Aryan Hatwar

A BIOLOGY PROJECT
“TO STUDY AND INVESTIGATE ABOUT

THE CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT”
BY
ARYAN HATWAR
Of Class
XII-A
Department of Biology
Kendriya vidyalaya dantewada
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aryan hatwar, student of Class XII-a, kendriya
Vidyalaya Dantewada has completed the project titled TO STUDY AND
INVESTIGATE ABOUT THE CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT during the
academic year 2021-2022 towards partial fulfilment of credit for the
Biology practical evaluation of CBSE 2022, and submitted satisfactory
report, as compiled in the following pages,under the supervision of Mr.
Sharad Ladeshwar, Department of Biology, Kendriya Vidyalaya
Dantewada.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our heartfelt gratitude to Our pricipal E.jaychandran , of our
school for his constant support. We would like to express our whole hearted
thanks to our project supervisor, Mr. Sharad ladeshwar to meet all challenges
and to come up with our project victoriously. We extend our sincere thanks to
all the Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff Members in our school for their help.
TEACHER SIGNATURE EXTERNAL SIGNATURE
PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. WHAT IS CANCER ACTUALLY? 5

2. COMMON TYPES OF CANCER 5
3. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS 6
4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL CELL AND 7
CANCER CELL
5. HOW DOES CANCER CELLS ACTIVATE? 8

6. PREVENTION STEPS 9
7. DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER 10
8. MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER 11
9. TREATMENT OF CANCER 12
10. RESULTS
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
AIM: TO STUDY AND INVESTIGATE ABOUT
CANCER AND ITS TREATMENTS.
INTRODUCTION
STUDY OF CANCER
1, What is Cancer actually?

Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with a
potential to invade to other parts of the body. In contrast
benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.
They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a

group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will
often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.
Cancer cells stealing energy from

normal healthy cells.
Cancer develops when the cell’s genetic

material gets damaged or mutated.
2. Common types of Cancer

Bladder Cancer
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Lung Cancer
Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin
Melanoma
Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Uterine Cancer
Brain Cancer
3. Signs and Symptoms

It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer, the actual
symptoms starts when there is a mass growth or Ulcerates.
People may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis. The
risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double.
Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting
in cough or Pneumonia; Esophageal Cancer can cause
narrowing of the Esophagus, making it difficult or painful to
swallow; and Colorectal Cancer may lead to narrowing or
blockages in the Bowel, affecting bowel habits. Masses in
breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps. Ulceration
can cause bleeding that, if it occurs in the lung, will lead to
coughing up blood, in the bowels to anemia or rectal bleeding,
in the bladder to blood in the urine and in the uterus to vaginal
bleeding.
These are some local symptoms which can show up the growth
of cancer cells.
Ulcerates: Sore on the skin or a mucous

membrane accompanied by disintegration
of tissue. Results in complete loss of
epidermis.
4. Difference between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells
NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS

CELL REPRODUCTION
Cell reproduction is needed to These cells may have gene

replenish the cell population mutations or chromosome
that ages or becomes mutations that affect the
damaged or destroyed. reproductive properties the
Normal cells reproduce cells. They don’t experience
properly. biological aging and maintain
their ability to replicate and
grow.
5. How Does Cancer cells activate?
It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA.

Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for cell behavior,
damaged DNA can alter cell processes including those that
regulate growth and division. This is supported by the fact that
tissues which have a high cell-division rate, such as bone and
lymph, are the most common sites for cancer.
Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be

turned on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have
the ability to break DNA strands which can result in some genes
being permanently switched on, such is the case with
cancerous cell growth. Although it is often taught that the DNA
mutations that lead to cancer happen at random, research
suggests there are epigenetic triggers that may increase
prevalence of DNA damage.
6.Prevention Steps:
DNA is vital for cell function and the body has

mechanisms by which it protects DNA from being
damaged. One of the most important mechanisms is the
one responsible for the production of antioxidants. A
major step in the prevention of DNA damage, and
therefore cancer, would be to optimize antioxidant
activity. Research has suggested that this can be
achieved through the adoption of a diet that
incorporates antioxidant rich foods or extracts.
Glutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant
activities of the body. Evidence shows that this molecule
alone has the ability to influence cancer risk in a directly
correlative manner. This means that by increasing your
body’s supply of glutathione, you are drastically
improving its ability to control free radicals before they
damage cells. There are several ways in which you can
increase your supply of glutathione.
6. Development of Cancer
7. Main Causes of Cancer:

Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of cancer deaths.
Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical
activity, excessive drinking of alcohol.
Nearly 20% of cancer cause is due to hepatitis B, hepatitis
C and human papillomavirus.
Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to inherited genetic
defect from person’s parents.
8. Treatment of Cancer:
SURGERY
RADIATION THERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY
RESULTS:
A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is
a key component of any overall cancer control
plan. Its main goal is to cure cancer patients or
prolong their life considerably, ensuring a good
quality of life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 www.thoughtco.com
 www.cancer.net
 www.healthtap.com
 www.cancerresearchuk.org
 www.academia.edu
 www.quora.com

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A BIOLOGY PROJECT

“TO STUDY AND INVESTIGATE ABOUT

This is to certify that Aryan hatwar, student of Class XII-a, kendriya

Vidyalaya Dantewada has completed the project titled TO STUDY AND

INVESTIGATE ABOUT THE CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT during the

academic year 2021-2022 towards partial fulfilment of credit for the

Biology practical evaluation of CBSE 2022, and submitted satisfactory

report, as compiled in the following pages,under the supervision of Mr.

Sharad Ladeshwar, Department of Biology, Kendriya Vidyalaya

We express our heartfelt gratitude to Our pricipal E.jaychandran , of our

TEACHER SIGNATURE EXTERNAL SIGNATURE

1. WHAT IS CANCER ACTUALLY? 5

5. HOW DOES CANCER CELLS ACTIVATE? 8

1, What is Cancer actually?

They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a

Cancer cells stealing energy from

Cancer develops when the cell’s genetic

2. Common types of Cancer

Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin

Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

3. Signs and Symptoms

Ulcerates: Sore on the skin or a mucous

4. Difference between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells

NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS

Cell reproduction is needed to These cells may have gene

It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA.

Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be

DNA is vital for cell function and the body has

7. Main Causes of Cancer:

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