The document discusses various topics related to water sources, types, treatment and quality. It describes the main sources of water as rainwater, groundwater, surface water and desalinated water. It also outlines the different types of water such as atmospheric, ocean/sea, river/lake, ground, soil and glacial water. The document then focuses on potable water and defines it as drinkable water. It notes that approximately 1.8 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Other sections discuss water-related diseases, water treatment methods commonly used in rural settings such as sedimentation, filtration, aeration and chlorination. The document also covers household water purification methods including boiling and chemical disinfection.
The document discusses various topics related to water sources, types, treatment and quality. It describes the main sources of water as rainwater, groundwater, surface water and desalinated water. It also outlines the different types of water such as atmospheric, ocean/sea, river/lake, ground, soil and glacial water. The document then focuses on potable water and defines it as drinkable water. It notes that approximately 1.8 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Other sections discuss water-related diseases, water treatment methods commonly used in rural settings such as sedimentation, filtration, aeration and chlorination. The document also covers household water purification methods including boiling and chemical disinfection.
The document discusses various topics related to water sources, types, treatment and quality. It describes the main sources of water as rainwater, groundwater, surface water and desalinated water. It also outlines the different types of water such as atmospheric, ocean/sea, river/lake, ground, soil and glacial water. The document then focuses on potable water and defines it as drinkable water. It notes that approximately 1.8 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Other sections discuss water-related diseases, water treatment methods commonly used in rural settings such as sedimentation, filtration, aeration and chlorination. The document also covers household water purification methods including boiling and chemical disinfection.
The document discusses various topics related to water sources, types, treatment and quality. It describes the main sources of water as rainwater, groundwater, surface water and desalinated water. It also outlines the different types of water such as atmospheric, ocean/sea, river/lake, ground, soil and glacial water. The document then focuses on potable water and defines it as drinkable water. It notes that approximately 1.8 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Other sections discuss water-related diseases, water treatment methods commonly used in rural settings such as sedimentation, filtration, aeration and chlorination. The document also covers household water purification methods including boiling and chemical disinfection.
Sources of Water Rainwater - rooftop rainwater harvesting, catchment and storage dams. Groundwater - spring water collection, dug well, drilled wells, subsurface harvesting systems. Surface water - protected side intake, river-bottom intake, floating intake , sump intake. water obtained from desalination.
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Types of Water Atmospheric Water – Through transformations, Participates in water circulations in Nature. Oceans, inland seas, costal zones, and estuaries – River, reservoirs, lakes, and wetland - Surface water. Groundwater – Soil water. Glaciers, icebergs, and ground ice.
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Potable Water Def. Potabilis Latin for drinkable. Improved water - safe enough for drinking. WHO water fact sheet 2012 approx. 1.8 billion people globally have no access to safe water. Quantity depends on; physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions. Up to 16l/day in hot climates. Quality – Most developed countries tap water meets drinking water quality standards.
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Mineral nutrients Potable water contribution to mineral nutrients intake is unclear. Calcium, Zinc, Manganese, phosphate, Fluoride and Sodium are present is PW is small quantities. Fluoride while beneficial in low concentrations, can cause dental problems and other issues when present at high levels.
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Water-Related Diseases: transmission routes Transmission Diseases Causes Control Route 1 Water borne (or - Cholera Drinking faecal Improve water washed - Typhoid material quality - Dysenteries 2 Water washed - Skin and eye Lack of water for Increase water, infections proper hygiene accessibility and - Louse borne reliability typhus - Improve hygiene practices
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Water-Related Diseases: Cont. 3 Water based Schistosomiasi - Pathogen Control snail s (penetrating requires populations skin) aquatic envt for - Reduce surface - Guinea worm part of life water (ingested) cycle contamination - Eating insufficiently cooked aquatic species
4 Water related - Sleeping Insects that bite - Destroy
insect vector sickness or breed near breeding sites - Filariasis wate - Use mosquito - malaria netting
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Biochemical Water Related Health Conditions Fluorides in water – High levels >10 mg l–1 – asso-d with dental fluorosis’- (yellowish or brownish striations or mottling of the enamel). Low levels of fluoride, less than 0.1 mg l–1 were associated with high levels of dental decay. skeletal fluorosis- Osteosclerosis, ligamentous and tendinous calcification and extreme bone deformity
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Fluoridation and de-fluoridation of drinking water Water fluoridation- controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits. A 1994 WHO expert committee suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L (milligrams per litre).
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Water Treatment-Rural setting Restricted to; Where there is absolute requirement for treatment Where proper plant operation and maintenance can be secured and supervised +become involved in the spread of sudden water- borne epidemics. Cheap vs costly investment Consider possibility of expansion in future.
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Water Treatment Cont; In rural conditions removal of offending substances in order of priority - : turbidity, colour, iron and manganese, and carbon dioxide. sanitary survey - series of bacteriological analyses should reveal the possibility of contamination by pathogenic organisms. Treatment processes which may be applied include sedimentation, filtration, aeration, and chlorination
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Plain Sedimentation Can be done in natural or impounded reservoirs Effects Reduction in turbidity - dependent on the nature of the suspended material and the settling time allowed. Reduction in bacteria - Simple holding of water in a reservoir will reduce the total number of bacteria originally present, because they die off faster than they reproduce. Storage. Colour reduction
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Slow Sand Filtration Gives good results and requires a minimum of operational and maintenance skill. More practical in treatment of water under the following conditions : (I) gravity system of water supply; (2) raw water of reasonably good quality bacteriologically but subject to possible contamination. (3) water generally low in turbidity. For bacteriological control of the filtered water, chlorine may be used.
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Aeration Aeration is useful under certain specific conditions; To control tastes and odours: caused by dissolved gases such as hydrogen sulfide. Increases the oxygen content of natural waters which are not already saturated with it and, in so doing, helps to remove the flat taste of rain-water and distilled water. To precipitate iron and manganese. iron is in the form of ferrous bicarbonate or ferrous sulfate-oxidized to ferric oxide (Fe,O,) will be formed at pH 7.0, then sediments. 14/02/2021 G. MOOKA, 2021 14 Aeration cont. To expel carbon dioxide : Excessive CO2, make a water aggressive and dissolve the exposed iron in the water-piping system. Aeration can be useful in the removal of CO 2 which escapes into the air.
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Chlorination the most practical method of disinfecting water by chemical means. Chlorine reacts with both organic and inorganic ,free chlorine is produced which has bactericidal effect. Can be used alone or in combination with other methods. Dosages; In rural settings is rather high-residual chlorine of 0.5 p.p.m. (mg/l after 30 minutes' contact period will be sufficient to achieve ordinary disinfection. 14/02/2021 G. MOOKA, 2021 16 Chlorination cont Amoebic cysts may require 2 p.p.m. free residual chlorine after 30 minutes' contact. The most common form of chlorine used NaOCl or Ca(OCl)2. The batch method of mixing is most commonly used.
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Comparison of Treatment Processes Process What it accomplishes Constructio Operation Operation n cost Cost attention Holding Turbidity and Bacteria High Low Low reservoir reduction Slow sand Turbidity and Bacteria High Relatively Medium filter reduction low Aeration Expulsion of gases, Iron High Low Low precipitation Chlorinati Reduction in bacteria Low Relatively High on high
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Household Purification of Water Boiling - effective whether the water is clear or cloudy, relatively pure or heavily contaminated with organic matter. destroys all forms of disease organisms usually encountered in water : bacteria, spores, cercariae, cysts, and ova. To be safe, water must be brought to a " rolling " boil. Boil water in the same container in which it is to be cooled and stored, Expensive, alters the taste of water.
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Chemical disinfection Chlorine – effective against the bacteria commonly associated with water-borne disease. In the usual doses, it is not effective against certain cysts and ova, nor against organisms embedded in solid particles. highly polluted water containing large quantities of organic matter, or cloudy water, is not suited for chlorination. Turbid water can be filtered, and when clear it can be successfully chlorinated. Preparation Water Guard, Laundry bleaches reconstituted to 1%, chlorinated lime, commercial tablets- Halazone", "Chlor-dechlor", and " Hydrochlonazone".
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Iodine a first-class disinfecting agent. Tincture of iodine - 2 drops of 2% tincture of iodine are sufficient for 1 litre (1 quart) of water. Cloudy or muddy, or water having noticeable colour, even when clear, is not well suited for disinfection with iodine. There is no harm in using high amounts of iodine, but the higher dosage will produce a medicinal taste. Effective against amoeba cysts, cercariae, leptospira, and some viruses as well. Some of the commercial names are" Globaline ", " Potable Aqua ", and " Individual Water Purification Tablets ". These tablets appear to be among the most useful disinfecting devices developed to date. 14/02/2021 G. MOOKA, 2021 21 Filtration There are 2 types of filter commonly used in the treatment of household water supplies : The sand filter, which is relatively coarse. remove cysts, ova, cercariae, and similar relatively large organisms, The ceramic filter, which is of a finer texture.
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Urban water treatment processes; Purification system involves a sequence of processes, from physical removal of impurities to chemical treatment. Include initial and final filtering, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and disinfection. passing raw water through coarse filters to remove sticks, leaves and other large solid objects. chemicals added to the raw water to facilitate coagulation. water is stirred, the alum causes the formation of sticky globs of small particles made up of bacteria, silt and other impurities 14/02/2021 G. MOOKA, 2021 23 Water Treatment cont. Water is then routed to a series of settling tanks where the globs sink to the bottom. This settling process is called flocculation. After flocculation, the water is pumped slowly across another large settling basin. This sedimentation or clarification process, much of the remaining solid material accumulates at the bottom of the basin. The clarified water undergoes filtration The filtered water is then treated with chemical disinfectants 14/02/2021 G. MOOKA, 2021 24 Urban water treatment processes; .
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Quality control tests; Bacteriological analysis This is the isolation and enumeration of organisms that indicate the presence of faecal contamination. May also indicate the efficiency of treatment process. Indicator of integrity and cleanliness of distribution systems in operational monitoring. Indicator organisms; Escherichia Coli – Present in human faeces in concentrations up to 109 per gram. Its found in sewages
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Bacteriological analysis cont Total coliform bacteria - Total coliform bacteria include a wide range of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacilli. Escherichia coli is a subset occur in both sewage and natural waters. Some of these bacteria are excreted in the faeces of humans and animals. Total coliforms should be absent immediately after disinfection, and the presence of these organisms indicates inadequate treatment.
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Physicochemical analysis Chlorine residual- Free chlorine or residual chlorine or both PH – Tested at the same time as residual chlorine- efficacy of disinfection is dependent on PH >8 is less effective. Turbidity- affects the acceptability, an indicator of efficiency of treatment since its affects the chlorine demand. Turbid water may stimulate growth of bacteria. < 1NTU of JTU, less than 5 is acceptable
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Aesthetic parameters Colour – Maybe due to the presence of coloured organic matter, metals such as iron and manganese of highly coloured industrial waste. Taste and odour- Odour caused mainly by presence of organic substances or industrial pollution. Water should be free of objectionable taste and odour.
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Other health related parameters Fluoride – Esp. where its known to occur naturally Nitrate – Intense farming Lead – Areas where it has been used in plumbing Chromium – Where its mined Arsenic - where its known to occur naturally Pesticides - where its used a lot locally