed air canister from step #1 on the
inside to avoid damage.
- If you have a laptop, disassembly will be different than with a traditional computer.
Make sure to follow the instructions that came with your device before you begin
taking it apart.
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
5. Power down or reboot your device regularly
- Rebooting regularly does help refresh your system resources.
- If you’re working off an older computer, you should power down your device properly
every night to avoid overheating. If your device is newer, consider rebooting it once a
day instead and turning it to sleep mode when it’s not in use.

6. Defragment the hard drive

- Defragging your hard drive once a month is so important.
- Defragging is the process of reorganizing the data on your hard drive to speed up file
access. It breaks up a file into smaller bits on your device. While every computer is
different, you can usually find Defragment functions under the System and Security
tab in the Control Panel.
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
7. Backup data
- At least once a week you should backup your drive. If you’re working on an important
project, you can do this daily to ensure your files are securely stored. Backing up your
data saves important files in the event of a hard drive failure or system crash.
8. Configure your startup
- You should periodically check in on the applications that automatically run at startup.
These applications can slow down your computer. From the Settings tab, you should be
able to navigate to the Startup to control which applications run.
9. Run disk cleanup
- You can free up disk space on your hard drive by running a disk cleanup. This will clean
out temporary files and extra language files as well as delete big attachments and more.
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
10. Install major computer updates
- To keep your applications running safely and efficiently you should check for major
computer updates at least once a month. These updates can be critical for long-term
health because they patch up critical security holes and remove unnecessary features.
You may also be able to adjust your setting so updates happen automatically.

11. Update antivirus software

- The updates introduce new software features or make improvements on current ones.
Generally you can set your system up for automatic updates, but if you ever receive a
notification from your current antivirus software, you should complete the update as
soon as possible.
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
12. Change your passwords regularly
- One of the easiest ways for hackers to gain access to your device is through a
cyberattack where they steal your login credentials. Upon gaining access to your
device, they can access sensitive information such as spam emails, banking
information, and more.
- While experts used to recommend changing passwords every month, this frequency
was causing new risks and inconveniences for users. Updating your password four
times a year helps keep you more secure without much hassle.

13. Check for firmware updates

- Firmware is a tiny piece of software in your computer that keeps the hardware
functioning properly. Sometimes these updates are included in major computer
updates, but you can check for firmware updates manually on many devices, as well.
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
14. Complete signature updates
- Many programs allow you to install these signature updates automatically, but if not you
should update weekly.

15. Consider parental controls

- If you have kids at home or have other people accessing your device, prevent
software from being downloaded without your consent by setting up parental
controls. These controls will require a password from an administrator to download
certain files and software to your device.
 7. Maintenance of Computer Equipment and
Systems
Maintaining your Files

16. Move similar files into folders 21. Avoid overheating your device
17. Delete unused programs 22. Keep your cords organized
18. Clear out the Recycling Bin 23. Don’t overcharge your device
19. Remove temporary internet files 24. Keep food and drinks away
20. Transfer files to the cloud 25. Avoid spam while browsing