UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.)

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT 1

COURSE : WATER RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (EVT525)

TITLE : CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER (CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL)

NAME : AIN ATHIRAH BINTI RAHIMI

MATRIC NO : 2021124045

GROUP : AS2292C

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 5TH DECEMBER 2021

LECTURER’S NAME : DR NIK AZLIN NIK ARIFFIN

INTRODUCTION

Water quality testing is a significant piece of natural observing. At the point when water quality
is poor, it influences sea-going life as well as the encompassing environment too. The design of
the water particle makes frail attractions between the oxygen end of one atom and the hydrogen
closures of other water atoms. Despite the fact that these "polar" bonds are somewhat frail and
are continually breaking and improving, their reality brings about numerous uncommon
properties of water contrasted with different substances on the earth. These properties of water
are generally liable for life on the earth.

These areas detail every one of the boundaries that influence the nature of water in the climate.
These properties can be physical, synthetic, or organic elements. Actual properties of water
quality incorporate temperature and turbidity. Substance qualities include boundaries like pH and
broke up oxygen. Natural marks of water quality incorporate green growth and phytoplankton.
These boundaries are pertinent not exclusively to surface water investigations of the sea, lakes,
and streams yet to groundwater and modern cycles too.

PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTIC
OF WATER

CHEMICAL

BIOLOGICAL

Water quality checking can assist scientists with foreseeing and gain from regular cycles in the
climate and decide human effects on a biological system. These estimation endeavors can
likewise aid reclamation projects or guarantee natural principles are being met.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

The chemical characteristics of natural water reflect the soils and rocks with which the water
has been in contact. In addition, agricultural and urban runoff and municipal and industrial
treated wastewater impact the water quality. Microbial and chemical transformations also
affect the chemical characteristics of water.

1. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen portrays oxygen particles which have disintegrated in water. In

some cases, individuals befuddle rises in water with broke up oxygen, however, the
disintegrated type of oxygen can't be seen. Oxygen isn't exceptionally solvent in water.
Under typical conditions, around 12 pieces of oxygen can break up in 1,000,000 pieces
of water (12 mg/liter). Oxygen can just enter water from two sources: it either breaks
up into water from contact with the climate or is created by plants during
photosynthesis. The oxygen that makes sea-going life potential doesn't frame bubbles,
nor is it the oxygen that is important for the H2O water particle. It is a different O2
atom that is broken down in the water and undetectable to our eyes.

All fish and different creatures that live in water, like snails, oceanic creepy crawlies,
and crawfish, expect oxygen to make do. Most creatures require convergences of
something like 5 sections for each million. A few creatures, like trout, require water
generally high in oxygen. Others, for example, carp and numerous local Utah fish can
get by in water very low in oxygen. In this manner, an adjustment of oxygen focuses
on water might influence the synthesis of oceanic networks. Disintegrated oxygen
focus likewise influences the synthetics in the water. For instance, within the sight of
oxygen, a few metals, for example, cadmium cement and sink out of the water.
Without oxygen, these metals disintegrate into the water in a structure which is
undeniably more hazardous to creatures. Supplements in water likewise change
structure contingent upon oxygen fixations. Without oxygen, phosphorus in lake silt
 might disintegrate once more into the water and add to over-treating the lake.

Human exercises influencing the disintegrated oxygen focuses in water through

microorganisms, for example, microbes break down natural waste in water—an interaction
which requires oxygen. Natural waste is whatever was once essential for a plant or creature,
like leaves and compost. On the off chance that there is a ton of natural waste in the stream,
then, at that point, the microorganisms duplicate and utilize more oxygen than can be
supplanted in the stream.

a) Organic squanders might come from an assortment of sources: Untreated sewage.

b) Runoff from dairies, feedlots, and other agrarian activity.

c) Lawn clippings, dirt, and different materials from around our homes.

d) Land clearing exercises like logging or development.

e) Storm water overflow from rural fields and metropolitan regions.

Evacuation of the trees and plants that develop along the edge of streams and waterways
diminishes concealing, bringing about hotter water temperatures. This can by implication
cause lower broke down oxygen focuses in light of the fact that warm water holds less
oxygen.
2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) addresses the measure of oxygen devoured by

microbes and different microorganisms while they disintegrate natural matter under
vigorous (oxygen is available) conditions at a predetermined temperature. The normal
lake or stream contains modest quantities of oxygen as dissolved oxygen (DO). Broken
down oxygen is a vital part of normal water bodies, keeping up with the sea-going life
and quality tasteful of streams and lakes.

The rot of natural matter in water is estimated as biochemical oxygen interest.

Ecological anxieties and other human-instigated variables can reduce the measure of
broke up oxygen in a water body, nonetheless. Natural oxygen request is basically a
proportion of the measure of oxygen needed to eliminate squander natural matter from
water during the time spent disintegration by high-impact microbes. To follow Body
limits, business creation and assembling enterprises are needed to carry out a
wastewater pretreatment or removal program.

Wellsprings of natural oxygen request incorporate leaves and woody garbage; dead
plants and creatures; creature excrement; effluents from mash and paper factories,
wastewater treatment plants, feedlots, and food-handling plants; bombing septic
frameworks; and metropolitan tempest water spillover.

Body is dictated by examines the distinction in broke down oxygen from an example
for five days. A known volume of test has its underlying DO content recorded and
following a five-day hatching period at 20°C, the example is taken out from the
hatchery and the last substance is taken. The Body esteem is then determined from the
consumption and the size of the example utilized. The DO readings are normally in
parts per million (ppm). Higher Body demonstrates more oxygen is required,
connoting lower water quality. Low Body implies less oxygen is being eliminated
from water, so the water is typically cleaner. Since cold water holds oxygen better than
hotter water, DO is normally lower in midyear months.
 Natural oxygen request is regularly utilized in wastewater treatment plants as a list of
the level of natural contamination in water. Businesses that release wastewater into
metropolitan sterile sewers or streams are confronting severe guidelines on degrees of
Body. Strong materials in wastewater can comprise of natural as well as inorganic
materials and living beings and the solids should be essentially diminished by
treatment, or they can build Body when released.

3. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the measure of broke down oxygen that should be
available in water to oxidize substance natural materials, like petrol. COD is utilized to
measure the momentary effect wastewater effluents will have on the oxygen levels of
getting waters.

Like COD, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) estimation can be utilized to appraise the
measure of contamination in a water test. COD portrays the measure of oxygen needed to
artificially separate toxins, while BOD demonstrates the measure of oxygen needed to
breakdown natural contaminations organically with microorganisms.

There is a connection amongst COD and BOD, notwithstanding, it should be tentatively

settled prior to utilizing one boundary to communicate another. Generally, COD
investigation (which is a lot quicker and more exact technique) is utilized to assess Body
utilizing the set up connection. Influent waters entering wastewater plants are high in
organics and the wastewater plant should lessen the "natural stacking" prior to releasing
water to a getting body.

Oxygen request is valuable for estimating waste loadings, assessing the effectiveness of
the treatment cycle, and guaranteeing consistence with guidelines for the oxygen interest
of profluent.

• Essential Treatment:
Clarifiers, or sedimentation bowls, slow the progression of the wastewater to
permit suspended solids to settle. Surface skimmers gather any drifting fats, oils
and lubes. With the utilization of this mechanical and actual method, around 30%
 of natural matter is eliminated from the wastewater and is steered to the solids the
board space of the plant.

• Optional Treatment:
This cycle utilizes living beings to help with decreasing organics. In the air
circulation bowl, microbes and microorganisms convert biodegradable natural
make a difference to carbon dioxide and water. With this change, organics are
decreased, along these lines lessening oxygen interest.

• Release Cutoff points:

Release limits fluctuate from one plant to another contingent upon the attributes
of the getting water, consequences for amphibian life, sporting utilizations and
different variables. Release licenses might specify a particular most extreme
fixation for Body or COD, or a percent evacuation. A few plants require
accomplishing however much 90% evacuation of oxygen interest.

For consistence, it's important to gauge Body or COD in the influent water as it enters the
plant before mechanical screening processes and toward the finish of the treatment at the
release point.

While choosing a strategy for dissecting oxygen interest, think about the accompanying:

• Explicit testing application

• Oxidant that will be utilized
• Fruition time
• Exactness and accuracy of the estimation

4. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)

TOC is the proportion of the degree of natural atoms or toxins in refined water. TOC is
a logical strategy that assists associations with understanding whether the water they
are utilizing is unadulterated enough for their cycles. All water, regardless of how
unadulterated, contains some carbon materials. Many of these materials are brought
into the water from the water source, or from materials and frameworks during
cleaning and creation. They can likewise come straightforwardly from laborers
engaged with the cycles. They might incorporate regular or adjusted results of living
frameworks or man-made and manufactured mixtures.

In contrast to BOD and COD, TOC is a very touchy proportion of natural carbon
present in an example. The affectability of the test makes it important for assessing
water that may be utilized in assembling medications or nourishment for human
utilization, or for testing the virtue of water that will be utilized in touchy assembling
processes like making semi-conductors.

TOC can be utilized in the wastewater treatment industry as a speedy method for
assessing the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of gushing water, when a steady
proportion of TOC to Body has been set up at a specific site (Body testing requires 5
days to TOC's couple of moments). Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is determined by
estimating the measure of All out Carbon (TC) and deducting the Inorganic Carbon
(IC). Inorganic carbon comprises fundamentally of disintegrated CO2 gas and carbonic
salts.

There are three parts of TOC analysis: sampling, oxidation, and detection.

To meet required guidelines, it is suggested the examining framework have

programmed inspecting, fermentation, and sparging for TOC investigation,
programmed weakening capacity and autocalibration utilizing a solitary stock norm to
 further develop reproducibility and increment throughput. To decide the degree of
TOC, the natural carbons should be oxidized. There are a few kinds of oxidation
strategies available today. These techniques, which convert TC into CO2, include:

• Photocatalytic oxidation: Organics convert to carbon dioxide within the sight of

UV light

• Substance oxidation: Blend test in with Persulfate in an UV-lighted chamber to

change organics over to carbon dioxide

• High temperature burning: Blend test in with oxidation impetus in a chamber

warmed to 95-100 degrees Celsius to change organics over to carbon dioxide.

Studies propose that the blend of the Persulfate with the hotness and UV light created
more exact and quicker investigation.

TOC Analyzers utilize two kinds of discovery frameworks, non-dispersive infrared

(NDIR) and conductivity identifiers (direct and film). NDIRs, which comprise of a
light source, cell, and a recognition segment, are more famous because of strength and
obstruction issues with conductivity finders.

5. AMMONIACAL OXYGEN (AN)

Nitrogen, as smelling salts, is a basic supplement in organic wastewater treatment.

It is used by microorganisms to make proteins, including catalysts expected to
separate food or Body just as in making energy.

In enacted slop, the two essential indications of supplement inadequacy are

exorbitant fibers and extreme polysaccharide or sludge. Supplement lack may
likewise cause the creation of thick froth and effect the jam like consistency of the
actuated ooze which will meddle with the ooze compaction (this is alluded to as
sludge building).
Exorbitant fibers and unreasonable polysaccharide are lesser issues in circulated air
through adjustment bowls yet are still marks of supplement inadequacies. In both
circulated air through adjustment bowls and enacted ooze wastewater frameworks,
deficient supplement accessibility will prompt poor biochemical oxygen interest
(Body) expulsion because of the powerlessness of the microorganisms to partition
and make more specialists. This will bring about straight Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) evacuation, rather than outstanding or logarithmic expulsion true
to form under ideal conditions.

At the point when alkali is available in water at sufficiently high levels, it is hard
for sea-going life forms to adequately discharge the poison, prompting poisonous
development in inside tissues and blood, and conceivably demise.

Sources of Ammonia:

a) Agricultural

The essential farming sources incorporate inadvertent arrivals of smelling salts rich
manure during transport and domesticated animals squander from farms, feedlots,
fields, and rangeland

b) Residential and Metropolitan

Family utilization of alkali containing in cleaning items, on-part septic

frameworks, and ill-advised removal of smelling salts items that might add to
nonpoint contamination

c) Atmospheric Testimony

Alkali in the environment is gotten from ignition cycles like homegrown warming,
consuming of metropolitan waste, and gas-powered motors.

d) Point sources
The accompanying modern cycles produce smelling salts outflows and profluent,
for example, transformation of coal to coke in coke plants, metallurgic activities,
clay creation, strip mining, substance blend, squander gas treatment, sewage
treatment plants, ammonium nitrate touchy creation, creation of refrigeration gear,
and creation of family cleaners, petroleum processing plants, and food handling.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

Biological parameters are important factor that determine quality of drinking water. It is more
important than physical and chemical parameters in term of direct effect on human health.
Some important biological characteristics affecting quality of drinking water includes
bacteria, protozoa, virus, and algae.

1. Bacteria

These are the moment single cell life forms having no characterized core and having
no green material to assist them with assembling their own food. They are replicated
by paired combination and may of different shapes and sizes are 1 to 4 microns,
inspected by magnifying lens. Individuals and different creatures release enormous
number of gastrointestinal microorganisms into stool and pee.

In this way, microorganisms show up in drinking water when water source is tainted
with stool. Some digestive microorganisms which are typical vegetation of digestive
system are not pathogenic while different microscopic organisms cause genuine
sickness when they are available in drinking water.

Non-disease-causing bacteria – Nonpathogenic

bacteria.
• Do not cause disease, harm or death to another organism.
• e.g., E.coli

Disease causing bacteria – Pathogenic bacteria.

• Harmless and are often beneficial but others can
cause infectious diseases.
• e.g., salmonellosis, listeriosis, campylobacteriosis and yersiniosis

These microbes are possibly present in drinking water in case wellspring of water
is sullied with excrement.
 Drinking water should be consistently checked to identify gastrointestinal
microorganisms. Notwithstanding, all gastrointestinal microorganisms are hard to
develop and distinguish in routine assessment. Along these lines, presence of
pathogenic gastrointestinal microbes is in a roundabout way checked by
recognizing digestive typical vegetation. Such organic entity which are regularly
checked for nature of water is known as pointer life form for waste tainting.

2. Fungi

Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic life forms. Organisms incorporate both single-
celled yeasts and multi-cell filamentous growths. Parasites rummage supplements
from the substrate that they colonize, or from the air or water where they reside.
Organisms can deliver optional metabolites, some of which are poisons. Some
parasitic species and the metabolites they produce are human microbes or
allergens.

Organisms don't ingest food similarly creatures do, yet they do deliver chemicals
into their general climate to separate complex materials into more straightforward
materials that can be consumed by the parasite in an interaction known as
absorptive nourishment. Water is essential for these catalysts to leave the
organism, stay practical, and to separate complex substances. When the mind-
boggling substances have been separated and broken down in water, they are then
consumed by the organism.
For parasitic development to happen, a specific degree of free water should be
available. Various organisms have diverse water necessities. Actual openings set
up for putting away offices and presence without of cover let microorganisms to be
presented from the air, creature, opening piece of attentionless surface or land-
water. The issues associated with parasites remember something for the method of
water pipes, organoleptic declining, pathogenic growths, and mycotoxins.
Mycotoxins are auxiliary metabolites just created and delivered under specific
conditions that can cause distinctive condition of being solid impacts in people and
creatures.

The optional metabolites created by certain species can change the taste and smell
of water. Natural corrosive delivered by parasitic metabolic cycles can expand the
pace of consumption in water pipes. The water that is accessible that can uphold
microbial living in building materials is usually communicated as water action.
Water movement makes a correlation of the actual properties of water in the
material being referred to with that of pure water to create a scale from 0-1 and
pure refined water has a worth of 1.
 Even though there is nobody of a number mechanical assembly that
straightforwardly tests for water action rather the harmony relative stickiness is
expressed. High-hazard regions for soil-borne contagious development to happen
are treatment leap forward, interruption, cross associations, and fundamental gets
in great condition once more/breaks. Primary breaks incorporate releasing joint,
connectors, breaks in pipelines, and lacking seals. Low and negative tension
occasions can let interruptions of pollutants through such breaks. Changes in strain
can get up from siphon fire up and closure, flushing tasks, power disappointment,
and huge changes in demand. Air-shipped specie might be presented from the air in
touch with put away water. When the species is brought into the climate, it can
become made sure on the internal surfaces of lines, including the association and
response with sealings, coatings, and biofilms inside conveyance framework, or
suspended in the water.

A few animal groups can be found all through water dissemination organization,
while other can be restricted to made close, not general locales. As of now,
guidelines controlling degrees of organisms in drinking water are remarkable. For
instance, in the Assembled Realm the organisms are not should have been checked
out or controlled. Without water, organisms can't develop or recreate. Key to
ending and controlling parasitic development in things, for example, structures can
be to decrease the ready to utilization of free water by removing the water source
like placing right breaks in pipes, running a dehumidifier in moist regions, and
removing wet structure materials.

3. Virus

A virus is an irresistible specialist that can just duplicate inside a host living being.
Infections can taint an assortment of living creatures, including microscopic
organisms, plants, and creatures. Viruses are little to the point that a magnifying
instrument is important to imagine them, and they have an exceptionally basic
construction.
Viruses are compulsory intracellular parasites: when viral particles are suspended
without anyone else in water, they may just get by or bite the dust, which implies
that the viral count will remain something very similar or diminishing after some
time. Considering the big quantities of viral particles shed by contaminated people
(for instance, 1 g of defecation from a tainted individual might contain as high as
1010 rotaviruses) and the low irresistible portion of some popular infections
(assessed at 1-10 particles for some infections), acquiring information on the
capacity of infections to get by in water is especially significant.

Water quality is regularly surveyed by the discovery of bacterial markers, which

should address the general level of water defilement by pathogenic
microorganisms. Notwithstanding, infections are unique, and their conduct may not
be sufficiently addressed by that of microbes. Along these lines, a few creators
have proposed the utilization of pointer infections, which would be illustrative of
the viral conduct in water. Valuable markers ought to be among the safest ones, to
guarantee that control measures are proficient on an enormous scope of infections:
in case no pointer is recognized, one ought to have the option to expect with a
serious level of sureness that no popular microbe is available all things considered.
Portray the endurance capacities of applicant viral pointers, and to contrast them
with those of pathogenic infections.
 Bacteriophages are infections that target microorganisms. All things considered;
they might be utilized as organic weapons against specific kinds of pathogenic
microbes. One model is the utilization of bacteriophages against such microscopic
organisms as Aeromonas salmonicida or Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which are
answerable for fish infections in hydroponics. In this unique situation, evaluate the
endurance of bacteriophages in water since it will affect their productivity.

Without even a trace of host cells, viral populaces in the climate may just diminish
or stay stable. Thusly, while thinking about the development of a viral populace
with time, differing an ecological variable will ultimately deliver a decrease in
viral counts. The assessment and examination of the shape and power of this
decrease address significant targets of viral inactivation studies.

Temperature has been the most concentrated on factor and is for sure regularly
perceived as the most persuasive one. It has been all around showed that higher
temperatures mean quicker popular inactivation. At low temperatures above
freezing, infections might get by for expanded timeframes, frequently longer than
the span of the review, and now and again for a considerable length of time. At
higher temperatures, the viral populace will be decreased by a few significant
degrees in a couple of days. Clearly, warming will kill infections in practically no
time. Frigid temperatures permit infections to stay stable for quite a long time in
any event, albeit an underlying lessening might be seen in the primary days

4. Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular organic entities are made out of more than one cell, with gatherings
of cells separating to take on specific capacities. In people, cells separate from the
get-go being developed to become nerve cells, skin cells, muscle cells, platelets,
and different kinds of cells. One can undoubtedly notice the distinctions in these
cells under a magnifying lens. Their construction is identified with their capacity,
which means each sort of cell takes on a specific structure to best fill its need.
Nerve cells have members considered dendrites and axons that interface with other
 nerve cells to move muscles, convey messages to organs, or register tangible
improvements. External skin cells structure straightened stacks that shield the body
from the climate. Muscle cells are slim strands that pack together for muscle
constriction.

Figure shows the various types of multicellular organisms.

Conclusion
Water quality testing is an important part of environmental monitoring. When water quality is
poor, it affects not only aquatic life but the surrounding ecosystem. Biological indicators of water
quality include algae and phytoplankton. Water quality monitoring can help researchers predict
and learn from natural processes in the environment and determine human impacts on an
ecosystem. These measurement efforts can also assist in restoration projects or ensure
environmental standards are being met. The properties of water can be physical, chemical, or
biological factors, such as pH and dissolved oxygen. Therefore, some authors have proposed the
use of indicator viruses, which would be representative of the viral behavior in water.
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