C Cheatsheet CodeWithHarry

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Basics
Basic syntax and functions from the C++ programming language.
Boilerplate
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Welcome To CodeWithHarry";
return 0;
cout <<
It prints output on the screen
cout << "This is C++ Programming";
cin >>
It takes input from the user
cin >> variable_name
Data types
The data type is the type of data
Character type
Typically a single octet(one byte). It is an integer type
char variable_name;
Integer type
The most natural size of integer for the machine
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int variable_name;
Float type
A single-precision floating-point value
float variable_name;
Double type
A double-precision floating-point value
double variable_name;
Void type
Represents the absence of the type
void
Boolean type
bool
Escape Sequences
It is a sequence of characters starting with a backslash, and it doesn't represent itself when used
inside string literal.
Alarm or Beep
It produces a beep sound
\a
Backspace
It adds a backspace
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\b
Form feed
\f
Newline
Newline Character
\n
Carriage return
\r
Tab
It gives a tab space
\t
Backslash
It adds a backslash
\\
Single quote
It adds a single quotation mark
\'
Question mark
It adds a question mark
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\?
Octal No.
It represents the value of an octal number
\nnn
Hexadecimal No.
It represents the value of a hexadecimal number
\xhh
Null
The null character is usually used to terminate a string
\0
Comments
A comment is a code that is not executed by the compiler, and the programmer uses it to keep
track of the code.
Single line comment
// It's a single line comment
Multi-line comment
/* It's a
multi-line
comment
*/
Strings
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It is a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes
Declaring String
// Include the string library
#include <string>
// String variable
string variable1 = "Hello World";
append function
It is used to concatenate two strings
string firstName = "Harry ";
string lastName = "Bhai";
string fullName = firstName.append(lastName);
cout << fullName;
length function
It returns the length of the string
string variable1 = "CodeWithHarry";
cout << "The length of the string is: " << variable1.length();
Accessing and changing string characters
string variable1 = "Hello World";
variable1[1] = 'i';
cout << variable1;
Maths
C++ provides some built-in math functions that help the programmer to perform mathematical
operations efficiently.
max function
It returns the larger value among the two
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cout << max(25, 140);
min function
It returns the smaller value among the two
cout << min(55, 50);
sqrt function
It returns the square root of a supplied number
#include <cmath>
cout << sqrt(144);
ceil function
It returns the value of x rounded up to its nearest integer
ceil(x)
floor function
It returns the value of x rounded down to its nearest integer
floor(x)
pow function
It returns the value of x to the power of y
pow(x, y)
Decision Making Instructions

Conditional statements are used to perform operations based on some condition.
If Statement
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if (condition) {
// This block of code will get executed, if the condition is True
If-else Statement
if (condition) {
// If condition is True then this block will get executed
} else {
// If condition is False then this block will get executed
if else-if Statement
if (condition) {
// Statements;
else if (condition){
// Statements;
else{
// Statements
Ternary Operator
It is shorthand of an if-else statement.
variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;
Switch Case Statement
It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values (cases).
switch (expression)
case constant-expression:
statement1;
statement2;
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break;
case constant-expression:
statement;
break;
...
default:
statement;
Iterative Statements
Iterative statements facilitate programmers to execute any block of code lines repeatedly and
can be controlled as per conditions added by the programmer.
while Loop
It iterates the block of code as long as a specified condition is True
while (/* condition */)
/* code block to be executed */
do-while loop
It is an exit controlled loop. It is very similar to the while loop with one difference, i.e., the body
of the do-while loop is executed at least once even if the condition is False
do
/* code */
} while (/* condition */);
for loop
It is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program several times. It is frequently used to
traverse the data structures like the array and linked list.
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
/* code */
}
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Break Statement
break keyword inside the loop is used to terminate the loop
break;
Continue Statement
continue keyword skips the rest of the current iteration of the loop and returns to the starting
point of the loop
continue;
References
Reference is an alias for an already existing variable. Once it is initialized to a variable, it cannot
be changed to refer to another variable. So, it's a const pointer.
Creating References
string var1 = "Value1"; // var1 variable
string &var2 = var1; // reference to var1
Pointers
Pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable
Declaration
datatype *var_name;
var_name = &variable2;
Functions & Recursion

Functions are used to divide an extensive program into smaller pieces. It can be called multiple
times to provide reusability and modularity to the C program.
Function Definition
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return_type function_name(data_type parameter...){
//code to be executed
Function Call
function_name(arguments);
Recursion
Recursion is when a function calls a copy of itself to work on a minor problem. And the function
that calls itself is known as the Recursive function.
void recurse()
... .. ...
recurse();
... .. ...
Object-Oriented Programming
It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and classes. The objects
can be any real-world entities.
class
class Class_name {
public: // Access specifier
// fields
// functions
// blocks
};
object
Class_name ObjectName;
Constructors
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It is a special method that is called automatically as soon as the object is created.
class className { // The class
public: // Access specifier
className() { // Constructor
cout << "Code With Harry";
};
int main() {
className obj_name;
return 0;
Encapsulation
Data encapsulation is a mechanism of bundling the data, and the functions that use them and
data abstraction is a mechanism of exposing only the interfaces and hiding the implementation
details from the user.
#include<iostream>
class ExampleEncap{
private:
/* Since we have marked these data members private,
* any entity outside this class cannot access these
* data members directly, they have to use getter and
* setter functions.
*/
int num;
char ch;
public:
/* Getter functions to get the value of data members.
* Since these functions are public, they can be accessed
* outside the class, thus provide the access to data members
* through them
*/
int getNum() const {
return num;
char getCh() const {
return ch;
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/* Setter functions, they are called for assigning the values
* to the private data members.
*/
void setNum(int num) {
this->num = num;
void setCh(char ch) {
this->ch = ch;
};
int main(){
ExampleEncap obj;
obj.setNum(100);
obj.setCh('A');
cout<<obj.getNum()<<endl;
cout<<obj.getCh()<<endl;
return 0;
File Handling
File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. C provides some functions that allow us
to manipulate data in the files.
Creating and writing to a text file
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main() {
// Create and open a text file
ofstream MyFile("filename.txt");
// Write to the file
MyFile << "File Handling in C++";
// Close the file
MyFile.close();
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Reading the file
It allows us to read the file line by line
getline()
Opening a File
It opens a file in the C++ program
void open(const char* file_name,ios::openmode mode);
OPEN MODES
in
Opens the file to read(default for ifstream)
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::in)
out
Opens the file to write(default for ofstream)
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::out)
binary
Opens the file in binary mode
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::binary)
app
Opens the file and appends all the outputs at the end
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::app)
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ate
Opens the file and moves the control to the end of the file
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::ate)
trunc
Removes the data in the existing file
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::trunc)
nocreate
Opens the file only if it already exists
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::nocreate)
noreplace
Opens the file only if it does not already exist
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::noreplace)
Closing a file
It closes the file
myfile.close()
Exception Handling
An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the flow of the program.
try and catch block
A basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error, the control goes to the
except block
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try {
// code to try
throw exception; // If a problem arises, then throw an exception

}
catch () {
// Block of code to handle errors
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C Cheatsheet CodeWithHarry

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C Cheatsheet CodeWithHarry

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Home - CodeWithHarry

using namespace std;

cout << "Welcome To CodeWithHarry";

It prints output on the screen

cout << "This is C++ Programming";

It takes input from the user

cin >> variable_name

Typically a single octet(one byte). It is an integer type

The most natural size of integer for the machine

A single-precision floating-point value

A double-precision floating-point value

Represents the absence of the type

It produces a beep sound

It gives a tab space

It adds a single quotation mark

It adds a question mark

It represents the value of an octal number

It represents the value of a hexadecimal number

The null character is usually used to terminate a string

Single line comment

// It's a single line comment

It is a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes

// Include the string library

string variable1 = "Hello World";

It is used to concatenate two strings

string firstName = "Harry ";

string lastName = "Bhai";

string fullName = firstName.append(lastName);

cout << fullName;

It returns the length of the string

string variable1 = "CodeWithHarry";

Accessing and changing string characters

string variable1 = "Hello World";

cout << variable1;

It returns the larger value among the two

cout << max(25, 140);

It returns the smaller value among the two

cout << min(55, 50);

It returns the square root of a supplied number

cout << sqrt(144);

It returns the value of x rounded up to its nearest integer

It returns the value of x rounded down to its nearest integer

It returns the value of x to the power of y

Decision Making Instructions

// This block of code will get executed, if the condition is True

// If condition is True then this block will get executed

// If condition is False then this block will get executed

It is shorthand of an if-else statement.

variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

Switch Case Statement

It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values (cases).

It iterates the block of code as long as a specified condition is True

while (/* condition */)

/* code block to be executed */

} while (/* condition */);

for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)

break keyword inside the loop is used to terminate the loop

string var1 = "Value1"; // var1 variable

string &var2 = var1; // reference to var1

Functions & Recursion

return_type function_name(data_type parameter...){

public: // Access specifier

It is a special method that is called automatically as soon as the object is created.

class className { // The class

public: // Access specifier

cout << "Code With Harry";

using namespace std;

/* Since we have marked these data members private,

* any entity outside this class cannot access these

* data members directly, they have to use getter and

/* Getter functions to get the value of data members.

* Since these functions are public, they can be accessed

* outside the class, thus provide the access to data members

int getNum() const {

char getCh() const {

/* Setter functions, they are called for assigning the values