Nur Abdi Fadya Hasra Al-Nuranisky - 105421102519 - Correlation Between Major Depression and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Brain-Gut) in Biochemistry
Nur Abdi Fadya Hasra Al-Nuranisky - 105421102519 - Correlation Between Major Depression and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Brain-Gut) in Biochemistry
Nur Abdi Fadya Hasra Al-Nuranisky - 105421102519 - Correlation Between Major Depression and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Brain-Gut) in Biochemistry
NIM : 105421102519
Abstract
lives. For example, as far as children are concerned, the occurrence of digestive
school performance. All those aspects of mental disorders indicate the desirability
of the psychological care for patients with recognized digestive system disease.
In this essay, I will find out how between mental disorders (such as major
doing real research by experiments and why I use this essay as my title.
Introduction
Review
1. Depression
function.(2)
2. Gastrointestinal tract
the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to
the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in
humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb
3. Biochemistry
matter and the biochemical processes that underlie life activities during
growth and maintenance.(4) So, in conclusion Biochemistry is the study of
the stool (to either loose or hard). The absence of red flag (alarm)
structural disease.(6)
Rome criteria for IBS. Evidence for subtle inflammatory bowel disease,
A. Gut-brain communication
of IBS and/or depression. (8) It is known that cytokines and inflammatory markers
such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 are important modulators of the immune
inflammation and lead to conditions such as IBS. This inflammation alters gut
microbes and the permeability of the gut mucosa. GIT microbes can produce most
Some of the neurotransmitters from the nervous system are released by the
and coordinating the function of different systems in the body; its action through
the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine factors regulate the function of
the GIT (Fig.1). The ability of the nervous system to transform its function,
this, in turn, will adversely affect downstream systems including the GIT.
B. Biochemistry of Depression
Depression not only causes great mental anguish, but also intrudes into
effect, a shift from complex modes of thought to those that are relatively well-
And, the inflammation, metabolic alterations, and the prothrombotic state that
characterized major depression also occur during the acute stress response.
(17) insomnia (most often early morning awakening), loss of appetite, and loss of
the severity of depressed mood, which is most severe early in the morning.(18)
antidepressant regimens.(19)
1. The Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) and Locus Ceruleus-
should be recognized that the term ‘CRH’ has been displaced by ‘CRF’.
(20)
CRH to the rat sets into motion intense arousal, multiple fear-related
Two main components of the CRH system are the amygdala and
responsible for the activation of anxiety and fear related behaviors, and
system.(14)
of the innate immune system such as resident mast cells. CRH is among
The LC-NE system is a general alarm system for the brain and
increases the signal-to-noise ratio in key areas that regulate the stress
response. It has many effects similar to those of CRH, such as the intense
plasma cortisol levels. The latter finding is of interest in the light of the
fact that the amygdala activates the HPA axis. Glucocorticoids, in turn,
accentuate the amygdala CRH system.(21) A recent study found that
adrenal hypertrophy can also occur. Release of cortisol into the circulation
has a number of effects, including elevation of blood glucose. The
system is impaired. This leads to continual activation of the HPA axis and
chronic recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits.(25) CRH
is a peptide containing amino acids, distributed in the whole brain with dense
from the paraventricular nucleus and CRH stimulates pituitary ACTH secretion.
Growing evidence from animal experiments indicates that endogenous CRH plays
smooth muscle cells are not excitatory but inhibitory. In contrast, in vivo effects
the precise sites and effects of intravenous CRH on gut motility. In the study by S
Fukudo and his research team, they found that colonic motor function, of the
and healthy control subjects in this study. In contrast, provocation tests such as
colonic dysmotility in IBS patients. These observations and their current data
greater incidence of phase III within 15 minutes after CRH injection than that
within 15 minutes of the start of baseline suggested that this is not incidental.
Exogenous CRH induces a faster rhythm of the MMC period in the proximal
dysmotility with abdominal pain. These observations suggest that not only the
colon but also the small intestine is sensitive to the centrally derived stimuli in
a novel stress, whereas cortisol secretion did not differ between previously
stressed and control rats. These results from stressed animals resemble their
human data. Stress experience may account for a sensitized ACTH response in the
pituitary gland and a desensitised adrenocortex of IBS patients. Furthermore, α2
blockade in the brain. It is also possible that decreased levels of CRH binding
protein, which inhibits the ACTH releasing properties of CRH, may play a role in
to these nuclei. Distension of the distal colon increases the firing rate of the locus
CRH decreases the visceral threshold to rectal distension in humans and this
decreases slow wave sleep in humans and the proportion of rapid eye movement
These findings support their hypothesis that CRH is increased in the brain of IBS
patients.
present study suggests that CRH plays an important role in modulating brain-gut
functions under stress in humans, and that this neuropeptide relates to the
pathophysiology of IBS.(24)
Conclusion
has big role in contribution for the transduction of many of the components of the
Also, patient with Major depression has risk of weaken immune system,
between the severity and duration of the disorder and the increased frequency of
heart disease, type-2 diabetes, various autoimmune diseases, arthritis and cancer.
(27)
more research to further elucidate the association and to propose therapeutic and
2021.
2010;2(1):65–79.
2021.
2018 Aug;10(8):e3178.
10. Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and
2017;86(1):31–46.
13. O’Mahony SM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
14. Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Organization of the stress system and its
16. LeDoux JE. Emotion: clues from the brain. Annu Rev Psychol.
1995;46:209–35.
17. Yang Q. Harrison’s Endocrinology. Vol. 84, The Yale Journal of Biology
and Medicine. 2011. p. 497–8.
18. Gold PW, Goodwin FK, Chrousos GP. Clinical and biochemical
19. Thase ME. Diagnosis and treatment of a major depressive episode. J Clin
releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the
Jun;42(6):845–9.
25. Mayer EA, Labus JS, Tillisch K, Cole SW, Baldi P. Towards a systems
1992 Jul;103(1):12–7.
27. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of
1997 May;349(9063):1436–42.
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