Mrs.U.M. Sheela M.SC., B.Ed: "Smoke Bomb" Project Report in
Mrs.U.M. Sheela M.SC., B.Ed: "Smoke Bomb" Project Report in
Mrs.U.M. Sheela M.SC., B.Ed: "Smoke Bomb" Project Report in
Project report
In
Chemistry
(2021-2022)
Submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirement of
class XII(CBSE)
E.Jemima
[Reg.no. ]
Under the guidance of
Principal sign
DATE:
PLACE: RAMCO VIDYALAYA, RR NAGAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Smoke grenade
A smoke grenade is a canister-type grenade used as
a signaling device, target or landing zone marking device,
or as a screening device for unit movements.
Smoke grenades generally emit a far larger amount of
smoke than smoke bomb, which are a type of fireworks
typically started with an external fuse rather than a pin and
are more complex. Smoke grenades often cost around
US $ 40 compared to smoke bombs, which can often cost
just a few cents. The phrase "to smoke", meaning to fake,
bluff, or beat around the bush, comes from the military
usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal
movement
Design
A typical design consists of a sheet steel cylinder with four
emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow
smoke release when the grenade is ignited. The filler
consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke
composition (mostly potassium chlorate , lactose, and
a dye) in virtually any color. White smoke grenades
typically use hexachloroethane -zinc and granular
aluminum. The reaction is exothermic and though they
remain intact, smoke grenade casings will often remain
scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no
longer emitting smoke. Although modern smoke grenades
are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks, they
remain a fire hazard and are capable of igniting dry
vegetation or flammable substances if used injudiciously.
Uses :
Smoke grenades are used for several purposes. The
primary use is the creation of smoke screens for
concealment and the signaling of aircraft.
If movement (such as flanking maneuvers or retreat) is
necessary, smoke grenades can be thrown prior to
movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction
that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily
deceives them as to the force's location. The most
common color for concealment smoke is white or grey.
With the advent of infrared imaging goggles which can
spot troop movements through smoke screens, the newest
smoke compositions now include a "multi-spectrum"
component to make them IR impermeable
Other uses:
Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms
of chemical grenades (such as CS gas riot
control grenades) and incendiary grenades (such
as thermite grenades) which use a fuse to ignite a solid
filler inside a steel canister, which then slowly propels the
combustion products out through holes in the canister as
the contents burn. However, the smoke grenade class is
restricted to signaling and concealment under the laws of
war, and thus they are not considered weapons; since the
vast majority are non-explosive, they remain legal for
civilian use and ownership in most countries.
Preparation of smoke
bomb
Smoke powder bomb is made from several chemical
compounds such as coloring (potassium nitrate, soda
(baking soda), sugar (sucrose). Potassium Nitrate can be
used as an additive in explosives such as black powder
used in World War I by American troops. Because
Potassium Nitrate is an ion compound, it can be
determined that its ion transport parameters such as drift
speed, transport number, ion mobility, diffusion and
viscosity in Fick Law I The process of purifying Potassium
Nitrate was first carried out in 1270 engineer Hasan al-
Rammah, a chemist from Syria and written in his book
entitled alfurusiyya was al-Manasib al-Harbiyya (The Book
of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices). In
this book, al-Rammah describes first the purification of
bad (raw mineral saltpeter) through boiling it with a little
water and only using a hot solution, then using potassium
carbonate (in the form of wood ash) to remove calcium
and magnesium through the deposition of carbonates from
this solution, leaving purified potassium nitrate solution,
which can then be dried. Al-Rahmmah explains the (raw
mineral saltpeter) for the first time through boiling with little
water, using only a hot solution and using Potassium
Carbonate in the form of wood ash to remove the calcium
content therein and magnesium using the carbonate
deposited from the solution so that it purifies and can be
dried. Potassium Nitrate can be obtained from crystallized
deposits in cave walls and accumulated guano bats in
caves, hay, urine, nitric acid through the Harber process.
Abstract:
To Prepare a Smoke Bomb.
Theory:
A smoke bomb is a firework designed to produce smoke
upon ignition. Smoke bombs are useful to military units,
self-defense and pranks.The smoke bomb was first
created in 1848, by the inventor Robert Yale. He
developed 17th century Chinese-style fireworks and later
modified the formula to produce more smoke for a longer
period of time.
Coloured smoke devices use a formula that consists of an
oxidizer (typically potassium chlorate, KClO3), a fuel
(generally sugar), a moderant (such as sodium
bicarbonate) to keep the reaction from getting too hot, and
a powdered organic dye for colour. The burning of this
mixture evaporates the dye and forces it out of the device,
where it condenses in the atmosphere to form a "smoke"
of finely dispersed particles.
Home-made smoke bombs are usually created in two
ways:
The first way involves cutting up celluloid material (ping
pong balls)-placing the small pieces inside an aluminium
wrapping and igniting them. This practice is widely
recognised to be a health hazard.
Mixing the chemicals potassium nitrate and sugar while
lightly heating the mixture until it comes to a peanut-butter-
like consistency can also provide fuel for smoke-bombs
Requirements:
Sugar
Potassium nitrate, KNO3, also known as saltpeter
Skillet or pan
Aluminum foil or a used tissue paper roll
Fuse for easy ignition(from fireworks)
Cotton and tape
Burner
Procedure:
Working:
Colored smoke bombs use a mixture of an oxidizer, a
fuel, a moderant to keep the reaction from getting too
hot, and a powdered organic dye. When the mixture is
burned, the dye evaporates and is forced out of the
device, where it condenses in the atmosphere to form
a cloud of fine particles, the smoke.
Harmful effects:
Smoke bombs are often used in military/fire
drills, firefighter training, and on the battlefield as
obscurants. Smoke bombs can release a mixed
chemical smoke containing zinc chloride, zinc oxide,
hexachloroethane and other chemical ingredients
after flaring. Smoke inhaling can cause airway and
lung injury.
Curing methods:
Eleven pediatric patients (aged 11 to 13) who
inhaled the smoke of smoke bombs underwent
several low-dose chest CT scans. The image
characteristics and their dynamic changes were
observed and quantitative CT values were analyzed.
The quantitative CT indicators included lung injury CT
score (LICTS), lung fibrosis CT score (LFCTS), mean
lung density (MLD), normally aerated volume ratio
(NAVR) and reductively aerated volume ratio (RAVR).
Box-plot was used to analyze the dynamic changes of
each indicator and Spearman statistical method was
used to analyze the correlation between any two
indicators.
Conclusion