UNIT 5: Fundamentals of filters

and operational amplifier

(Lecture 37 to 39)
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head (LPU)

Outcome: Analyze the working of operational amplifiers and filters in electronic devices

Fundamentals of filters and operational amplifier : filter examples- band-pass filter, low-
pass filter, high-pass filter, operational amplifier abstraction- device properties of the
operational amplifier, simple op amp circuits – virtual ground concept, inverting and non-
inverting op-amp, op-amp as an adder and subtractor, op-amp RC circuits – op-amp
integrator, op-amp differentiator, op-amp as a comparator and its application in anti-lock
braking systems
 UNIT-V

Fundamentals of filters and

operational amplifier
Lecture 37
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
Circuit Symbol and Pin Identification

 2 Inverting Input
7 1 5 U1  3 Non-Inverting Input
 6 Output
3
 7 + Voltage Supply VCC
6  4 – Voltage Supply
2 VEE
 1 and 5 -- Offset Null
741
4
What do they really look like?
 Quick Quiz (Poll 1)
• For an Op-amp with negative feedback, the output is …….

a) equal to the input

b) increased
c) fed back to the inverting input
d) fed back to the noninverting input
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• The Op-amp can amplify

• (a) a.c. signals only

• (b) d.c. signals only
• (c ) both a.c. and d.c. signals
• (d) neither d.c. nor a.c. signals
 UNIT-V

Fundamentals of filters and

operational amplifier
Lecture 37
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 Revision Questions(Poll 1)
• When a differential amplifier is operated
single-ended, …………

a) the output is grounded

b) one input is grounded and signal is applied to
the other
c) both inputs are connected together
d) the output is not inverted
 Revision Questions(Poll 2)
• In differential-mode, …………….

a) opposite polarity signals are applied to the

inputs
b) the gain is one
c) the outputs are of different amplitudes
d) only one supply voltage is used
 Revision Questions(Poll 3)
• In the common mode, ……………

a) both inputs are grounded

b) the outputs are connected together
c) an identical signal appears on both the inputs
d) the output signal are in-phase
 Revision Questions(Poll 4)
• The use of negative feedback ………

a) reduces the voltage gain of an Op-amp

b) makes the Op-amp oscillate
c) makes linear operation possible
d) answers (1) and (2)
What Is An Operational Amplifier?
• An operational amplifier or op-amp is simply a
linear Integrated Circuit (IC) having multiple-
terminals. The op-amp can be considered to be a
voltage amplifying device that is designed to be
used with external feedback components such as
resistors and capacitors between its output and
input terminals. It is a high-gain electronic voltage
amplifier with a differential input and usually a
single-ended output. Op-amps are among the
most widely used electronic devices today as they
are used in a vast array of consumer, industrial
and scientific devices.
1. The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to make
the voltage difference between the inputs zero.
2. The inputs draw no current.
Inverting Operational Amplifier
 Inverting Operational Amplifier
 The Inverting Operational Amplifier configuration is
one of the simplest and most commonly used op-amp
topologies.

 In this Inverting Amplifier circuit the operational

amplifier is connected with feedback to produce a
closed loop operation. When dealing with operational
amplifiers there are two very important rules to
remember about inverting amplifiers, these are: “No
current flows into the input terminal” and that “V1
always equals V2”. However, in real world op-amp
circuits both of these rules are slightly broken.
 This is because the junction of the input and feedback signal
( X ) is at the same potential as the positive ( + ) input which is
at zero volts or ground then, the junction is a “Virtual Earth”.
Because of this virtual earth node the input resistance of the
amplifier is equal to the value of the input resistor, Rin and
the closed loop gain of the inverting amplifier can be set by
the ratio of the two external resistors.

• No Current Flows into the Input Terminals

• The Differential Input Voltage is Zero as V1 = V2 = 0 (Virtual
Earth)
Inverting Amplifier
RF iout

iin R

Vin

Vout RF

Vin R
 Inverting Amplifier

Determine the gain of the inverting amplifier shown.

Rf

Rf 82 k
Acl (I)  
Ri Ri
–
82 k 3.3 k
 Vout
3.3 k Vin +

= 24.8

The minus sign indicates

inversion.
Non- Inverting Amplifier
 Non- Inverting Amplifier
• The second basic configuration of an operational amplifier circuit is
that of a Non-inverting Operational Amplifier design.

• In the previous Inverting Amplifier, we said that for an ideal op-amp

“No current flows into the input terminal” of the amplifier and that
“V1 always equals V2”. This was because the junction of the input
and feedback signal ( V1 ) are at the same potential.

• In other words the junction is a “virtual earth” summing point.

Because of this virtual earth node the resistors, Rƒ and R2 form a
simple potential divider network across the non-inverting amplifier
with the voltage gain of the circuit being determined by the ratios of
R2 and Rƒ as shown below.
Non- Inverting Amplifier
 Non-Inverting Amplifier
RF
iout

iin R
C

Vin

Vout RF
 1
Vin R
Noninverting Amplifier

Determine the gain of the noninverting amplifier shown.

Vin +
Rf Vout
Acl (NI)  1  –
Ri Rf
82 k
82 k
 1
3.3 k Ri
3.3 k
= 35.8
 Applications of op-amp
• Amplifiers
• Active filters
• Arithmetic circuits.
• Log/antilog amp
• Voltage comparators
• Waveform Generators
• Precision rectifiers
• Multipliers
• Timers
• Multivilbrators
• Regulated power supplies
 Advantages of OP-AMP over
conventional Amplifiers:
• It has smaller size.
• Its reliability is higher than conventional
amplifier
• Reduced cost as compared to its discrete
circuit parts.
• Less power consumption
• Easy to replace Same OP-AMP can be used for
different applications.
 UNIT-V

Fundamentals of filters and

operational amplifier
Lecture 39
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
Summing Circuits
• Used to add analog signals
• Voltage averaging
function into summing
function

Calculate closed loop gain for

each input
 Rf  Rf  Rf
ACL1  ACL1  ACL1 
R1 R2 R3

Rf Rf Rf
V o  V in  ACLn Vo  V1  V2  V3 
R1 R2 R3

If all resistors are equal in value: Vo  V1  V2  V3 

Op amp Summing circuits
Difference Circuit
•Used to subtract analog
signals
•Output signal is
proportional to difference
between two inputs

V 2 R3  R1 R4  V1R3

Vout 
(R4  R2 )R1 R1

If all resistors are equal: Vout  V2 V1

Integrating Circuit
•Replace feedback resistor of
inverting op-amp with capacitor
• A constant input signal
generates a certain rate of
change in output voltage
• Smoothes signals over time
Differentiating Circuit
•Input resistor of inverting op-
amp is replaced with a capacitor
•Signal processing method
which accentuates noise over
time
•Output signal is scaled
derivative of input signal
Op-amp comparator
 Comparator Circuit

V1 is Vref
V2 is Vin

• Determines if one signal is bigger than another

• No negative feedback, infinite gain and circuit saturates
• Saturation: output is most positive or most negative value
 Op-amp Comparator
 The comparator is an electronic decision making circuit that makes
use of an operational amplifiers very high gain in its open-loop state,
that is, there is no feedback resistor.
 The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level
with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference
voltage, VREF and produces an output signal based on this voltage
comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage comparator
compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines
which is the largest of the two.

 We have seen in previous tutorials that the operational amplifier can

be used with negative feedback to control the magnitude of its output
signal in the linear region performing a variety of different functions.
We have also seen that the standard operational amplifier is
characterised by its open-loop gain AO and that its output voltage is
given by the expression: VOUT = AO(V+ – V-) where V+ and V-
correspond to the voltages at the non-inverting and the inverting
terminals respectively.
 Anti-lock braking System (ABS)
Anti-lock brake system is merely traction based braking equipment installed on
most of the modern cars with an aim of ensuring the safety of the users. Majority
of cars using this braking system are four-wheeler and require a mechanism for
fast brakes on the road. The mechanism installed on the ABS makes the wheel to
keep the normal braking system from locking up, a normal case with the normal
brake, which can cause the car to skid out of the road in case of an emergency

https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=ru4JIZ-x8yo
 Anti-lock braking System (ABS)
Basically, anti lock braking system (ABS) sensor is used the hall effect sensor for
determining wheel rotation speed to prevent wheel lock up when braking. The
Hall effect ABS sensor consists of a permanent magnet with a Hall effect sensor
next to it. The magnetic field strength changes when a magnetism sensitive
object passes through the magnetic field of the magnet. This changing of the
magnetic field causes the output of the Hall effect sensor to change.
 Anti-lock braking System (ABS)
In most cases the object used to influence the magnetic field is a disk or ring with
evenly distributed teeth, mounted on the driveshaft or in the bearing. When the
wheel is rotating, the teeth are passing the sensor and the pattern in which they
are placed is visible in the ABS sensor signal. Each period of the signal is a tooth
passing the sensor. The frequency of the signal depends on the rotation speed of
the wheel and the amount of teeth on the disk or ring.
 Anti-lock braking System (ABS)
The magnetic induction intensity B changes with the wheel speed to
generate hall potential pulse. After amplifying, shaping and amplifying
power amplifier in hall IC, pulse train is output to the outside
 Summary of Op-amp
 The Operational Amplifier, or Op-amp as it is most commonly called,
can be an ideal amplifier with infinite Gain and Bandwidth when
used in the Open-loop mode with typical DC gains of well over
100,000 or 100dB.

 • The basic Op-amp construction is of a 3-terminal device, with 2-

inputs and 1-output, (excluding power connections).

 • An Operational Amplifier operates from either a dual positive ( +V )

and an corresponding negative ( -V ) supply, or they can operate
from a single DC supply voltage.

 • The two main laws associated with the operational amplifier are
that it has an infinite input impedance, ( Z = ∞ ) resulting in “No
current flowing into either of its two inputs” and zero input offset
voltage V1 = V2.
 Summary Op-amp
An operational amplifier also has zero output impedance, ( Z = 0 ).
• Op-amps sense the difference between the voltage signals applied to
their two input terminals and then multiply it by some pre-determined
Gain, ( A ).
• This Gain, ( A ) is often referred to as the amplifiers “Open-loop Gain”.
• Closing the open loop by connecting a resistive or reactive component
between the output and one input terminal of the op-amp greatly
reduces and controls this open-loop gain.
• Op-amps can be connected into two basic configurations, Inverting
and Non-inverting.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 1)
• Find the output voltage of an ideal op-amp. If V1 and V2 are the two
input voltages
•
a) VO= V1-V2
b) VO= A×(V1-V2)
c) VO= A×(V1+V2)
d) VO= V1×V2
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• Which concept states that if one input terminal of an op-amp is
at zero potential, then the other one also will be at zero
potential?

• a. Virtual short
b. Virtual ground
c. Zero input current
d. None of the above
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)

• Which among the following is/are the feature/s characteristic/s

of an integrated op-amp?

• a. Small size
b. High reliability
c. Low cost & less power consumption
d. All of the above