CURS DE LIMBA ENGLEZĂ

ANUL I

SEMESTRUL II

DR. MIRUNA IACOB

 PARTEA I

MATERIALE DE CURS
 UNIT. 1. TOWNS AND BUILDINGS

I. Describe your city in a few sentences.

II. Read the following text about houses around the world and answer the questions:

Do you live in a house? You might be surprised to learn that there are many, many kinds of houses.
Most people in the United States are used to houses made of wood or bricks. But many people around the
world live in houses made of grass, dirt, or cloth.

In the Great Rift Valley of Eritrea, the nomadic people build their houses of straw. Their houses are
shaped like domes – half spheres. The homes are small and cool. The people can move their houses when
they want to move, also taking their animals to new places in order to find food.

People who belong to the Uros tribe of Lake Titicaca, Peru build their houses of reeds. Not only that ––
they also live on islands that are made of reeds! Their boats are made of reeds too! About 2,000 people live
on these man–made islands. They started to build their own islands about 500 years ago.

In Sana’a, Yemen, some people live in tall houses made of bricks. These bricks are made of clay, straw,
and soil. The bricks last many years –– maybe as long as 500 years. The modern houses in Sana’a are made
to look like the older, traditional houses, but they are made of concrete instead of bricks.

In Mindanao in the Philippines, some people still live in tree houses. The tree houses are made of
bamboo with grass roofs. The houses are good lookouts for snakes and wild animals. The air is cool and the
houses stay dry. Now, most people use these tree houses as meeting places.

The fishermen of Sabah, Malaysia build their houses on the water. They use wood from mangrove trees.
This wood stays strong in the water. The houses receive official addresses from the government.

Fujian, China has many townhouses that are made of hard–packed soil. The dirt becomes as strong as
brick when it is packed hard. One large family group lives in a townhouse. The townhouses were built
around 300 years ago. A group of townhouses is protected by a thick dirt–packed wall.

In the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, some nomadic people live in homes called gels. These homes are made
of cloth. The cloth is filled with animal hair. Two poles in the centre of the house hold the house up. The
people move often to find food for their animals. The houses are easy to move and set up.

Some American Indians live in teepees. These homes are made of cloth or buffalo hide. There are
wooden poles used to hold the teepee up. Now some people use teepees only for special ceremonies, but
people used to live in them all the time.
 The traditional houses of Chitos, Greece, are made of stone. They have arched doorways and indoor
courtyards. They have outdoor dining rooms which are decorated with tile and rock. This means they are
ornamented, and made to look more beautiful.

The Dayak people of Indonesia build some of their houses on stilts, several feet above the ground. The
frame of the house is made of iron. The walls are made of tree bark. The floors are made of wooden planks
which are placed side by side. The houses are decorated with pictures of water snakes and rhinoceros birds.
These animals are part of the people’s story of creation, or how the world was made.

People build their houses to fit the needs of their lives. The houses are different, but one thing is the
same wherever you go. There’s no place like home!

1. How are the islands and the houses of the Uros tribe the same?
a. They are both made by machines.

b. They are both made of reeds.

c. They are both made of soil.

d. They are both built on land.

e. They are both very modern.

2. Why did people live in tree houses?

a. So they could see far.

b. So they could stay cool.

c. So they could stay safe.

d. All of the above.

e. None of the above.

3. Which groups have cloth houses?

a. The Uros people.

b. The Dayak and the Greek people.

c. Mongolians and American Indians.

d. Andalusians and the Dayak people.

e. The Greek and the Malaysian people.

4. Where do houses have outdoor rooms?

a. In Greece.

b. In Malaysia.

c. In Indonesia.

d. In the Philippines.

e. In the Gobi Desert.

5. Nomads are people who…

a. live on small farms.

b. move from place to place.

c. build their homes of stone.

d. live in underground houses.

e. build their homes on the water.

6. What is another word for soil?

a. Tile

b. Dirt

c. Cloth

d. Brick

e. Concrete

7. Why are Dayak houses decorated with pictures of snakes?

a. The Dayak people are afraid of snakes.

b. The snake pictures scare away other animals.

c. The snakes are part of the Dayak creation story.

d. Both B and C are correct.

e. None of the above

8. When something is decorated, it is…

a. made larger.

b. made stronger.

c. made to look more beautiful.

d. made to look more frightening.

e. None of the above.

III. Match the following words with their definitions:

1. a large splendid house; a. art gallery;

2. the compartment of the house where you b. office;

keep the car;

3. you use them to go up and down in the c. concert hall;

house;

4. an outdoor space for dining or recreation d. pub;

that adjoins a residence and is often

paved;

5. a small room, enclosed recess, or cabinet e. stairs

for storing clothing, food, utensils etc.;

6. a theatre designed chiefly for the f. closet;

performance of operas;

7. a room or series of rooms where works g. railway station;

of art are exhibited;

8. a workplace in a building; h. palace;

9. a public establishment where one can buy i.patio

alcoholic beverages;

10. a stop for transportation by train. j. garage.

IV. Fill in the gaps with one of the words in the box:

buildings drugstore church concert hall crossroads

discos hospital hotels orchard parks pavements

zoo skyscrapers town hall view-tower underground

1. Every mayor has an office in the ……………

2. Big cities have tall ………………… with many floors.
3. There is an ………….. with lovely olive trees beyond the town.
4. You can see the whole town and its surroundings from the near-by ………….
5. A lot of cities have an ………………… for fast public transport. It's ideal to travel with if
you are not claustrophobic.
6. On that hill you can find a ……………. with a lot of exotic animals.
7. You must walk only on hard-surface ………………. in this park.
8. Our town is known for its beautiful green …………….
9. Excuse me, can you tell me where the nearest ……………is? I need some aspirin.
10. We can go to the concert that is taking place in the local …………….
11. I have lost my way. There are a lot of streets and…………….. with traffic lights.
12. Have you already seen the ……………. of Saint Peter? It is a Catholic one.
13. Lovers of night-life can try some of the ……………… and night clubs.
14. Our town has a new …………………..for ill people.
15. Do you know any cheap …………….. and restaurants in that town?
16. When sightseeing you can see a lot of historical ………….

V. Choose the correct answer:

The entrance to the flat was at the ....1.......of the house. Jane had to walk along a .......2........across the
lawn and past a ............3.............full of gardening equipment. Inside the back part there was a flight
of ..............4..........and then another door on the ........5........ . It was a .....6..............flat with a bedroom,
living room, kitchen and bathroom. There was not a lot of ........7............but certainly enough for a
student like Jane. There was a/ an ......8........with an electric fire, and the kitchen had a small
.......9........and a fridge. The bathroom did not have a bath, only a ..........10.........and a basin, but Jane
didn’t mind. She was thinking about other problems. There wasn’t a washing .....11.......and there was
no .......12........ heating. It was raining outside, and the flat felt damp and chilly. On the bed there were
some .....13.........but no eiderdown. It was lucky that Jane had brought a sleeping bag. As she was
wondering what to do next, there was a knock .........14.......the door.

1. a. side; b. inside; c. beginning; d. garden.

2. a. road; b. way; c. path; d. stairs.
3. a. room; b. shed; c. cellar; d. floor.
4. a. ladder; b. upstairs; c. rooms; d. stairs.
5. a. roof; b. landing; c. balcony; d. bottom.
6. a. multi-storey; b. semi-detached; c. furnished; d. cottage.
7. a. furniture; b. rent; c. neighbours; d. housing.
8. a. oven; b. chimney; c. radiator; d. fireplace.
9. a. cook; b. cookery; c. cooker; d. cooking.
10. a. waterfall; b. shower; c. splash; d. sink.
11. a. machine; b. up; c. room; d. powder.
12. a. central; b. inner; c. centralized; d. interior.
13. a. blanket; b. pillows; c. cushings; d. cloth.
14. a. at; b. in; c. up; d. on.

VI. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits in the space:
When Ann decided to move, it was mainly because she was tired of her ....1...... (NEIGHBOUR). It
was crowded, there was a ....2.......(SHORT) of parking places, and the view from her
...........3.........(STAIRS) windows was of distant factory chimneys. Luckily she arranged everything
very ............4....(EASY), and with a small ........5.........(LEND) from the bank, she was able to buy a
house in the country. It was an old farm building, which had been .........6.......(BUILD) and turned into
a modern house. After loading all her belongings into a van, Ann managed to get them into the new
house .......7.........(DAMAGE). She .........8.........(FURNITURE) most of the rooms with what she
already owned. Even her curtains were the right ......9.........(LONG) for the windows and she only had
to buy a new ..........10..........(COOK) for the kitchen. It was a dream come true!
 UNIT 2. COMMAND AND MARKET ECONOMIES

I. a. Name some characteristics of a market oriented economic system.

b. Give examples of command economic systems and their features.

II. a. Read the following text and check your answers.

b. Read the text again in order to fill in the table placed below.

All societies are faced with the question of what to produce, how much to produce, who produces
it, who will receive the goods. The answer to all these questions is provided by the economic system of
the society. The government can direct the factories to produce what goods and how much of these goods,
or management and private business can determine what is to produce and how much will be produced.
In one type of the system people buy goods and services with income earned from production. In another
the government gives purchasing power but not earned by producing goods and services.

Land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship are required to produce any goods or services. Land
includes the natural resources growing on or under the earth's surface. Labour includes that total human
resources to turn raw materials into goods and services. Capital is the total money, tools, machinery and
buildings used in the process of labour. The final factor is entrepreneurship, that is the skills and risk-
taking to turn the other factors of production into goods and services.

In a capitalist economic system, people, or in economic terms, households, own privately all these
factors of production as opposed to being owned by the state in a command system. That is why, a
capitalist system, a market system is organised from the bottom up, as the consumer gives the orders. They
are transmitted to retailers, dealers, and so on. By an elaborate division of labour, economic activity is
carried on with no plan or no committee giving orders but by a system of market competition ordered by
the consumer's choice itself.

Consequently, private enterprise is characterised by decisions that are taken in the market place,
as opposed to the state planned and owned economic system. Prices function as a major signal or indicator
as to what should and what should not be produced, because market economy system is governed by the
laws of competition and is also regulated by supply and demand. The consumer is the one that benefits
from this competition because he is going to get better products and services at lower prices.

Competition in business is a sort of competition in sports or competition in anything in life, as it

keeps you on your toes, you have to keep improving, it helps you sharpen. This is also the way of obtaining
profit that encourages the private enterprise system to look for those cost-cutting technologies, for
lowering the prices and for improving quality. Profit helps fuel the system, it helps keep the prime mover
of the progress. They are people who are likely to come up with new ideas, the new technologies, that are
going to cause us to leap forward in the process of economic growth and development, bringing new goods
and services in the market.

Secondly, the entrepreneurs create new jobs. Entrepreneurship is the place for individuals who
want to do their own thing, who do not like to see themselves fitting into the mould of some bureaucratic
structure, be it corporate or be it public, for people who want to go out there and work their own hours,
set their own times, work 7o hours one week if they want to, and take off for a week if they feel like. It
allows you to do research and development that would not be done if it weren't for a good profit. It allows
a whole series of very tangible asset development programs that can tend to make an organisation much
stronger for the future, for new employees.

In the command economy, all decisions about production, distribution, consumption are made by
the government, as it owns all the major factors of production. All the natural laws of competition, supply
and demand do not operate anymore. An elaborate system of command is determined by the state property,
so orders are given and orders have to be obeyed, as the only owner of the factors of production makes
conscious economic decisions, running the whole society as an obedient army, to a central direction. The
consumer is not the one to decide for himself in the market, but only the state.

III. Answer the following questions?

1. What are the main characteristics of market economy?

2. Can you draw out a comparison between market economy and command economy according to the
following headings?

Command system Market economy system

ownership

competition

supply/demand

price/quality

entrepreneurship
education

resources allocation

social layers

IV. Match the following words with the definitions:

1. goal a. to take part in a contest to prove who is the best

2. environment b. to buy shares, property in order to earn interest or bring profit

3. challenge c. project or undertaking, especially one that is difficult or needs courage

4. privatisation d. action or methods by which a result is brought about; money, wealth,

resources

5. enterprise e. measure of the output of an organisation or economy per unit of input

(labour, raw materials, capital, etc)

6. competition f. event in which people compete, contest

7. means g. thing that encourages somebody to do something

8. trade h. state of being not employed

9. investment i. the goods or services requiring substantial investment considered

essential to the proper functioning of an economy: roads, railways,
electricity supply, sewerage

10. infrastructure j. conditions, circumstances, natural conditions affecting people's life

11. productivity k. the process of selling a publicly owned company to the private sector

12. payroll l. the activity of selling goods or services in order to make a profit

13. incentive m. object of one's efforts; target

14. unemployment n. to put into effect; carry out plans, policies, a programme of reforms

15. implement o. the place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange items of value

16. market p. the evidence of the employees of an organisation and of their wages.
V. Read the following text and fill in the missing words.

Today, more and faster than ever, the world is confronted with the necessity for change in systems, felt
not only in ex-communist and centrally-planned economies, but even, to some extent, in the developed
capitalist economies, which have, as an imperative short-run goal, to adapt to a permanent changing
environment. We shall focus on the countries that have to change their systems entirely and dramatically
- the former communist countries - which are challenged nowadays with a tough problem: transition to
market economy. What should be the best possible ways in which a market system can be built for these
countries?

1.The most important _____________ of transition is the privatisation of former state-owned enterprises,
former industrial giants which are very inefficient and costly. The governments of these countries must
create a ___________ environment to force newly created private enterprises to _______________ with
the discipline of competition. One of the most common means in achieving this goal was to open _____
national markets for the international trade and ____________.

(Missing words: up, component, investment, competitive, operate)

2.Another topic that must be _________ is the critical role which governments of these __________
should exercise as facilitators of the development process, in the sense that they should __________ with
human resources through education and create the infrastructure that the public sectors need in order to
attain effective performances. Such programmes must __________ into account that any program a
government decides to overtake must be tailored to its capacities to govern, ______________ people's
trust will be more and more diminished.

(Missing words: take, handled, provide, otherwise, countries )

3. The third problem relates to the large state-owned enterprises which occasionally performed well, but
which are very risky due to several factors, such as:

➢ low productivity
➢ padded payrolls
➢ disregard of the environmental forces
The government should create incentives to sell these factories to potential investors, (if any) or to close
them down. But closing down these giants will bring very high levels of unemployment, which is an acute
and terrible cost suffered due to the transition and which should be handled with care. That is why
governments should come with efficient social protection programs either internally or externally
financed.
4. It is difficult to________ the performance of each economy only by drawing lessons from some other
countries' experience. In order to implement a good and reliable market ________ system, particular
elements of each country's culture, __________, history and aspirations must be taken into account and
conclusions drawn locally. Each country must strive ___________ hard to achieve the system that best
suits its internal conditions.

(Missing words: oriented, judge, very, values)

5. Another problem is constituted by the type of capitalist system that will be implemented in each country,
primarily related to the size of the public sector, workers-employers concepts, providing infrastructure,
education, assistance in critical projects, etc.

6. An important point relates to the integration in the developed countries structures, which is a goal
recognised by all former communist countries. This may have several _____:

➢ to obtain economic and financial assistance

➢ to get security provided by these institutions
➢ to get consulting when necessary
There are countries based upon an economic market system with _________ on private ownership, on
productive activities and an extensive use of market regulatory forces, countries which have been
developing for more than a __________. Countries which are facing today that economic transition must
achieve their goals very fast, within a decade or ______, in order not to be critically affected by the
financial differences on the international market. This also represents an__________ for them. All these
aspects are taken into

account by those countries, found themselves in transition in order to accomplish their development goals
in short time and fewer social costs.

(Missing words: two, reasons, impediment, emphasis, century)

VI. Make up new words from the words given in capital letters:

1. ................... economists point out that planned economy is likely to lead to inefficiency. WEST

2. The bureaucrats running the command systems never have sufficient information to allocate resources
in a way to satisfy ........................ demands. CONSUME

3. ...................... the square mile on the north of the River Thames between Waterloo Bridge and Tower
Bridge, the City of London has been an international trade centre since medieval times. OCCUPY
4. The ............................ has calculated the capital equivalent of the assets that yield a regular income all
day long. ACCOUNT

5. We respond to our ................by promoting brand new products. COMPETE

6. What is the .......................rate in Romania at the moment? EMPLOY

VII. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box:

bankrupt compete competition customers inefficiency manage monopolies

overstaffing ownership quality share staff state subsidized

A market economy is based on private ............1...........in contrast to planned economy where .........2.........
ownership prevails. In a free market economy efficiency is the key word, while on the other hand
command economy most likely leads to ...............3.......... . In a free market economy, inefficient
businesses go .........4............., whereas in a command economy businesses are .............5.........., thus
allowing them to survive in spite of their unsatisfactory economic performance. This enables the latter
type of economy to resort to ..........6........., that is employing more personnel than actually required.
Market economy leads to high ..............7..................... of goods and services, while on the other hand
planned economy will not focus on offering high quality goods and services to .............8.................... .
This is due to the fact that in the latter type of economy, there is actually no ........9.................., as there
are state .................10.....................and therefore the options of customers are severely restricted. On the
other hand, in a market economy companies freely ................11..............for a larger market
..........................12......................and are thus forced to be efficient and employ
.....................13........................according to real necessities and ......................14................ their resources
with outmost care.

VIII. Translate into English:

"... adevărata libertate de expresie a cetăţeanului se va realiza numai prin respectarea dreptului la
proprietate, care va asigura în timp, independenţa economică a individului faţă de stat."

"Poate că trebuie să înţelegi libertatea pentru a te bucura de adevăratul ei preţ."(H. Balzac)

"Fără libertate, nu există comerţ."(Adam Smith)

"Cel ce doreşte să devină întreprinzător este incitat de o nevoie internă să nu depindă de alţii, fie că ei se
numesc părinţi, fie proprietari sau şefi"
 UNIT 3. FOOD, RESTAURANTS, AND COOKING

I. Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box:

vendors retronym features classifications speed

full non- disposable establishment seated casual

service counter comprises types attire

family-style provided visually businesses takeaway

There are various ……1……..of restaurants. Restaurants fall into several industry
………2………based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing. Additionally, how the food is
served to the customer helps to determine the classification.
Historically, restaurant referred only to places that ………3………tables where one sat down to eat
the meal, typically served by a waiter. Following the rise of fast food and take-out restaurants, a
………4………for the older "standard" restaurant was created, sit-down restaurant. Most commonly, "sit-
down restaurant" refers to a ……5…….dining restaurant with table service rather than a fast-food
restaurant where one orders food at a………6……... . Sit-down restaurants are often further categorized
as "………7……..".
In British English, the term restaurant almost always means an eating ………8……….with table
service, so the "sit-down" qualification is not usually necessary. Fast food and …………9……..outlets
with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants.
Fast-food restaurants emphasize …………10…………of service. Fast-food operations range from
small-scale street ……………11……… with carts to franchised mega-corporations like McDonald's.
Fast casual restaurants do not offer table………12………., but may offer ……13……….plates and
cutlery. The quality of food and price are higher than those of a conventional fast-food restaurant.
Family style restaurants are restaurants that have a fixed menu and fixed price, usually with diners
………14……….at a communal table such as on bench seats. True to their name, these restaurants tend
to be single-family ………15……...
A casual dining restaurant is a restaurant that serves moderately-priced food in a casual atmosphere.
Except for buffet-style restaurants, casual dining restaurants typically provide table service. Casual dining
………16……..a market segment between fast food establishments and fine dining restaurants.
Casual dining restaurants usually have a full bar with separate bar staff, a larger beer menu and a
limited wine menu. They are frequently, but not necessarily, part of a wider chain, particularly in the
United States.
 Fine dining restaurants are …..17……service restaurants with specific dedicated meal courses. Décor
of such restaurants ….18………higher quality materials with an eye towards the "atmosphere" desired by
the restaurateur. The wait staff is usually highly trained and often wears more formal……19…... Fine-
dining restaurants are almost always small businesses and are generally either single-location operations
or have just a few locations. Food portions are smaller but more ……….20…….appealing.
II. Choose the correct answer:
1. Which of the following would a vegetarian eat?
a. pork; b. beef; c. lamb; d. cabbage.

2. Waiter in a restaurant: “How would you like your steak, Sir?” Customer: “…”
a. well done; b. medium; c. rare; d. all the three answers.

3. Which verb is the odd one out?

a. chop; b. fry; c. dice; d. slice.

4. Which word completes this sentence? “I love the food he makes. He’s a really good … .”
a. cooker; b. cook; c. maker; d. cooking.

5. Which of these food preparation utensils do you not usually associate with potatoes?
a. masher; b. peeler; c. knife; d. whisk.

6. I’m going to ………a cake for his birthday.

a. roast; b. bake; c. cook; d. do.

7. Waiter, can I see the ……., please?

a. catalogue; b. menu; c. directory; d. notebook.

8. Could you bring me my ….., please?

a. account; b. bill; c. pay; d. payment.

9. This …..is a speciality of our restaurant.

a. dish; b. plate; c. help; d. helping.

10. Don’t forget to buy a packet of …..peas.

a. chilled; b. frozen; c. frosted; d. chilly.

11. Can you give me the ….for this pie?

a. prescription; b. instructions; c. ingredients; d. recipe.

12. The main …..was delicious, but I was not so enthusiastic about the second.
a. food; b. course; c. soup; d. service.

13. I’m afraid this fish is not what I ….. .

a. ordered; b. commanded; c. urged; d. cried.
 III. Work with your partner to match the countries on the left with their famous dishes on
the right:
1. India a. chilli con carne
2. China b. paella
3. Germany c. fish and chips
4. Mexico d. sushi
5. France e. curry
6. England f. pizza
7. Switzerland g. chop suey
8. Spain h. fondue
9. Italy i. snails
10. Japan j. frankfurters

IV. Match the following traditional Romanian dishes with their explanations:

1. polenta a. a dish of grape or cabbage leaves rolled around a filling usually

based on minced meat. It is found in the cuisines of the former
Ottoman Empire as well as those of Central Europe and Central Asia;

2. stuffed peppers b. a dish prepared of boiled beef or veal stomach, with a lot of garlic
and sour-cream;

3. eggplant c. a traditional Romanian side dish or garnish. It is pork fat that has
casserole been cubed and can be fried, dried, or baked;

4. tripe soup d. a dish made of minced meat, onion, carrot, pepper, parsley, garlic
and egg, mixed together and then fried in small pieces. They can be
eaten both hot and cold, they are ideal for parties and picnics. As a
hot dinner, they go nicely with mash potatoes;

5. cabbage stewed e. vegetable spread, made by cooking a mix of many different

in fat vegetables (eggplant—roasted and peeled, peppers—sometimes
roasted and peeled, onions, tomatoes, carrots, parsley roots) with oil
until they become a paste;

6. dumpling soup f. a dish made out of yellow maize traditional for Romania, Moldova,
Russia and Ukraine. Historically, it was a peasant food, often used
 as a substitute for bread, but in the last decades it has emerged as an
upscale dish available in the finest restaurants.

7. cabbage rolls/ g. steamed cabbage with pork ribs, duck or sausages;

grape-leaf rolls

8. meatballs h. a dish usually prepared with bell peppers (or a similar species)
stuffed with ground meat, usually pork, rice, onion and other
vegetables and spices. It is very similar to the "punjene paprike" of
Serbian cuisine and the "pelnene chiushki" of Bulgarian cuisine;

9. seasoned i. a dish consisting of boiled chicken and vegetables, with small balls
forcemeat balls made of eggs and semolina;

10. bacon j. dish of grilled minced-meat rolls made from beef (usually mixed
with lamb and pork), which contain garlic, black pepper, thyme,
coriander, anise and sometimes a touch of paprika. Sodium
bicarbonate (and sometimes broth or water) is also added to the
mixture. Best served accompanied by mustard and beer.

V. Decide which is the odd one out in each of the following groups of words:

1. like/ love/ hate/ enjoy

2. tasty/ open/ horrible/ delicious

3. to roast/ to grate/ to chop/ to fry

4. a cooker/ an oven/ a cook/ a grill

5. to slice/ to chop/ to roll/ to cut

6. beautiful/ rare/ medium/ well-done

7. potatoes/ tomatoes/ carrots/ apples

8. pork/ beef/ lamb/ cabbage

VI. Match the following concepts with the corresponding fragment they describe:
1. Buffet 4. Franchise
2. Fast Casual 5. Restaurant Food Truck
3. Café 6. Ethnic Cuisine
a. This is a restaurant that does not offer table service. Customers order their food from a counter and
serve themselves. A bistro is sometimes interchanged with it, but offers full meals.

b. Originating in 16th Century France, this has stood the test of time and continues to be a popular
choice for many restaurant customers. By definition, it is a meal where guests serve themselves from
a variety of dishes set out on a table or sideboard.

c. It is like restaurant on wheels. It has several distinct advantages over a traditional eat-in restaurant.
It can go to the customers. It has low overhead, compared to a restaurant, and requires far less staff.
However, it is still a business that requires a lot of work and attention- especially in the first couple of
years.

d. This is one of the biggest trends right now. It is slightly more upscale than fast food. Such restaurants
offer disposable dishes and flatware, but their food tends to be presented as more upscale, such as
gourmet breads and organic ingredients.

e. It offers many benefits over independent restaurants, such as instant name recognition and a turn-
key operation. However, buying a franchise can be costly. And there are many rules and regulations
that come along with operating a franchise.

f. This is one of the simplest restaurant concepts, building around a specific type of food, such as
Mexican, Chinese, Indian or Italian, to name a few. The menu, décor and restaurant name should all
reflect features characteristic to one particular nation.

VII. Use the words in the box to fill in the gaps:

bill bottle dessert drinks hungry
menu non-smoker order table

1. Guest: A ………………..for two, please.

2. Waiter: Smoker or ……………….?
3. Guest: Non-smoker, please.
4. Waiter: Here you go. Would you like to see the ………………..?
5. Guest: Yes, please. We are very ……………….
6. The guests look at the menu.
7. Waiter: Are you ready to ……………………?
8. Guest: Yes, we are, please.
9. Waiter: Would you like any ……………..?
10. Guest: An orange juice, a coke and a ………………….of red wine.
11. The guests have finished their meals.
12. Waiter: Would you like a …………….?
13. Guest: No, thank you. Could we have the ………………., please?

19
 VIII. Fill in the gaps with one word only:
1. John decided to …….the beef in the oven for two hours.
2. First, …….the onions into small pieces.
3. That was a really lovely …. . Please let me pay for you.
4. Tony finished his meal, paid the ….. and left the restaurant.
5. Mary tried to call the …….. but couldn’t attract his attention.
6. We weren’t sure what to have, so we asked for the …. .

IX. Think of an eating and drinking establishment in your town/ area and give it a
description. You should consider its:
a. type; • a la carte
b. location;
c. target customers; • three-course, fixed price menu
d. prices;
e. cuisine; • own band
f. dishes;
g. atmosphere; • floor show
h. peculiar features.
• Turkish coffee

Some of the following phrases might prove

useful:

• friendly/ cosy/ relaxed/ sophisticated

atmosphere

• elegant surroundings

• authentic national/ traditional/ regional/

home-made dishes

• reasonably priced meals

• excellent cuisine

• live music

• quick/ impeccable service

• excellent wine cellar

• romantic dinners

• dinner and dancing

• business lunches

• have a snack with the drinks

20
 UNIT 4. DOING BUSINESS ONLINE

I. Answer the following questions:

• How often do you shop online?
• Are you concerned about Internet security and using your credit to purchase goods
online?
• What goods and services do you buy online?
• What other goods or services would you buy online?
• Which of the following is the most important for you when you’re considering buying
something online: cheaper prices, an easy-to-navigate website, quick delivery service,
good customer service?

II. A. Read the following article to find out what makes the difference between success and
failure for online companies.

Net gains on the shop front

Cyberspace is increasingly the location of choice for many retailers. It is not hard to see why; online
retailing – or e-tailing – is big bucks. The e-tail market, worth £14bn (E 21bn ) a year in the UK alone,
is growing at an annual rate of between 30 and 40 %. In the six weeks leading up to Christmas, over
£3.5bn (E5bn) was spent online – almost 7% of the total retail spend during the same period.

It is not just online retailers such as Amazon or eBay that have built successful businesses in
cyberspace. A huge number of retailers have some kind of presence on the Internet. Most high-street
names have fully transactional online operations. But many smaller retailers are nervous about the
potential of e-tailing, often perceiving it as a risk and an expensive distraction as much as an
opportunity.

“It is not a question of building a nice website and waiting for the money to come rolling in. It
calls for a new business model, which seamlessly connects e-tail with the rest of the business” says
Ian Bathgate, a lecturer at the University of East London Business School. “It only takes one mistake,
one oversight online, to not only lose huge volumes of sales, but cause serious damage to your brand
and reputation”.

Research shows that e-tail customers are more demanding, less forgiving and more fickle. The
Web is fiercely competitive, and customers have access to unprecedented amounts of information. It
takes more than a flashy website to convince them to part with their cash. An up-to-date and user-
friendly website is taken as standard. The issues that are decisive in whether an online sales operations

21
 is a success – and which can create that vital competitive advantage – are around good old-fashioned
customer service and order fulfilment.

An online operation that amounts to printing the English-mail orders at the end of the day,
manually checking they are in stock and popping them in the post, probably costs more in time and
effort than it earns and is unlikely to meet customer expectations in terms of accurate information on
stock availability and delivery times. “You have to manage expectations from the very beginning. It’s
often assumed that e-tail is all about finding the cheapest product. Yes, price is important, but probably
not as important as delivery or customer service. Paying a rock-bottom price is no good if the product
doesn’t get delivered when it should”, says Andrew McClelland, head of projects and marketing at the
Interactive Media Retail Group.

B. Decide upon the meaning of the following words and expressions:

• waiting for the money to come rolling in –

• it calls for a new business model –
• it only takes one mistake –
• to meet customer expectations –
• to pay a rock-bottom price –

C. Find the following word partnerships in the article:

1. Two adjectives that collocate with website.

2. Two adjectives that collocate with customer and a noun phrase using customer.

3. One verb which collocates with expectations.

III. Match the words related to online shopping with the definitions:
1. e-commerce a. online retailer or Internet business

2. dotcom b. exchange of services, information and products between

businesses via the web

3. cookie c. buying and selling goods and services and doing other
business over the Internet

4. B2B d. to move from place to place on the Internet, searching for

topics of interest

22
5. pop-up ad e. piece of data that can be used to recognize an online customer
and personalise the webpage.

6. to browse f. someone who secretly gets into another person’s computer

system in order to use the information or damage the system

7. hacker g. advertisement that automatically opens a new browser

window and covers the window the user was intending to read

IV. Provide the correct tense for the verbs in brackets:

1. Maria _______________ (learn) English __________ two years.

2. I _______________ (write) letters ___________ 8:00.

3. Robert and Jane _______________ (travel) around Europe __________ five weeks.

4. We _______________ (go) to Ireland for our holidays __________ 1968.

5. It _______________ (rain) __________ this morning.

6. Anne _______________ (look) for a new job __________ a long time.

7. Mark _______________ (sell) computers __________ he started his job with Olivetti.

8. We _______________ (wait) for the bus __________ twenty-five minutes.

9. She _______________ (play) piano __________ she was eight.

10. They _______________ (watch) TV __________ hours.

V. For each sentence, find and correct the mistakes.

1. Although a lot of customers still lacking confidence in Internet security, there is no denying that
online shopping is growing in popularity in many western countries.
2. Not only does e-business enable companied to present their goods in a more attractive way and to
handle orders online, but they also result in improved margins for them.
3. The authorities have its reasons to stop online gambling advertisments and block people from using
credit cards to between online.
4. The use of e-mail has spread so rapidly since the last 15 years that it is hard to imaginate life
without it.
5. Everyone tries to rich a new set of customers in a way that provides appropriate compensation for
every parties.
6. Most publishers want to be include in Google News because they believe they benefit them and
their readers.
7. Google’s grow power on the web has set off a round of fears between e-commerce and online
medias companies.
8. Despite of their very competitive prices, they failed to keep their customer basis.

23
 9. There may be a lots of success stories, but starting a dotcom is no guarantees you will do money
immediately.
10. In September 20, three major Internet companies announced fundamental changes in their
strategical plans for acquiring more market shares.

VI. Doing business online has a lot to do with the idea of marketing. Read the following text
about a few important aspects concerning this branch.

Traditionally, `marketing` has been a term applied to the craft of linking the producers (or potential
producers) of a product or service with customers, both existing and potential. In popular usage, the term
"marketing" refers to the promotion of products, especially advertising and branding. However, in
professional usage the term has a wider meaning that recognizes that marketing is customer centred.
Products are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific
customers. An American marketing professor and author named Edmund Jerome McCarthy divided
marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his
four activity sets, the Four Ps, have passed into the language. The 4 Ps are: product, pricing, promotion
and place. These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix. A marketer will use these
variables to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer
products. Industrial products, services, and high value consumer products require adjustments to this
model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services. Industrial or B2B (Business-
to-Business) marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply
chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term
relationship perspective rather than individual transactions. In the consumer-driven approach, consumer
wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of
consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the product itself, is driven
by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this
approach is that there is no point spending R&D funds developing products that people will not buy.
History attests to many products that were commercial failures in spite of being technological
breakthroughs.

VII. Find words and expressions in the text that mean:

• The investigative activities a business conducts to improve existing products and procedures or to
develop new products and procedures. –
• An alternative expression for the categories that are involved in the marketing of a good or service,
often referred to as the marketing mix –
• Providing a distinctive name for the identification of a product, service, or organization –
• a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a
product or service from supplier to customer. -
• The fundamental reasons for something –

24
 UNIT 5. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

“Everything that can be said can be said clearly.”

Ludwig Wittgenstein

I. Read the following text and match the headings with the corresponding paragraphs:
a. Negotiation skills
b. Telephone skills
c. Public speaking
d. Voice, tone and body language
e. Follow-up skills
f. Email and report writing skills

If you are working in a company, you might have certainly understood how important business
communication skills are. Business communication skills play a very significant role in helping employees
communicate with each other in an efficient manner. In business communication, there usually are two
major types of communication: internal and external. In internal communication, there is a transfer of
knowledge between two or more entities within the company. On the other hand, in external
communication, the knowledge transfer is carried out between the company employees and outside
entities. Both these types of communication are crucial for the smooth running of any business concern.
The following interpersonal and organizational skills in the workplace are paramount in the business field.

1…………………….

As the name suggests, it refers to the occasions when you speak in front of several people, be it in a small
process meeting or a big conference. This skill is the most important for executives at higher positions.
You should develop your skills regarding how you are going to present the information in a structured
manner.

2…………………….

Writing skills are paramount for all employees of the organization, irrespective of the position. Writing
emails, reports and schedules are daily tasks carried out in a company in its everyday running. When using
written means of communication in business, remember to keep it short, formal and precise.

3……………………..

25
These skills are generally used by people who are working in marketing and communication processes of
the company. They are required during telecommunication, written communication, or face to face
communication. Techniques in this field are also considered one of the most necessary business problem
solving skills.

4………………………

Many working professionals follow an incomplete method of communication. They transfer knowledge
from their side, but do not make sure if the receiver has got the response and understood what is necessary.
Follow up of information is what every executive has to do for making the communication cycle complete.

5……………………..

Another significant aspect of business communication skills is how we sound when on the telephone.
Communication via telephone is quite common in today's corporate world, and to pass on the message
clearly, you need to develop good telephone skills. These oral communication skills need to be improved
especially by those working in the customer service sector.

6…………………….

During face to face workplace communication, you should have a pleasant and humble tone. Do not speak
in a tone which would give an authoritative and rude touch to the speech. Along with your tone, you
should also be in a good and confident posture. Practice business listening skills by giving others a chance
to speak out, and understand what they want to say.

These are just a few random concepts included in business communication skills. Owing to the
significance of business communication skills, many companies have started to arrange for employee
training sessions. Along with these techniques at the workplace, you also should develop trust among
employees for honest and clear communication. When it comes to effective communication, careful
listening is also one of the most vital essentials. Remember that clear communication always leads to
anticipated results.

26
II. Fill in the gaps with the right word:
a.

agenda annual report contract directory fax in-house magazine

invoice mail shot memo minutes newsletter order form
pricelist sales brochure sales report user manual

1. it tells people, generally people inside the company, about the life of the organization.
.................

2. a report of a meeting .........................

3. a letter sent at the same time to a great number of customers or possible customers, for
example about a new product or service .................

4. a paper which you fill in when you want to buy something from a company......................

5. an internal message, usually from one person to a group of people............................

6. a list of things to discuss at a meeting ..................................

7. it tells people – usually people outside the company – about the life of the
organization................

8. it gives information about the company’s products.......................

9. it tells you how much products cost....................................

10. a book with lists of telephone numbers or other information .............................

11. the paper which tells you how much you must pay when you buy something from a
company....................

12. a document which tells you about the company’s performance over the year, including the
accounts for the year..............................

13. a legal agreement between two parties...........................

14. a message sent by facsimile machine........................

15. it tells you how a piece of equipment works.......................

16. it contains figures on how much money people have spent on the company’s products in, for
example, a month......................

27
b.

matters arising room decision closed chairman

any other business meeting agenda minutes monthly point

It was a terrible ........1....... It was planned to start at nine o’clock. But no one had the ........2...........
and no one knew which .........3..........to go to. The .......4........arrived at 9:15. At least we thought we
could start. But no one had the ............5...........of the last meeting, so the secretary had to go and look
for them – and to make copies of the agenda. It took a long time to go through the ........6........from the
last meeting. At last we got to the main ............7............on the agenda. We talked for two hours but
did not reach a ........8........ There was no time for ..........9............ The chairman declared the meeting
.........10........ just before midday. Thank goodness it’s only a ...........11.........meeting!

c.
busy get hold conference making available get
extension code hang switchboard operator put

When ……1…….a telephone call abroad, you must make sure you know, besides the called party’s
number, the country and area ……2…… If you want to reach someone who works with a company,
you might ………3……….through to her/ him using either a direct line or the ……4..... If the latter
is the case, the ……5…….will identify the company’s name and ask you what she/ he can do for you.
You will mention either the department and name of the person you’d like to speak to, or the
……6…….. number. If that extension is ………7…….., she/ he cannot ………8…….you through at
once. So you’ll be asked to ………9……..the line or ........10....... up and call again later. When you
have finally been put through, there is a chance that the person you are looking for is not
..........11............... She may be out for a while, or may be in a...........12........... or even on a
compassionate leave. But if you have the chance to find your man from the first attempt, you will
.........13...........down to business and make the arrangements that are required.

III. Make up new words from the words written in capital letters:

Homo sapiens is a ……..1………(COMMUNICATE) creature and in our ordinary life, if we want

something, we tend to communicate ……..2……..(AUTOMATIC) and directly in order to obtain it.

28
 As a species, we have developed very sophisticated methods by which we can communicate with
apparently ever-increasing ease. ……….3……..(FORTUNE), it seems that sometimes we are so
dazzled by the ………4……….(BRILLIANT) of the technology we have at our disposal, that we
………5…….(LOOK) the fact that the simplest and often the most effective means of communication
is talking …………6………..(FACE) to our target audience. Very often, the more sophisticated the
means of communication, the less effectively the message itself may be ……7…….(IMPART). After
all, if we are face-to-face with a person, we can use body language to …………8……..(EMPHASIS)
our position and check that we have been interpreted ………9……..(CORRECT).

IV. Choose the correct word to fill in the gaps:

A vital factor in a company's success is good communication ………..1………..its employees.

According to the book In Search of Excellence (Peters and Waterman), excellent companies have a vast
network of informal, open communication. Their ………..2……….keep in contact with one ……..3…….
on an informal and formal basis, as management encourages easy and frequent communication. Here are
some factors affecting ……..4……..communication:
Failing to get the message: many managers believe they give clear instructions to their employees. In
fact, research has shown that employees very often do not realise they ……….5………to do something.
When managers give instructions they should ………6…….that these have been understood and
interpreted correctly.
Breakdown in communication: people can have difficulty communicating with other employees of
higher job ………..7………. This "social distance" may affect how openly employees speak about their
work. People of the same rank may talk frankly to one another about how things are going. However, they
may be less honest with someone higher up in the hierarchy - for ………8…….of prejudicing their
position in the company. For this reason employees often "filter" information. They alter the facts to tell
the boss what s/he wants to hear. One way of reducing social distance is to cut ……….9……..the ways
in which employees can indicate higher status. In Japanese companies, for example, it is usual for all staff
to wear the same uniform. Many companies have a common dining area for all staff.
The physical element: physical surroundings and distance can affect how well people communicate.
The ……….10………away one person is from another, the less often they communicate. Some
…….11…….has shown that when the distance is more than 10 metres, the probability of communicating
at least once a week is only 8%. This compares with 25% for people less than 5 metres apart! The physical
…………12……..of an office should therefore be carefully planned. Open-plan offices, for example, are
designed to encourage quick and easy communication. Some companies prefer to install escalators, rather
than lifts, to increase the chances of employees meeting face-to-face.
Selective perception: people perceive things in different ways. The world of a sender of a message is
not the same as that of the receiver. Because their ……..13……..and experience are different, the sender
and receiver are always on slightly different wavelengths. So the message may get ………..14…….
How can good communication be …….15…….? The most important thing for all managers to
remember is that communication is a two-way process. They should encourage their employees to ask

29
questions and to react to what the managers are saying. Feedback is vital. The most useful question a
manager can ask is "Did you understand that?"

1. a. between; b. among; c. within; d. onto.

2. a. staff; b. person; c. peoples; c. employee.
3. a. other; b. another; c. the other; d. two.
4. a. outside company; b. interior company; c. accompany; d. in-company.
5. a. were told; b. have been told; c. told; were being telling.
6. a. ensure; b. assure; c. insure; d. reassure.
7. a. statute; b. state; c. status; d. estate.
8. a. fear; b. lest; c. afraid; d. anxiety.
9. a. off; b. out; c. along; d. down.
10. a. far; b. farther; c. farer; d. father.
11. a. researcher; b. researchers; c. research; d. researches.
12. a. place; b. placement; c. outline; d. layout.
13. a. knowledges; b. knowledge; c. knowing; d. know.
14. a. distorted; b. imparted; c. conveyed; transmitted.
15. a. underlied; b. highlightened; c. fostered; d. stressing.

30
 UNIT 6. MEETINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

I. Read the text and match the headings with the corresponding paragraph:
a. Calling a meeting
b. Small Talk
c. Wrapping Up
d. Roll Call/Apologies
e. Writing the agenda
f. Welcome
g. Watching the Time
h. Voting
i. Congratulations
j. Follow Up
k. Objectives
l. Regaining Focus
m. Reminders
n. Comments and Feedback

1. ……………….
There are a number of ways that you may call or be called to a meeting. Some meetings are announced by
e-mail, and others are posted on bulletin boards. If a meeting is announced at the end of another meeting,
it is important to issue a reminder. A reminder can also come in the form of an e-mail or notice. Verbal
announcements or reminders should always be backed up by documented ones. The date, location, time,
length, and purpose of the meeting should be included. It is also important to indicate exactly who is
expected to attend, and who is not. If you are planning on allocating someone to take on a certain role,
make personal contact with that person to inform them of his or her duty.

2…………………

In order to keep the meeting on task and within the set amount of time, it is important to have an agenda.
The agenda should indicate the order of items and an estimated amount of time for each item. If more than
one person is going to speak during the meeting, the agenda should indicate whose turn it is to "have the
floor". In some cases, it may be useful to forward the agenda to attendees before the meeting. People will
be more likely to participate in a meeting, by asking questions or offering feedback, if they know what is
going to be covered.

1 Welcome, Introduction: Pierre and Stella (5 minutes)

2 Minutes from previous meeting: Jane (10 minutes)

31
 3 Japan Tours: Pierre (15 minutes)

4 N.A. Tours: Pierre (15 minutes)

5 Korean Tours: Pierre (15 minutes)

6 Australian Tours: Pierre (if time allows 10 minutes)

7 Feedback from last year: Everyone (15 minutes)

8 Vote on staff picnic: Everyone (15 minutes)

9 Questions/Closing remarks/Reminders: Everyone (5 minutes)

3…………………..
Whether you are holding the meeting or attending the meeting it is polite to make small talk while you
wait for the meeting to start. You should discuss things unrelated to the meeting, such as weather, family,
or weekend plans.
Pierre: Hi Thomas. How are you?
Thomas: Great thanks, and you?
Pierre: Well, I'm good now that the warm weather has finally arrived.
Thomas: I know what you mean. I thought winter was never going to end.
Pierre: Have you dusted off your golf clubs yet?
Thomas: Funny you should ask. I'm heading out with my brother-in-law for the first round
of the year on Saturday.

4……………………..
Once everyone has arrived, the chairperson, or whoever is in charge of the meeting should formally
welcome everyone to the meeting and thank the attendees for coming.
• Well, since everyone is here, we should get started.
• Hello, everyone. Thank you for coming today.
• I think we'll begin now. First I'd like to welcome you all.
• Thank you all for coming at such short notice.
• I really appreciate you all for attending today.

5……………………………

If the meeting is a small group, it is probably unnecessary to take attendance out loud. The person who is
taking the minutes will know everyone personally and can indicate who is present and who is absent. In a
larger meeting, it may be necessary to send around an attendance sheet or call out names. If an important

32
figure is absent, it may be necessary for the chairperson to apologize for his or her absence and offer a
brief explanation for it.
• It looks like everyone is here today.
• If you notice anyone missing, please let Jane know so that she can make a note of it.
• Unfortunately, Ken cannot join us today. He has been called away on business
• Mike will be standing in to take the minutes today, as Lisa is home with the flu.

6………………………..
Some people who hold meetings prefer to pass around copies of the agenda, and others will post a large
copy on a wall, or use an overhead projector. No matter which format is used, attendees should be able to
follow the agenda as the meeting progresses. Before beginning the first main item on the agenda, the
speaker should provide a brief verbal outline of the objectives.
As you can all see here on the agenda we will be mainly talking about the upcoming tourist
season. First we'll discuss the groups that will be coming in from Japan. After that we'll
discuss the North American Tours, followed by the Korean tours. If time allows we will
also discuss the Australian tours which are booked for early September. Next, I'm going to
request some feedback from all of you concerning last year's tours and where you think we
can improve. And finally, we'll be voting on where and when to have this year's staff picnic.

7……………………………
One of the most difficult things about holding an effective meeting is staying within the time limits. A
good agenda will outline how long each item should take. A good chairperson will do his or her best to
stay within the limits. Here are some expressions that can be used to keep the meeting flowing at the
appropriate pace.
• I think we've spent enough time on this topic.
• We're running short on time, so let's move on.
• We're running behind schedule, so we'll have to skip the next item.
• We could spend all day discussing this, but we have to get to the next item.

8…………………………..
It is easy to get off topic when you get a number of people in the same room. It is the chairperson's
responsibility to keep the discussion focused. Here are some expressions to keep the meeting centred on
the items as they appear on the agenda.

• Let's stick to the task at hand, shall we?

• We've lost sight of the point here.
• This matter is not on today's agenda.

9………………………………
When issues cannot be resolved or decisions cannot be easily made, they are often put to a vote. Most
votes occur during meetings. Votes can be open, where people raise their hands in favour or in opposition
of the issue. In an open vote, the results are evident immediately. Other votes, such as who should be
elected to take on a certain role, are private or closed.
• All in favour?/ All opposed?
• Motion to hire more tour guides, moved by Thomas.

33
 • (Suggestions or ideas that are put to a vote are called motions. When a person makes a
suggestion, the term to use both during the meeting and in the minutes is moved.)
• Motion to hire more tour guides seconded by Nolan.
• (When another person agrees with the motion, it is seconded.)

10…………………
During the meeting, participants will comment, provide feedback, or ask questions. Here are some ways
to do so politely:
• I'm afraid I'd have to disagree about that.
• Could I just say one thing?
• I'm really glad you brought that up, Kana.
• I couldn't agree with you more.
• Jane, could you please speak up. We can't hear you at the back.

11……………………………..
There are different reasons why a meeting comes to an end. Time may run out, or all of the items in the
agenda may be checked off. Some meetings will end earlier than expected and others will run late. The
odd time, a meeting may be cut short due to an unexpected problem or circumstance. Here are a variety
of ways to adjourn a meeting:
• It looks like we've run out of time, so I guess we'll finish here.
• I think we've covered everything on the list.
• I guess that will be all for today.

12…………………
There is almost always one last thing to say, even after the closing remarks. A chairperson might close the
meeting and then make a last-minute reminder. Instructions for tidying up the room may also be
mentioned.

• Oh, before you leave, please make sure to sign the attendance sheet.
• I almost forgot to mention that we're planning a staff banquet next month.
• Could I have your attention again? I neglected to mention that anyone who wants to
take home some of this leftover food is welcome to.

13…………………………………….

The end of the meeting is also the time to thank. Congratulations or Good-luck can also be offered here
to someone who has experienced something new, such as receiving a promotion, getting married, or
having a baby.

• Before I let you go let's all give a big thank you to Thomas for baking these delicious
cookies.
• Again, I want to thank you all for taking time out of your busy schedules to be here
today.
• Most of you probably already know this, but Nolan's wife just gave birth to a baby boy.

34
14………………………………..
In the closing remarks, the chairperson, or participants may want to discuss the date and time for the next
meeting, when the minutes will be available, or when a decision should be made by.
• We'll meet again on the first of next month.
• Next time we meet I'll be sure to have those contacts for you.
• If anyone has any questions about anything we discussed today, feel free to send me an
e-mail.

II. Choose the correct answer:

1. As we ran out of time, we were forced to ………..the meeting.
a. address; b. adjourn; c. accomplish;
2. If you have a ……………please wait until Marie has finished speaking.
a. comment; b. commentary; c. discussion.
3. The board members couldn't come to a ……………..so they had to postpone the meeting.
a. agreement; b. consensus; c. understanding.
4. Before we ……………….I want to remind everyone to sign the attendance form on the way out.
a. finish; b. ended; c. conclusion.

5. In his …………………….the chairman thanked everyone for doing such a good job this month.
a. closing remarks; b. agenda; c. end.
6. I'll ………………as soon as all of the board members take a seat.
a. commence; b. beginning; c. starting.
7. We can ask for a meeting using the following phrase:
a. a.’I’m a bit tied up then. How about another time? ’; b. ’Perhaps we could meet and go
over the details in person? ’; c. ’Yes, that would be fine. ’
8. 8. We’ve decided to ……………………………………… the meeting. Instead, could you just
email me your comments?
a. postpones b. attends c. cancel.
9. 9. You can ask permission to use someone’s first name with the following phrase:
a. ’Please, call me Susan. b.’By the way, it’s Andrew. c. Do you mind if I call you George?’
10. What phrase can you use in order to deal with an interruption?
a. ’Let me come back to that later.’; b. ’I’d like to make a point here, if I could.’; c. ’Things
aren’t running as smoothly as I’d hoped.’
11. Before we …………………… I want to remind you to sign the attendance form.
a. adjourn; b. wrap up; c. stick to the agenda.

35
 III. Read the introduction below in a business meeting, where people who have come to the
meeting are welcomed and then explained what will happen. Fill in the gaps in the
sentences given below.

Chair:
'Welcome to the latest meeting for the Samuel Project. I appreciate that you're all busy and thanks for
attending. My name is David Mitchell and I will be the Chair for today's meeting. Steve Crowther will
be taking the minutes. You'll find a copy of the meeting agenda in front of you on the table. As you can
see, there are 7 items which we are going to discuss today. I updated the agenda this morning, so it
should be fine. But if you have any other issues which you would like to talk about, please do it at the
end. There are two absentees from today's meeting, Peter Jackson can't attend today due to a prior
commitment. He sends his apologies. Also Sarah Campbell can't make it, she's on holiday. So, John
Hopkins is standing in for Sarah today. Does anybody have any questions?'

Attendee:
'Yes, I do. How long will the meeting last?'

Chair:
'About two hours. Any more questions? No? Well, I think that's all, so let's start.'

1. The name of the person who runs/is in charge of a meeting, is …………………

2. The record of what was said in a meeting, is called the ………………

3. When something is the latest version, it is …………………….

4. A formal way to say that you have plans that can't be changed, is I have a …………………..

5. The document that shows what will be discussed in the meeting, is the called the …………….

6. People who are not present at a meeting are called …………….

7. When someone goes instead of another person to a meeting, they are ……………………..

8. The different topics, subjects or issues on the agenda, are called ……………………

9. Another formal name for a participant in a meeting is……..

36
MATERIALE DE SEMINAR

37
 UNIT 1.PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Reading
What is intercultural competence?
The topic of intercultural competence became more and more important during the past years:
globalisation and worldwide contacts between companies, organizations and individuals need the ability
to communicate in a successful way.
Basic needs are sensitivity and self-consciousness: the understanding of other behaviours and ways of
thinking as well as the ability to express one’s own point of view in a transparent way with the aim to be
understood and respected by staying flexible where this is possible, and being clear and transparent where
this is necessary. Intercultural competence is the ability of successful communication with people of other
cultures. This ability can exist in someone at a young age, or may be developed and improved due to
willpower and competence. The bases for a successful intercultural communication are emotional
competence, together with intercultural sensitivity.
The goal of assessing intercultural competence is to find out if a person has this ability or the potential for
it. Cultures can be different not only between continents or nations, but also within the same company or
even family: every human being has their own history, their own life and therefore
also (in a certain extent) their own cultural affiliation (geographical, ethnical, moral, ethical, religious,
political, historical).

Why intercultural competence?

Intercultural competence is needed as the basic ability for any interaction! It is not only necessary to have
social skills, but also to improve the sensitivity and understanding for other values, views, ways of living
and thinking, as well as being self-conscious in transferring one’s own values and views in a clear, but
appropriate way.
Intercultural competence helps understanding others and achieving goals. The perception is different and
often selective:
Expressions are differentiated according their importance: for the Inuits (Eskimos) snow is part of their
everyday life, so many words exist to describe it. Similarly the Zulus use many words for the colour
„green”.

In Arabic countries the odours (of condiments, coffee etc.) are often perceived in more differentiated ways
than in northern America. In Asian countries the perception of time is rather past-oriented (ancestors,
values), in Latin American countries as well as southern European countries rather present-oriented, and
in Western Europe as well as North America rather future-oriented.

Behaviour and gestures are interpreted differently

❖ Shaking the head in a horizontal direction in most countries means „no”, while in India it means
„yes”, and in Hindi language the voice lowers in pitch at the end of a question. „Everything ok” is
shown in western European countries, especially between pilots and divers, with the sign of the
thumb and forefinger forming an „O”. This sign means in Japan „now we may talk about money”
and in southern France the contrary („nothing, without any value”).
❖ In North America as well as in Arabic countries the pauses between words are usually not too long,
while in Japan pauses can give a contradictory sense to the spoken words by the meaning of pauses.

38
 Enduring silence is perceived as comfortable in Japan, while in Europe and North America it may
cause embarrassment. Scandinavians, by Western standards, are more tolerant of silent breaks
during conversations.

❖ Laughing is connoted in most countries with happiness - in Japan it is often a sign of confusion
and insecurity.
❖ In the UK Ireland and Commonwealth countries, the word „compromise” has a positive meaning
(as a consent, an agreement where both parties win something); in the USA it may rather have
negative connotations (as both parties lose something).
❖ In Mediterranean European countries, Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa, it is normal, or at
least widely tolerated, to arrive half an hour late for a dinner invitation, whereas in Germany and
Switzerland this would be extremely rude. If invited to dinner, in many Asian countries and Central
America it is well-mannered to leave right after the dinner: the ones who don’t leave may indicate
they have not eaten enough. In the Indian Sub-Continent, European and North American countries
this is considered rude, indicating that the guest only wanted to eat but wouldn’t enjoy the company
with the hosts.
❖ In Africa, saying to a female friend one has not seen for a while that she has put on weight means
she is physically healthier than before or had a nice holiday, whereas this would be considered as
an insult in Europe, North America and Australia.

Language focus: The tense system: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

Present Simple
Form: short infinitive;! 3rd pers. sg: + s;? do/ does(3rd pers. sg.); - don’t/ doesn’t
He writes. Does he write? Yes, he does/ No, he doesn’t.
It indicates:
- habitual actions/ regular, repeated actions: He goes to work at 7 every morning.
- general truths, permanent situations: The sun shines.
- planned future actions, performed according to a schedule: The train leaves at 8
o’clock.
Specific adverbs: every day/ month/ year…, often, usually

Present Continuous
Form: to be (in the present) + verb + -ing
It indicates:
- an action happening now: I am reading now.
- an action happening in a limited period of time, a temporary situation: I am
writing the paper today.
- an arrangement in the near future: We are visiting them next week.
- complaints about bad habits: Why are you always interrupting?

! STATE VERBS ARE NOT normally used in the continuous form:

- verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, feel, notice, recognize
- verbs of emotion: want, refuse, forgive, wish, like, hate, dislike, prefer

39
- verbs of mental activities: think, understand, know, mean, believe, suppose,
remember, forget, realize
- verbs of possession: have, own, possess, belong
- verbs of appearance/ seeming: seam, signify, appear (= to seem), contain, consist,
keep (= to continue), concern, matter
- the auxiliaries; exception: to have = to eat: I am having lunch.

Fill in the blanks with PRESENT CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE PRESENT

1. The children ………………………….. (play) outside now.
2. She usually ………………………. (read) the newspaper in the morning.
3. I …………………………… (do) my homework now.
4. I ………………………… (eat) my dinner now.
5. ……………………………. (you / want) a pizza?
6. They …………………………….. (watch) TV now.
7. I ……………………………. (not / like) spaghetti.
8. The baby …………………………. (sleep) now.
9. My mother usually …………………. (cook) dinner in the evening.
10. He …………………….. (write) a letter to his pen-friend every month.
11. She ………………………. (not / like) football.
12. Mary ………………………….. (listen) to music now.
13. Tom usually ……………………(drink) coffee, but he …………………. (drink) tea now.
14. We ………………………. (go) to the disco tonight.
15. ………………………… (he / go) to work by bus every day.

Find the mistakes in the following sentences and correct them.

2. Our firm is usually getting in touch with customers by mail.
3. Their company does not do very well these days.
4. Since we all work in the same office, we are spending most of our time together.
5. They want to know if the price is including VAT.
6. Human resources policy is giving consideration to various internal and external factors.
7. At present our CEOs try to establish the priorities for the further development of the firm.
8. What do you think this job is involving?
9. Are you realising that if we don’t apply the new procedure in due course we will suffer
great profit losses?
10. Most managers are not able to attend the meeting because they are having flu.
11. I know that the competition is tough this year, but we survive on the market.
12. We sell our shares in the company. Do you want to buy them?
13. While Sarah is on holiday, Tracy handles her work as a secretary.
14. To be honest, I am doubting whether you will be able to succeed in this move.
15. You shouldn’t pay any attention to the new manager. He is just sarcastic again.

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct form of the tense – present simple or present
progressive.
When you 1. (to offer)…material or handouts during a one-to-one meeting, 2. (to indicate)…

40
what you 3. (to want)… the individual to do with them: 4. (to review)… them, 5. (to put)… them
aside, or 6. (to look)… at a particular page. 7. (not to give)… another individual handout without
an explanation. When you 8. (to have)… lunch with your business partners 9. (to follow)… the
pace of the other individuals at your table in determining how fast to eat and what to eat. 10. (not
to eat/ drink)… at a faster rate than others.

B: Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
1. I _______________ (not/belong) to this particu1ar government committee.
2. Hurry! The bus _______________ (come). I _______________ (not/want) to miss it.
3. Gregory is a vegetarian. He _______________ (not/eat) meat.
4. I _______________ (1ook) for the manager. I can't find him anywhere.
5. We are successful because we _______________ (take) the time to ta1k to our customers.
6. John _______________ (deal) with all the enquiries about sales.
7. At the moment we _______________ (make) a training video for Siemens.
8. _______________ (you/know) what Mr Briceson _______________ (do)? He is not in
his office.
9. I _______________ (apply) for a job in the sales department, but I don't know if I will be
successful. It _______________ (depend) on whether or not they have any vacancies.
10. Unemployment _______________ (fa1l) and is now down to 5.6%.
11. Jane is doing some research in the library. She needs it for a book she
_______________ (write).
12. While Anna is away on holidays, Matt _______________ (work) in her office.
13. He _______________ (teach) French and German at University and _______________
(learn) Greek.
14. There _______________ (be)two flights to Honduras this afternoon. The British Airways
flight _______________ (1eave) at 13:00 and _______________ (arrive) at 22:00.
15. Inflation _______________ (rise) at a rate of 2% per annum.

41
 UNIT 2. MANAGEMENT.
PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINOUS

Lead-in
1. What makes a good manager?

Reading
Management
1. The Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth century and transformed the job of manager from
owner-manager to professional, salaried manager. Prior to industrialization, the United States was
predominantly an agricultural society. The production of manufactured goods was still in the handicraft
stage and consisted of household manufacturing, small shops, and local mills. The inventions, machines,
and processes of the Industrial Revolution transformed business and management. With the industrial
innovations in factory-produced goods, transportation, and
distribution, big business came into being. New ideas and techniques were required for managing these
large-scale corporate enterprises.
2. Today, business and management continue to be transformed by high technology. In order to keep pace
with the increased speed and complexity of business, new means of calculating, sorting and processing
information were invented. An interesting description of the modern era is the Information Age that
describes the general use of technology to transmit information. Managers realized that they could profit
from immediate knowledge of relevant information.
3. Organizations are two or more people working together in a structured, formal environment to
achieve common goals. Managers provide guidance, implementation, and coordination so those
organizational goals can be reached. The modern manager coaches employees of the organization to
develop teamwork, which effectively fulfills their needs and achieves organizational objectives. The
traditional autocratic organization with its hierarchical system of management and an overbearing "boss"
that forces performance out of people is no longer needed. The modern manager provides an atmosphere
of empowerment by letting workers make
decisions and inspiring people to boost productivity.
4. In order to perform the functions of management and to assume multiple roles, managers must be
skilled. In 1974, Robert Katz identified three managerial skills that are essential to successful
management: technical, human, and conceptual. Technical skill involves process or technique knowledge
and proficiency. Managers use the processes, techniques and tools of a specific area. Human skill involves
the ability to interact effectively with people. Managers interact and cooperate with employees.
Conceptual skill involves the formulation of ideas. Managers understand abstract relationships, develop
ideas, and solve problems creatively. Thus, technical skill deals with things, human skill concerns people,
and conceptual skill has to do with ideas.

Language focus: The tense system: Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
Simple Past
Form:
Regular verbs: - ed: worked, dropped, played, tried

42
Irregular verbs: 2nd form: see, saw; write, wrote; buy, bought
Interrogative: Did he buy?
Negative: did not/ didn’t
It indicates:
- a past, finished action, having no connection with the present: He told me to be
punctual. When I was 20 I lived in London.
- An action performed in the past: We met two weeks ago.
- a past habit: He played football twice a week. = He used to play… = He would
play…..
Specific adverbs: yesterday, last week/ month/ year…, two days/ months/ years….ago, when

Past Continuous/Progressive
Form: to be (in the past tense) + verb + -ing
I was running.
Was I running?
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
It indicates:
- past actions in progress: I was writing when he entered the room.
- gradual development: It was getting cold.
- Parallel actions in the past, one of which is in development: We listened to the
radio while we were having lunch.
- A gradual action, interrupted by a past, momentary action: I was writing when he
entered.
- An action continuing, especially after the time it was expected to finish: At ten I
was still reading.
Specific adverbs: at….o’ clock, at that time, this time yesterday, this time last month…

Choose the correct tense in the following sentences:

1. When the manager arrived he noticed/was noticing that the secretary had left.
2. I was trying/tried to get in touch with your secretary all day yesterday but I couldn’t.
3. He typed/was typing the contract when his boss came/was coming in.
4. What did you do/were you doing yesterday as I tried/was trying to get through to you?
5. At that time he worked/was working in a pharmaceutical company.
6. I realised/was realising that somebody was ringing me up/rang me up as I was
going/went into the conference room.
7. My secretary did not understand/was not understanding how the new computer
programme was working/worked.
8. It was only later that I found out/was finding out there was somebody who knew/was
knowing that she spent/was spending time in prison at the time for tax evasion.
9. As nobody watched/was watching, it was easy for me to conduct the transaction my way.
10. He was going/went on his business trip to France when her plane crashed/was crashing.

43
Complete the sentences with the correct present or past form of the verbs in brackets.

1. _______________(tell) me exactly what __________________(happen) last night!

2. Oh no! I _____________(forget) to bring my assignment! What am I going to do? This is the third time
I ______________(do) this!
3. I can’t remember what Mr Brown ____________(say) yesterday about our homework. I
_____________(not listen) properly because Charlotte ____________(talk) to me at the same time.
4. Last year I__________ (go) on a school trip to Scotland. We ________(have) a very interesting time.
5. A few people________________ (misbehave) in class sometimes, but generally everyone is quite well
behaved.

Put one of these verbs in each sentence. Use the past simple:
eat bring write buy see meet
1. The party was fantastic. Every guest _______________ something to eat and a bottle of
wine.
2. I had an extravagant weekend. I _______________ some clothes and a plant.
3. Three weeks ago Tracy _______________ her ex-husband in Mallorca. What a
coincidence!
4. When I lived in Italy, we always _______________ lamb at Easter.
5. Shakespeare _______________ a lot of plays.

Put the verb in the correct form: past simple or past continuous.
1. I _______________ (dream) when the alarm clock _______________ (go off).
2. They _______________ (wait) for me when I _______________ (arrive).
3. The phone _______________ (ring) while I _______________ (have) a shower.
4. We _______________ (not/go out) last Sunday because it _______________ (rain).
5. I _______________ (see) Kim at the party. She _______________ (wear) a new dress.
6. I _______________ (break) a bowl this morning. When I _______________ (wash) the
dishes it just _______________ (slip) out of my hand onto the floor!
7. When he _______________ (carry) the table, he _______________ (feel) a sharp pain in
his back.
8. Sarah _______________ (go) down the stairs when the lights _______________ (go
out).
9. We _______________ (watch) TV when someone _______________ (come) to the door
and _______________ (knock) very loudly.
10. What _______________ (you/do) at this time yesterday? Oh, I _______________
(prepare) the dinner.
11. I _______________ (fall) asleep while I _______________ (watch) television.
12. At 12:45 yesterday, Mr Alright _______________ (see) a client in his office.

44
 UNIT 3. JOBS
PRESENT PERFECT AND CONTINOUS
SOCIAL RECRUITING

Just about everyone is using Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter to network - both for personal and
professional reasons. Even if you're only using these sites for personal networking, it doesn't preclude
your employer or prospective employers from checking out what you post. Are you prepared for
companies and recruiters to find you on all these social media sites? If not, you should be.

Companies are increasingly using social recruiting to source candidates for employment, as well as to
investigate applicants they are considering hiring. It's important to be aware of how companies are using
social media to recruit, so you can use employers' recruiting tactics to your advantage and position yourself
to be discovered by companies seeking candidates. You should also be aware that an inappropriate post
on a networking site could knock you out of contention for a new job, or even cost you the job you already
have.

On the flip side, what can you do to use social media to boost your career and enhance your prospects of
finding a job? How can job seekers capitalize on what companies are doing? Social recruiting is a new
endeavor for many companies and they are still experimenting with what works from a recruiting
perspective, and what doesn't. That means there are no hard and fast rules on how to connect and position
yourself to be found, but there are tactics you can use to make the right connections with people in your
industry and career field. David explains, "It's important to dialog with connections in your industry, even
when you don't need them. It's too late when you need a job now." Take some time, every day, to connect
with who you know and who you don't know - yet. However, don't just connect with random people.
Identify people who you have something in common with - college, industry, experience, professional
associations, etc.

Networking Before You Need To

Build your network well in advance of when you need it. Talk to your connections on Twitter or
the other networking sites. Join Groups on LinkedIn and Facebook, post and join the discussion. Be
engaged and proactive in your communications. By building a network in advance, you won't have to
scramble if you unexpectedly lose your job or decide it's time to move on. The contacts you make online
will help you transition from technology to person-to-person communications.

Growing Your Network

As an example of networking building, I'm connected, mostly via LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook, with
a broad base of contacts I've made over the years. We stay in touch, even though our careers may have
transitioned since we met. All those contacts (1500+ on LinkedIn, 1000+ on Google+ and 10,000+ on
Twitter) are there if I need them, and I can help them, as well. Take it one step at a time - and one contact
at a time - and you'll be able to build your own career network. It won't happen overnight, but it doesn't
have to. Work on your network when time permits, being cognizant of the fact that your network is key
to getting your next job. Then be sure to use your network wisely and carefully, thinking twice before you
post, so you're using it to help, not hinder, your job search.

45
Language focus: The tense system: Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous/
Progressive

The verbs in bold in the following sentence are in the Present Perfect tense.
You have just graduated (preferably in business administration) at university level or you have
already worked for several years at a consumer goods producer

Form: to have (in the present) + the Past Participle

I have seen her. /Have I seen her?/ Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
It indicates:
- action begun in the past that continues in the present: I have known him for two
years.
Specific adverbs: for, (ever) since, all day, never, always, yet
- past action with results in the present: He has broken his leg.
Specific adverbs: already, recently, lately, so far, till now, up to now, up to the present,
- just finished action: He has just entered. Have you seen him yet?
Specific adverbs: just, yet, already
- an action that has been completed: They have repaired the fax.

Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive

Form: to be (in the present perfect) + verb + ing:
He has been writing for two hours. Has he been writing?/ Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
It indicates:
- an action or situation in progress (and not the completion of that action): I have
been reading the book.
- Temporary actions or situations: I’ve been living in London (for two years).
- Actions in the recent past we know about because of a present evidence: You are
wet. You have been walking in the rain.
- Actions indicating ‘how long’ something has been going on: How long have you
been playing chess?

Choose the correct tense (Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple) of the verbs given in brackets:

1. Our company (to buy) ten new computers last month.

2. They (not hear) from their business partner since last summer.
3. Jane (attend) a seminar on recruitment techniques yesterday.
4. It is the first time that we (find) the right person for the job.
5. She (work) as a marketing assistant for twenty years, that is between 1960 and 1990.
6. He already (send) three letters of application to three different companies.
7. How many times you (apply) for a job?
8. Until recently nobody (know) how to operate the new security system in the office.
9. When the executive (arrive) we (feel) very confident of the company’s success.

Use for or since to complete the following sentences.

1 It’s been raining since lunchtime.

46
2 Sarah has lived in Paris …………1995.
3 Paul has lived in Brazil …………………ten years.
4 I’m tired of waiting. We’ve been sitting here…………………….. an hour.
5 Kevin has been looking for a job……………….. he left school.
6 I haven’t been to a party ……………….ages.
7 I wonder where Joe is. I haven’t seen him ……………………….last week.
8 Jane is away. She’s been away…………………………. Friday.
9 The weather is dry. It hasn’t rained …………………….a few weeks.

Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 Ben is a friend of mine. I know him very well. √ OK
2 Ben is a friend of mine. I know him for a long time. I’ve known him
3 Sarah and Adam are married since July.
4 The weather is awful. It’s raining again.
5 The weather is awful. It’s raining all day.
6 I like your house. How long are you living there?
7 Gary is working in a shop for the last few months.
8 I don’t know Tom well. We’ve only met a few times.
9 I gave up drinking coffee. I don’t drink it for a year.

Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences:

1. I have been applying/have applied for various jobs since September.
2. They have been trying/have tried to attract them into a profitable partnership for a very
long time, but with little success.
3. Our production manager has made/has been making the same mistake again.
4. He has answered/has been answering the phone since 10 o’clock. That’s why he is so
tired.
5. We haven’t seen/haven’t been seeing our partner since the end of July.

Use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to fill in the blanks:

1. I’m trying to study. I …………………………………………….. (try) to study for the last
hour, but something always seems to interrupt me. I think I’d better go to the library.
2. The children are playing basketball right now. They ………………………………………
(play) for almost two hours. They must be getting tired.
3. The telephone …………………………………………… (ring) for almost a minute. Why
doesn’t someone answer it?
4. It ……………………………………………….. (rain) all day. I wonder when it will stop.
5. We ……………………………………………………. (live) here since last June.
6. My little son is dirty from head to foot because he ………………………………………
(play) in the mud.
7. What’s the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. I hope you ………………………………
(not / cry). Oh, now I understand. You……………............…….. (peel) some onions.

47
 UNIT 4. CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Reading. What is cultural diversity?

A diverse organisation is one which values difference. It is one which recognizes that people with
different backgrounds, skills, attitudes and experiences bring fresh ideas and perceptions. Diverse
organizations encourage and harness these differences to make their services relevant and approachable.
A diverse organization draws upon the widest possible range of views and experiences, so it can listen to,
and meet, the changing needs of its users, staff, volunteers, partners and supporters.
The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) describes managing diversity as:
"Managing diversity is based on the concept that people should be valued as individuals for reasons
related to business interests, as well as for moral and social reasons. It recognizes that people from
different backgrounds can bring fresh ideas and perceptions which can make the way work is done more
efficient and products and services better. Managing diversity successfully will help organisations to
nurture creativity and innovation and thereby to tap hidden capacity for growth and improved
competitiveness".
(Managing diversity - a CIPD position paper)
The CIPD explains that the effective management of diversity can help "counteract prejudice
against a wide range of personal differences, for example: academic or vocational qualification, accent,
age, caring responsibilities, ethnic origin, gender, learning difficulties, marital status, physical and mental
abilities, political affiliation, previous mental illness, religion, sexual orientation, spent or irrelevant
convictions and trade union or non-trade union membership".

Language focus: The tense system: Past Perfect

Read the following text and notice the use of past perfect tenses:
One of those days Hi, have you ever had one of those days when everything seemed to go wrong? I'm sure
you have, I know I have. I remember one particular day, I'd been invited to a party and there was someone
going who I'd never met but I really wanted to meet, so I was quite excited about going to this party, and
I maybe spent too long getting ready and I was a bit late when I was leaving the house, but not too late.
But then I looked down and saw I had a hole in my tights! So I had to go back inside, change my tights,
come out again, so I was getting a little bit late for the party, but not too bad. I got in my car, started
driving, about half way to the party my car stopped. I couldn't understand what was the matter until I
looked at the petrol gauge: it had run out of petrol! Why? Because I'd lent my car to my son the day before
and he'd used the petrol and he hadn't filled the car up! So I thought I'd ring the AA. I looked in my
handbag to find my mobile phone, but I couldn't find it. Why? Because I'd left it next to my bed charging.
So even though it was pouring with rain, I had to get out of my car, in my party clothes, walk to the petrol
station and come back with petrol. By which time I was nearly 2 hours late. So, I was so flustered about
being late, I started to drive and I just took a wrong turn and I ended up on this one-way system, totally
lost, driving round and round for at least 45 minutes before I managed to get my bearings. So finally, I
arrived at the party over 3 hours late and when I arrived the person I wanted to meet had just left, all the
food had gone, and my host was horribly drunk. I was so disappointed that I just turned around and left
and went back home. Have you ever had a terrible day like that, when everything went wrong? If you
have, write and tell us about it.

48
The tense system: Past Perfect
Form: had + Past Participle: I went to work after I had finished my lunch. Had I finished…? Yes,
I had. No, I hadn’t.
It indicates:
- a past, completed action that takes place before another past action: He gave me
the book when he had finished reading it.
- An action finished before a certain moment in the past: I had written the paper by
ten o’ clock.
The Past Perfect is not compulsory when after and before establish the sequence of the actions.

Use the Past Perfect where necessary.

• When I arrived at the cinema, the movie (start)
• We wanted to help them but by the time we got there they (finish) writing the recommendations.
• The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) .
• He (not / be) to Cape Town before 1997.
• My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make)
• The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) six weeks before.
• The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order)
• I could not remember the poem we (learn) the week before.
• The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) from the tree.
• The two parties (reach) an agreement when the member of our group made the suggestion, so he
had to accept it.
• By the time I called the office the secretary (leave).
• When we wanted to complain about the PR officer being rude, the manager (fire) him.
• They changed their policy after a group of unsatisfied clients (sue) the company.
• When they arrived the conference (begin) and they did not want to disturb the participants, so they
left.

The tense system: Past Perfect Continuous

Form: to be (in the past perfect) + verb + ing: I had been writing. Had I been writing? Yes, I had.
No, I hadn’t.
It indicates: a past action in development before another past action and also continuing that moment:
When he came she had been reading for two hours.
!!!!!!!!!!!! often used in past perfect and past perfect progressive sentences: when, after, as soon as, before,
by the time
e.g. After they had been quarrelling for minutes, I asked them to stop.
They had been negotiating for hours by the time I got there.

Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences:

1. The staff complained that they had asked/had been asking for better working conditions for two months.
2. We had hoped/had been hoping to solve our problem easily and were very disappointed when we
couldn’t.
3. Our partners had looked forward/had been looking forward to the contract to be signed and became
quite angry when it had been cancelled/had been being cancelled.
4. The newspapers had been publishing/had published a lot of articles on the accident for weeks when
they found out about it.

49
5. We had been discussing/had discussed all day with our partners and by 10 o’clock the agreement wasn’t
signed.
6. When the PR assistant arrived, the customers had waited/had been waiting for her for hours.
7. He asked us why we had written/had been writing such a long preamble to our report.
8. After the President had looked/had been looking through our papers for a while, he decided to speak.

50
 UNIT 5. TYPES OF INTERVIEWS.
FUTURE.

Lead-in
Consider the following question:
1. What questions do you expect to be asked in a job interview?
Reading
Job interview process
A typical job interview has a single candidate meeting with between one and three persons representing
the employer; the potential supervisor of the employee is usually involved
in the interview process. A larger interview panel will often have a specialized human resources worker.
While the meeting can be over in as little as 15 minutes, job interviews usually
last less than two hours. The candidate will usually be given a chance to ask any questions at the end of
the interview. These questions are strongly encouraged since they allow the interviewee to acquire more
information about the job and the company, but they can also demonstrate the candidate's strong interest
in them.
In many companies, assessment days are increasingly being used, particularly for graduate positions,
which may include analysis tasks, group activities, presentation exercises, and psychometric testing.
In recent years it has become increasingly common for employers to request job applicants who are
successfully short listed to deliver one or more presentations at their interview. The purpose of the
presentation in this setting may be to either demonstrate candidates' skills and abilities in presenting, or to
highlight their knowledge of a given subject.
A bad hiring decision nowadays can be immensely expensive for an organization—cost of the hire,
training costs, severance pay, loss of productivity, impact on morale, cost of rehiring etc. (Gallup
international places the cost of a bad hire as being 3.2 times the individual's salary). Studies indicate that
40% of new executives fail in their first 18 months in a new job.
Types of interviews
Behavioural
A common type of job interview in the modern workplace is the behavioural interview or behavioural
event interview, also called a competency-based interview. This type of interviewing is based on a
philosophy that a comprehensive assessment of the past behaviour and experiences of a candidate is a
reliable indicator of his/her response to identical situations in the future. Typically, prior to the interview,
an interviewer identifies a set of behavioural traits and characteristics he/she believes is essential for
success on a particular assignment. In behavioural interviews, the interviewer asks candidates to recall
specific instances where they were faced with a set of circumstances, and how they reacted. Typical
behavioural interview questions: "Tell me about a project you worked on where the requirements changed
midstream. What did you do?" "Describe a time you had to work with someone you didn't like."
Case
A case interview is an interview form used mostly by management consulting firms and investment banks
in which the job applicant is given a question, situation, problem or challenge and asked to resolve the
situation. The case problem is often a business situation or a business case that the interviewer has worked
on in real life.

51
Panel
Another type of job interview found throughout the professional and academic ranks is the panel
interview. In this type of interview the candidate is interviewed by a group of panellists representing the
various stakeholders in the hiring process. Within this format there are several approaches to conducting
the interview. Example formats include; Presentation format - The candidate is given a generic topic and
asked to make a presentation to the panel.
Role format - Each panellist is tasked with asking questions related to a specific role of the position. For
example one panellist may ask technical questions, another may ask management questions, another may
ask customer service related questions etc.
Stress
Stress interviews are still in common use. One type of stress interview is where the employer uses a
succession of interviewers (one at a time or en masse) whose mission is to intimidate the candidate and
keep him/her off-balance. The ostensible purpose of this interview: to find out how the candidate handles
stress. Example stress interview questions:
Sticky situation: "If you caught a colleague cheating on his expenses, what would you do?"
Technical
This kind of interview focuses on problem solving and creativity. The questions aim at your problem-
solving skills and likely show your ability and creativity. Sometimes these interviews will be on a
computer module with multiple-choice questions.

Language focus: The tense system: Means of expressing future

The verbs in bold in the following sentences express the idea of future.
If our authorities cannot solve our problem, we will address the European Court of Justice.
We are going to start a new business in Holland after the business plan is agreed on by all
parties.
There are several ways in which one can express future in English:
1. will + the short infinitive of the verb: He will come. Will he come?
Yes, he will. No, he will not (won’t).
It indicates: a future event/ activity
2. Be going to + short infinitive: I am going to read this book.
It indicates: intention, probability
3. Be to + short infinitive: He is to deliver a speech.
It indicates: a future action very close to the moment of speaking
4. simple present: The train leaves at 9 o’clock.
It indicates: a future action, included in a schedule
5. present continuous: We are visiting our subsidiary in London.
It indicates: an arrangement for immediate future
Specific adverbs: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month/ week, year…, soon, shortly, in
a month’s time, in three months’ time, etc.

Put the verbs in brackets in the right future form:

1. We cannot attend the meeting tonight – we (visit) our best friends.
2. According to the programme, the trial (start) at 10 o’clock sharp.
3. His teachers are sure he (be) a successful lawyer one day.
4. You look very tired. If you want I (finish) the report for you.

52
5. It’s already ten to nine. The witness (be) late.
6. I am simply exhausted. I think I (have) a coffee break.
7. Look out! That file (fall) from your desk and you (have) to put all the papers in order
again.
8. We (attend) the opening session of the conference on Monday. Would you like to join
us?
9. I (win) that contest, whatever it takes!
10. Don’t worry about the meeting! I (help) you to prepare the folders.

The tense system: Future Continuous/ Progressive

The verb in bold in the following sentence is in the Future Continuous tense:
Will you be meeting the president of the board tomorrow?
Form: to be (in the future) + verb + ing: I will be writing. Will I be writing? Yes, I will. No, I
won’t.
It indicates:
- a developing action in the future: Tomorrow we will be reading all day long.
Specific adverbs: in a minute, in a second, at one o’clock, at noon, tomorrow, this time next week/
month/ year…, all day long, all day tomorrow, all the week through, from two to five, by then, by that
time tomorrow, all the time
- an action in progress, related to a conditional or a time clause: When I return, Tom will be watching
TV.
- A future action, part of a schedule: What will you be doing tomorrow? I will be swimming.
A polite way of asking about someone’s plans: Will you be meeting them tomorrow?

Choose the correct future form of the verb in the following sentences:
1. This time tomorrow they will be debating/will debate the issue in the Parliament.
2. I will have/will be having a look at your report in ten minutes.
3. You should try to find another copy of the report. I will use/will be using it until evening.
4. She cannot handle the correspondence. I will fire/will be firing her.
5. There’s no problem for me to give you a lift to the airport. I will be going/will go that way anyway.
6. Let me break the news to her. I will be meeting/will meet her in the office tomorrow.
7. This time next week our representative will be flying/will fly to London to conclude the agreement.
8. They will stay/will be staying here until next Friday.
9. Will you use/will you be using the computer this evening?
10. We are deeply sorry for his retirement. We will be missing/will miss him.

The tense system: Future Perfect

The verb in bold in the following sentence is in the Future Perfect tense.
We hope that by 2010 Romania will have become a member of the European Union.
Form: will + have + past participle: I will have managed to deliver the goods. Will I have
managed…? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.
It indicates:
- a future action that will take place before a certain moment in the future or before
another future action: We will have met them by 4 o’clock tomorrow. // He will
have posted the letter before you have time to complain.
- A supposition, referring to the past: They will have found out from newspapers.

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- Adverbs: by, before, by the time

Use the correct future form of the verbs in brackets:

1. By the time you return they ... (finish) translating the materials for the conference.
2. He ... (file) charges against you before you meet him to apologise.
3. According to the action plan the project ... (end) in December.
4. The Chairman cannot come tomorrow. He ... (see) the President.
5. The witness ... (leave) the premises before you can stop him.
6. She ... (finish) investigating the crime scene by the time the police arrive.
7. Our conference ... (take place) after all participants are informed about the date.
8. Before the end of the year the United States ... (emerge) as the market leader in this
domain.
9. The European Parliament ... (issue) some new regulations after the plenary session.
10. The budgetary proposals of the commission ... (be considered) next week.

Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the present simple to express actions that
will take place in the future.

1. I ______________ (meet) Jane tonight.

2. The train to London ______________ (leave) at midday.
3. What time ______________ (the film / begin) this evening?
4. What ______________ (you / do) next weekend?
5. We ______________ (have) a party on Saturday. Do you want to come?
6. When ______________ (the concert / start)? It .______________ (start) at 7 p.m..
7. Harry ______________ (come) to stay tomorrow. He ______________ (catch) the last
bus from York, which ______________ (arrive) here at midnight.

54
 UNIT 6. TRAVELLING ON BUSINESS.
MODAL VERBS

1. Travelling on business is possible if one secures a post with a firm conducting a sizeable export or
import trade and having extensive direct sales organisations abroad. A college course in foreign commerce
would definitely help the candidate who aspires to travel abroad on business. For those who want to
develop a career in international business relations, specialization in some field of business such as market
research, banking, advertising, sales, insurance, or shipping is almost essential.
2. Among the American firms which do send men abroad is the National City Bank of New York. Men
employed for their branches remain in the head office for six months’ rotational training before going
overseas. This is for the purpose of giving them some orientation as to the structure and operation of the
head office. At the termination of this period, the individual is assigned to a foreign branch in South
America, the Caribbean Area, the Far East, or Europe. The assignment consists of three years’ training in
an overseas branch, where the individual is expected to become conversant with the customs, culture,
history, and economic background of the country. At the end of three years he returns on furlough; if his
assignment has been satisfactory, he can expect to go back to his next overseas assignment identified with
the managerial end of the branch.
3. Generally speaking, people have always thought for better paid jobs abroad, than in their own country.
But some general advice may be helpful when seeking work in the majority of foreign lands:
4. Unless you emigrate to a job-rich country like Australia or South Africa, don’t consider heading
overseas to seek work without the price of a return ticket and several months living costs in your pocket.
Nor should you go unless you are prepared, at least at first, to accept any job – including the sort of dirty,
grimy, monotonous job you wouldn’t consider in your native country. Later on, of course, you may be
able to switch to more challenging and creative work. But the job seeker heading overseas on his own
should be prepared at first to take on jobs that have already been turned down flat by hundreds of natives.
5. To work overseas you must enter as an immigrant, or obtain a work permit, or seek a job for which no
work permit or immigration papers are needed. One easily found job for women that by-passes most
immigration hurdles is that of a Mother’s Helper, more familiarly known in Europe as au pair. Under this
arrangement, any girl aged 18-30 or even more receives bed and board plus about $10 a month pocket
money in return for living with a family overseas and acting as baby sitter, governess and general
household help. Because they offer such an incomparable chance to experience a foreign culture and to
learn the language at first hand, au pair opportunities are often referred to as the “Poor Girl’s Junior Year
Abroad” Men may also find ready work as camp counsellors, English speaking sports coaches, overseas
sales representatives etc.
6. No guarantee of employment in specific trades or professions is given migrants but even in
normal times, anyone who knows his job properly can expect to find work with a little job
hunting.
(Source: adapted from How to travel and get paid for it. How to get a job that takes you
travelling, by Norman D. Ford, Crown Publishers, New York)

55
Language focus: Modal Verbs

Read the following examples from the text:

Later on… you may be able… (par. 4)
You must enter as an immigrant… (par. 5)
The job seeker…should be prepared… (par. 4)
A college in foreign commerce would definitely help… (par. 1)
Use of modal verbs:
Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:

✓ Permission
✓ Ability
✓ Obligation
✓ Prohibition
✓ Lack of necessity
✓ Advice
✓ possibility
✓ probability

Modals
May
Form: may// May he?// may not
It indicates:
Possibility: He may come today. (to be possible)
Probability: We may get that contract. (to be probable)
Permission: You may leave. (to be allowed/ to be permitted)
Might
Form: might/ might he// might not
It indicates:
- NOT the past of may BUT a stronger possibility/ probability/ uncertainty: You might be right
(but I strongly doubt).
Must
Form: must// Must he……..?// must not = mustn’t
It indicates:
necessity/ obligation imposed by the speaker: I must be punctual.
invitation, emphatic affirmation: You must see the exhibition.
Probability, logical necessity: He must be at home.
An unexpected/ contrary action: They must annoy us with their problems!
It is replaced by: to have to, to be obliged/ forced/ compelled to….
Should
Form: should// Should you?// should not = shouldn’t
It indicates:
obligation: You should be present at the meeting.
Instructions/ advice: He should welcome them at the airport.
Expectation: The business should be profitable.
Past, unfulfilled expectation: They should have discussed the matter in detail.

56
Ought to
Form: ought to/ ought not to
It indicates:
Moral obligation: You ought to visit him at the hospital
Duty: You ought to write that report.
Not a very strong obligation in the past, present or future: He ought to play chess that day/ now/
tomorrow.
Advisability: You ought to organise that meeting as soon as possible.
Necessity: He ought to be present at the conference.
Desirable, not performed action: You ought to have helped them. They ought not to have gone there
alone.
Supposition, probability: You ought to communicate them the decision by now.
Would
Form: would/ would you?/ would not = wouldn’t
It indicates:
Polite request: Would you listen more carefully?
Opposition/ resistance/ unwillingness: They would not meet us.
Past habit = used to: I would stay in that chair, drink my tea and read a book.
Invitation: Would you have some more cake?
Refusal (in the negative): I wouldn’t accept that.
Criticism of somebody’s behaviour: She would keep talking without listening to her friends.

Modal Verb Expressing Example

Strong obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn
red.
must
logical conclusion / Certainty He must be very tired. He's been working
all day long.
must not prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.
ability I can swim.
can permission Can I use your phone please?
possibility Smoking can cause cancer.
ability in the past When I was younger I could run fast.
could polite permission Excuse me, could I just say something?
possibility It could rain tomorrow!
Permission (polite manner) May I use your phone please?
may
possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!
Permission (polite manner) Might I suggest an idea?
might possibility, probability I might go on holiday to Australia next
year.

57
 lack of necessity/absence of I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty
need not
obligation of tomatoes in the fridge.
50 % obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a
terrible headache.
should/ought
advice You should / ought to revise your lessons
to
logical conclusion He should / ought to be very tired. He's
been working all day long.
had better advice You 'd better revise your lessons

Rephrase the following sentences so that they contain one of the modals above:
1. If you cannot find a job in your country, you emigrate to a foreign job-rich place.
2. Don’t consider heading overseas to seek work without money in your pocket.
3. Don’t go unless you are prepared to accept any job.
4. Sometimes you are forced to accept a monotonous job.
5. The job seeker heading overseas has to take on jobs that have been turned down flat by
natives.
6. It is advisable you find a job for which no work permit is needed.
7. Women will be able to work au pair. Under this arrangement, any girl is supposed to get
bed and board.
8. Their duty is to act as baby sitters. Their daily activity is to give general household help.
9. Their employers are also obliged to pay them a sum of money.

B: Choose the correct form of the verb: must/have to/mustn't/ needn't/don't have to.
1. You _____________ pay a month’s rent in advance. The landlord always insists on it.
2. You _____________ complete and return the completed form before Friday, 10th March.
3. In Britain, motorcyclists _____________ wear crash helmets.
4. You _____________ drink alcohol while taking these tablets.
5. You _____________ have a licence to have children.
6. You _____________ put out the rubbish. I can do that later.
7. Mr Brown _____________ work late in the office since he changed his job.
8. Mary has a weight problem. She knows she _____________ give up fried food if she
wants to lose weight.
9. During the Antarctic expedition the explorers _____________ melt the snow to get
drinking water.
10. You _____________ all remember to lock the door when you leave.

Put a √ for what you MUST, MUSTN’T or NEEDN’T do:

MUST MUSTN’T NEEDN’T

tidy your room
cheat on the exams
do your homework regularly

58
Smoke in a theatre
Pay the rent
Come to class
talk during the test
wake up early at weekends
get to class late

59
ANEXE

60
 Present Tense
Choose the correct verb from the list below to complete the following sentences. Use the correct form of
the simple present tense.
FIX STAND SPEAK DRINK EAT DO WEAR

HAVE WASH MAKE LISTEN BUY

TAKE WATCH BRUSH

1. I ___________ breakfast at 7:00 every morning.

2. He always ____________ a suit to work.

3. The teacher ____________ at the front of the classroom.

4. He ________________ his teeth three times a day.

5. We usually ______________ our groceries on the weekend.

6. He _____________ a meeting every morning.

7. She often ______________ chicken for dinner.

8. They _____________ the bus to school everyday.

9. We often ____________ television in the evenings.

10. He _____________ to the radio on his way to work.

11. The teacher ______________ three languages.

12. A mechanic _______________ cars.

13. She ___________ the dishes after dinner.

14. They _____________ coffee every morning.

61
Answer the following questions:

Q1. I ..... tennis every Sunday morning.

playing
play
am playing
am play

Q2. Don't make so much noise. Noriko ..... to study for her ESL test!
try
tries
tried
is trying

Q3. Jun-Sik ..... his teeth before breakfast every morning.

will cleaned
is cleaning
cleans
clean

Q4. Sorry, she can't come to the phone. She ..... a bath!
is having
having
have
has

Q5. ..... many times every winter in Frankfurt.

It snows
It snowed
It is snowing
It is snow

62
Q6. How many students in your class ..... from Korea?
comes
come
came
are coming

Q7. Weather report: "It's seven o'clock in Frankfurt and ..... ."
there is snow
it`s snowing
it snows
it snowed

Q8. Babies ..... when they are hungry.

cry
cries
cried
are crying

Q9. Jane: "What ..... in the evenings?"

Mary: "Usually I watch TV or read a book."
you doing
you do
do you do
are you doing

Q10. Jane: "What ..... ?"

Mary: "I'm trying to fix my calculator."
you doing
you do

63
 do you do
are you doing

Q11. Jane ..... her blue jeans today, but usually she wears a skirt or a
dress.
wears
wearing
wear
is wearing

Q12. I think I ..... a new calculator. This one does not work properly
any more.
needs
needed
need
am needing

Q13. Sorry, you can't borrow my pencil. I ..... it myself.

was using
using
use
am using

Q14. At a school dance:

Jane: " ..... yourself?"
Mary: "Yes, I'm having a great time!"
You enjoying
Enjoy you
Do you enjoy
Are you enjoying

64
Q15. I've just finished reading a story called Dangerous Game. It's
about a man who ..... his wife because he doesn't want to lose
her.
kills
killed
kill
is killing

Q16. What time .....

the train leaves?
leaves the train?
is the train leaving?
does the train leave?

Q17. Jane: "Are you going to the dance on Friday?"

Mary: "No, I'm not. I ..... school dances; they're loud, hot and
crowded!"
not enjoy
don`t enjoy
doesn`t enjoy
am not enjoying

Q18. I ..... for my pen. Have you seen it?

will look
looking
look
am looking

65
Choose the correct alternative:

1) Who ... Mr Sanchez to the airport yesterday? a. take b. took c. taken

2) Where in Singapore ... you live? A. are b. have c. did

3) They first met when they ... for a big company in Madrid.
a. was working b. have worked c. were working

4) Sandra told me she really ... the party last week. a. enjoys b. enjoyed c. enjoying

5) What ... the weather like on your holiday? a. was b. were c. was being

6) I rang home just as the train ... into the station. a. get b. has got c. was getting

7) ... Peter go skiing with you last year? a. Was b. Has c. Did

8) I didn’t ... to the swimming pool yesterday. a. go b. went c. going

9) When I was at school, I ... in the choir. a. sing b. sang c. sung

10) Was John waiting for you when you got to the station?
a. Yes, I was. b. No, he didn't. c. Yes, he was.

11) Our holiday villa ... been cleaned, so I rang the owners to complain.
a. wasn't b. didn't c. hadn't

12) We missed the first part of the film because it ... by the time we got to the cinema.
a. was starting b. had started c. started

13) My car wouldn’t start, but luckily Joanne ... me a lift to the station.
a. gave b given c. had given

66
14) I didn’t recognise my old school friend because she ... so much.
a. have changed b. had changed c. was changed

15) I ... French at school, but I’m not really very good at it.
a. study b. studied c. had studied

16) They were excited about their holiday because they ... abroad before.
a. had never been b. weren't c. had ever been

17) Did you have a good time in Barcelona?

a. Yes, I had. B. Yes, I did. C. Yes, I have.

18) I had a sandwich in the garden and then I ... back to the office.
a. went b. have gone c. had gone

19) I felt nervous because I ... a speech in public before.

a. have never given b. never gave c. had never given

20) When we got back from the shop, we found that someone ... our car window.
a. broke b. broken c. had broken

21) Before they built the flats, that’s where the old garage used ... .
a. to be b. being c. to being

22) I ... to take much exercise, but now I go to the gym regularly.
a. don't use b. am not used c. didn't use

23) Before I had an internet connection, I used to ... to the library two or three times a week.
a. go b. went c. going

24) I remember my grandfather as a very kind man who ... never lose his temper or be impatient.
a. used b. didn't c. would

25) I’d rather you ... smoke inside the house, if that’s OK with you.
a. won't b. didn't c. couldn't

26) Is it midnight already? It’s time we ... home.

a. go b. going c. went

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27) ... to live in France?
a. Did you use b. Have you used c. Were you used

28) When he was young, he ... play football for hours.

a. would to b. use to c. used to

29) Before email, people ... write a lot more letters.

a. use to b. used to c. were used to

30) We ... skiing last winter.

a. would go b. went c. used to go

68