CVL100:Environmental Science(2-0-0)

Water and Wastewater Treatment Part

Dr. Arun Kumar
(Tuesday and Friday)

Email: [email protected]
Check IITD course email daily for information

1
 Learning Objectives
• To introduce water contaminants and their
health effects
• To decide about treatment need for a given use
objective
• To make aware of reading treatment plant
schematic and estimating removal efficiency
• To provide basic information on processes for
removing contamiants from water

October 21, 2021 2

 Water Pollution

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October 21, 2021 Arun Kumar 4
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 Emerging Contaminants in Environment

Raw Animal Solid

Biosolids
Wastewater Manure Waste

Raw
Wastewater Land Drinking Water
Landfills
Focus Treatment Application

Drinking Water
Removal and/or Runoff, Runoff,
Treatment
transformation Infiltration, Infiltration,
Sorption, Sorption,
Microbial Microbial
activity, other activity, other Removal and/or
transformations transformations transformation

Natural waters

Potential human exposure

PPCPs and EDCs present via drinking water
in human urine and feces

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 Physical Properties & Environmental Fate

Water solubility –
32-40 mg/L
Weakly volatile
Low sorption to soil
Physical
Occurrence
Properties
INCINERATION &
&
DUST Exposure
Environmental
Assessment
Fate

Detection Treatment
Methods Risk Methods
Assessment
LOW
ADSORPTION
HENCE MOVES
FROM SOIL TO
WATER
LOW WATER
Regulation
SOLUBILITY
MOVES SLOWLY
October 21, 2021
IN WATER Arun Kumar 6
([email protected]) Source: Layton D. et al., 1987
 Transport of Enteric Viruses
(Wong, K.; MSU)

• Viruses can contaminate the

surface water and groundwater by
runoff and infiltration.
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 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
(part of reason on eutrophication)

Microcystis sp. bloom

HAB

Anabaenopsis sp. bloom

mixture of cyanobacteria
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 Eutrophication

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 Effects on human and environmental
components
• Direct Effects on HUMANS
Infections,
Toxicity,
Carcinogenesis
Other disease acute or chronic
• Indirect Effects on
Eutrophication, ECOSYSTEMS
Oxygen depletion - Hypoxia,
Harmful algal bloom formation,
Aquatic toxicity,
Accumulation in fish and sediments,
Bioaccumulation,
Endocrine disruption,
Antibiotic resistance development

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 Exercise 1
• List names of 3 water pollutants for your city and
find out their standards for drinking water and for
discharging in surface water.
• Spots: river, lake, nallah, sea
• Man made pollution (domestic, industrial)
• Accidental water pollution (oil spill situation)

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 Water Contaminants
• Heavy metals
• Pathogens (not indicator organisms such as
fecal coliform and total coliforms)
• Organic compounds (pesticides, antibiotics,
endocrine-disrupting chemicals, etc.)
• Nanoparticles

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 Water Pollutants
TYPES: EFFECTS:
• Biological: • To Humans:
– Viruses – Infections
– Bacteria – Toxicity
– Parasites – Carcinogenesis
– Helminths
• To Ecosystems:
– Bacterial
Toxins – Oxygen Depletion
• Chemical: – Environmental Toxicity
– Inorganic – Accumulation in fish
– Organic and sediments

Courtesy: Dr. Irene Xagoraraki, MSU (USA)

 Pollutants that cause ecological
damage
• Oxygen demanding wastes (hypoxia,
eutrophication)
• Excess nutrients (hypoxia, eutrophication)
• Salts (fresh water population damaged)
• Suspended solids (settling)
• Toxicants (aquatic toxicity)
• Antibiotics (antibiotic resistance bacteria)
• Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
(endocrine disruption)
 Pathogenic Microorganisms in Water
Bacteria Parasites Viruses

Poliovirus Norwalk virus (norovirus)

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 1. Microorganisms

Enteric Pathogens
• Exposure is via ingestion
• Primary site of infection is
gastrointestinal tract
• Gastroenteritis symptoms
– Nausea
– Vomiting
– Diarrhea
– Fever
• May spread to other sites
(blood, liver, nervous
system)
• Shed in fecal material
• “Fecal-oral” route of
October 21, 2021 Arun Kumar transmission 16
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 1. Microorganisms

Pathogenic Microorganisms
 1. Microorganisms

Pathogenic Microorganisms

Q: Can you list sources

which might give you
exposure of
pathogenic
microorganisms?
 1. Microorganisms
Sizes of Microorganisms and Other
Particles (size influences removal through
filtration method)
 2. Inorganics

Inorganic Pollutants
• Heavy Metals Effect =f(valency type,
• Arsenic concentration)

• Nitrates For example: toxic effects of

• chromium arsenate(AsIV)) and
arsenite (As(III)) might be
• Asbestos different.
• Other?
Q: Can you list sources which might give you exposure of these
inorganic pollutants?
 Arsenic
(Ng et al. 2003)

Hyperpigmentation Hypopigmentation

Keratosis Skin cancer

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Mercury in water and then exposure to human
beings through fish consumption

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Pharmaceutical compounds

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 3. Organics

Pesticides (hydrophobic organic

compounds)
• Organochlorine Insecticides: were commonly used
in the past (e.g. DDT and chlordane).
• Organophosphate Pesticides: most are
insecticides, some are very poisonous (they were
used in World War II as nerve agents)
• Carbamate Pesticides: affect the nervous system
• Pyrethroid Pesticides: were developed as a
synthetic version of the naturally occurring pesticide
pyrethrin, which is found in chrysanthemums
 3. Organics

Other Organic Pollutants

• Fertilizers
• Surfactants
• Explosives, propellants
• Chlorination By-Products
(e.g. trihalomethanes)
• Antibiotics
• Pharmaceuticals
• Personal care products
Microcystin-LR
• Cyanobacterial toxins (hepatotoxin)

• nanomaterials
 4. Excess Nutrients

Excess Nutrients
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients
required by all living organisms. They are
considered pollutants when they are in
excess.
• Excessive nutrients often lead to large
growths of algae which in turn become
oxygen-demanding material whey they die
and settle.
 Excess Nutrients

106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + HPO42- + 122 H2O →

C106H263O110N16P + 138 O2
algae

Algae + O2 => CO2 + H2O + NH3

Nitrogen and phosphorus are typically the limiting factors

 Excess Nutrients

Phosphorus
• Phosphorus is typically the limiting nutrient
in lakes, and algae growth is linked to
phosphorus inputs.
• P Sources
– fertilizers
– detergents
– wastewater
• P can exist in a variety of chemical forms
 Excess Nutrients

Nitrogen
• Nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient in
ocean waters and some streams
• Nitrogen can exist in numerous forms, but
nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia
(NH3) are most commonly measured
• Sources are primarily from fertilizers and
acid deposition
 Factors Controlling Eutrophication
• Stoichiometry of photosysnthesis (C,N,P, O & H)

106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + HPO42- + 122 H2O →

C106H263O110N16P + 138 O2

N 16×14 It takes ~ 7 times more N than

= = 7.2 P to produce a given mass of
P 1×31 algae

• Liebig’s law of the minimum – growth will be limited by

the availability of the nutrient that is least available
relative to the need
• Most fresh water systems are phosphorus limited
 Salts

Salts
• Dissolved solids, or salts, may be present as any
number of ions
– cations: Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
– anions: Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-
• Typically measures as total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Water classification
– freshwater <1500 mg/L TDS
– brackish water 1500 – 5000 mg/L
– saline water >5000 mg/L
– sea water 30-34 g/L
 Salts

Salts
• Sources
– industrial discharges
– deicing
– evaporative losses
– minerals
– sea water intrusion
• Effects
– natural fresh water population threatened
– limits use for drinking
– crop damage/soil poisoning (cannot use for
irrigation)
 Suspended Solids

Suspended Solids
• Organic and inorganic particles in water are
termed suspended solids
• May be distinguished from colloids, particles that
do not settle readily
• Problems
– sedimentation
• Sources – may exert oxygen demand
– storm water – primary transport
mechanism for many metals,
– wastes organics and pathogens
– erosion – aesthetic
– complicates drinking water
treatment
 Oxygen Demanding Wastes

Oxygen-Demanding Wastes
• When organic substances are broken
down in water, oxygen is consumed
organic C + O2 → CO2

• For example:
CH3COOH + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 2H2O
C6H15O6N + 6O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NH3
 Oxygen Demanding Wastes

Oxygen-Demanding Wastes
• High oxygen levels necessary for healthy
stream ecology.
• For example:
– trout require 5-8 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO)
– carp require 3 mg/L DO
 Oxygen Demanding Wastes-
measurement/estimation
• Estimated stoichiometrically by theoretical oxygen
demand (ThOD)

• Measured by oxygen demand potential

– biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
– Nitrogenous oxygen demand (NBOD)
– chemical oxygen demand (COD)