“Smoke Bomb”

Project report
In
Chemistry
(2021-2022)
Submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirement of
class XII(CBSE)
E.Jemima
[Reg.no. ]
Under the guidance of

Mrs.U.M. Sheela M.Sc., B.Ed

RAMCO VIDYALAYA SCHOOL(CBSE) R R NAGAR

 Certificate
This is to certify the project entitled
“Smoke Bomb” is done by E.Jemima of class XII of
Ramco Vidyalaya(CBSE), R R Nagar, has completed her
project as a part of the paper of CHEMISTRY under
my supervision. She has taken proper care and shown at
most sincerity in the completion of this project.
I certify that this project is upto my expectation
and as per the guidelines issued by CBSE.

Principal sign

Submitted for viva voice conducted on ,at

Ramco Vidyalaya,R R Nagar.

Internal examiner External examiner

 DECLARATION
I declare that the project titled
“Smoke Bomb”
Was completely conducted by me with the
help of subject teacher Mrs.U.M. Sheela
M.Sc., B.Ed. I hereby declare that this project
was done only out of my own interest and
effort and all the information provided is true
to my knowledge.

DATE:
PLACE: RAMCO VIDYALAYA, RR NAGAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I whole heartedly thank my school

principal, MR.N.SIVANAND M.Sc., M.Phil.,
M.A.Edu., subject teacher,
MRS.U.M.SHEELA M.Sc., B.Ed and my co
students for their cooperation with me to
complete this project. I also thank my family for
supporting me.
E.Jemima
 Content
S.NO TOPICS PAGE.NO
1. Introduction 1
2. Types of 2
smoke bombs
3. Smoke 3,4
grenade
4. Design 4,5,6
5. Uses 6,7
6. Other uses 7,8
7. Preparation of 8,9
smoke bomb
8. Abstract 9
9. Theory 10,11,12
10. Procedure 12,13
11. Working 13,14
12. Equation 15
13. Harmful effect 15
14. Conclusion 16
15. Bibliography 17
SMOKE BOMB
Introduction :
Early Japanese history saw the use of a rudimentary
form of the smoke bomb. Explosives were common in
Japan during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.
Soft cased hand-held bombs were later designed to
release smoke, poison gas and shrapnel made from iron
and pottery. The modern smoke bomb was created in
1848, by the British inventor Robert . He developed 17th-
century Chinese-style fireworks and later modified the
formula to produce more smoke for a longer period of time.
Colored smoke devise use a formula that consist of an
oxidizer (typically potassium nitrate - KNO3), a fuel
(generally sugar), a moderator (such as sodium
bicarbonate) to keep the reaction from getting too hot, and
a powdered organic dye. The burning of this mixture
evaporates the dye and forces it out of the device, where it
condenses in the atmosphere to form a "smoke" of finely
dispersed particles.
Home-made smoke bombs, even preceding Yale's 1848
invention, were and are most commonly used in pranks
and street conflicts. They are typically made from
materials that burn poorly and contained in vessels with a
limited air intake that inhibit combustion. Because both the
ingredients and uses are unpredictable, home-made
smoke bombs are often categorized as an incendairy
device.
Types of smoke bombs
 L68-L71 and L100-L101 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade
series (No 83 Mk 4 type)
 N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade
(No 83 Mk 4 type)
 Nr 7 HC smoke hand grenade series.
 Nr 9 yellow smoke hand grenade.
 Nr 10 green smoke hand grenade.
 Nr 11 red smoke hand grenade.
 Nr 22 colored smoke hand grenade series.

Smoke grenade
A smoke grenade is a canister-type grenade used as
a signaling device, target or landing zone marking device,
or as a screening device for unit movements.
Smoke grenades generally emit a far larger amount of
smoke than smoke bomb, which are a type of fireworks
typically started with an external fuse rather than a pin and
are more complex. Smoke grenades often cost around 
US $ 40 compared to smoke bombs, which can often cost
just a few cents. The phrase "to smoke", meaning to fake,
bluff, or beat around the bush, comes from the military
usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal
movement

Design
A typical design consists of a sheet steel cylinder with four
emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow
smoke release when the grenade is ignited. The filler
consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke
composition (mostly potassium chlorate ,  lactose, and
a dye) in virtually any color. White smoke grenades
typically use hexachloroethane -zinc and granular
aluminum. The reaction is exothermic and though they
 remain intact, smoke grenade casings will often remain
scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no
longer emitting smoke. Although modern smoke grenades
are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks, they
remain a fire hazard and are capable of igniting dry
vegetation or flammable substances if used injudiciously.
Uses :
Smoke grenades are used for several purposes. The
primary use is the creation of smoke screens for
concealment and the signaling of aircraft.
If movement (such as flanking maneuvers or retreat) is
necessary, smoke grenades can be thrown prior to
movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction
that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily
deceives them as to the force's location. The most
common color for concealment smoke is white or grey.
With the advent of infrared imaging goggles which can
spot troop movements through smoke screens, the newest
smoke compositions now include a "multi-spectrum"
component to make them IR impermeable

Other uses:
Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms
of chemical grenades (such as CS gas riot
control grenades) and incendiary grenades (such
as thermite grenades) which use a fuse to ignite a solid
filler inside a steel canister, which then slowly propels the
combustion products out through holes in the canister as
the contents burn. However, the smoke grenade class is
restricted to signaling and concealment under the laws of
war, and thus they are not considered weapons; since the
vast majority are non-explosive, they remain legal for
civilian use and ownership in most countries.

Preparation of smoke
bomb
Smoke powder bomb is made from several chemical
compounds such as coloring (potassium nitrate, soda
(baking soda), sugar (sucrose). Potassium Nitrate can be
used as an additive in explosives such as black powder
used in World War I by American troops. Because
Potassium Nitrate is an ion compound, it can be
determined that its ion transport parameters such as drift
speed, transport number, ion mobility, diffusion and
viscosity in Fick Law I The process of purifying Potassium
Nitrate was first carried out in 1270 engineer Hasan al-
Rammah, a chemist from Syria and written in his book
entitled alfurusiyya was al-Manasib al-Harbiyya (The Book
of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices). In
this book, al-Rammah describes first the purification of
bad (raw mineral saltpeter) through boiling it with a little
water and only using a hot solution, then using potassium
carbonate (in the form of wood ash) to remove calcium
and magnesium through the deposition of carbonates from
this solution, leaving purified potassium nitrate solution,
which can then be dried. Al-Rahmmah explains the (raw
mineral saltpeter) for the first time through boiling with little
water, using only a hot solution and using Potassium
Carbonate in the form of wood ash to remove the calcium
content therein and magnesium using the carbonate
deposited from the solution so that it purifies and can be
dried. Potassium Nitrate can be obtained from crystallized
deposits in cave walls and accumulated guano bats in
caves, hay, urine, nitric acid through the Harber process.

Abstract:
To Prepare a Smoke Bomb.
Theory:
A smoke bomb is a firework designed to produce smoke
upon ignition. Smoke bombs are useful to military units,
self-defense and pranks.The smoke bomb was first
created in 1848, by the inventor Robert Yale. He
developed 17th century Chinese-style fireworks and later
modified the formula to produce more smoke for a longer
period of time.
Coloured smoke devices use a formula that consists of an
oxidizer (typically potassium chlorate, KClO3), a fuel
(generally sugar), a moderant (such as sodium
bicarbonate) to keep the reaction from getting too hot, and
a powdered organic dye for colour. The burning of this
mixture evaporates the dye and forces it out of the device,
where it condenses in the atmosphere to form a "smoke"
of finely dispersed particles.
Home-made smoke bombs are usually created in two
ways:
The first way involves cutting up celluloid material (ping
pong balls)-placing the small pieces inside an aluminium
wrapping and igniting them. This practice is widely
recognised to be a health hazard.
Mixing the chemicals potassium nitrate and sugar while
lightly heating the mixture until it comes to a peanut-butter-
like consistency can also provide fuel for smoke-bombs
Requirements:
 Sugar
 Potassium nitrate, KNO3, also known as saltpeter
 Skillet or pan
 Aluminum foil or a used tissue paper roll
 Fuse for easy ignition(from fireworks)
 Cotton and tape
 Burner
Procedure:

1. Pour about 3 parts potassium nitrate to 2 parts

sugar into the skillet (5:3 ratio is also good).
Measurements don't need to be exact, but you want
more KNO3 than sugar. For example, you can use 1-
1/2 cups KNO3 and 1 cup sugar. If you use equal
amounts of KNO3 and sugar, your smoke bomb will
be harder to light and will burn more slowly. As you
approach the 5:3 KNO3: sugar ratio, you get a smoke
bomb that burns more quickly.

2. Apply low heat to the pan. Stir the mixture with a

spoon using long strokes. If you see the grains of
sugar starting to melt along the edges where you are
stirring, remove the pan from the heat and reduce the
temperature before continuing.

3. Basically you are caramelizing sugar. The mixture

will melt and become a caramel or chocolate color.
Continue heating/stirring until the ingredients are
liquefied. Remove from heat.

4. Pour the liquid onto a piece of foil or into the

cardboard roll. You can pour a smaller amount onto a
separate piece, to test the batch. You can pour the
smoke bomb into any shape, onto an object, or into a
mold. The shape and size will affect the burning
pattern.

5. If you aren't going to clean your skillet immediately,

pour hot water into the pan to dissolve the sugar (or
else it will be harder to clean). Clean up any residue
you may have spilled out of the pan, unless you want
mini-smoke bombs on your stovetop.

6. While the mix is still hot, push a pen lightly down

the mold and don’t remove it. Allow the smoke bomb
to cool.(about an hour) Now, remove the pen and
insert the fuse.

7. Secure the fuse with cotton

Working:
Colored smoke bombs use a mixture of an oxidizer, a
fuel, a moderant to keep the reaction from getting too
hot, and a powdered organic dye. When the mixture is
burned, the dye evaporates and is forced out of the
device, where it condenses in the atmosphere to form
a cloud of fine particles, the smoke.

Other smoke bomb compositions produce different

products, but the principle is the same: a solid is
produced and dispersed into the air, creating a smoke
that scatters and blocks light.

The sugar will be oxidized to carbon dioxide and

water. The nitrogen in the potassium nitrate will be
reduced to nitrogen gas. The potassium will end up as
potassium carbonate (the carbon coming from the
CO2 from the sugar). Small amounts of other
products will be formed, of course, but these are the
only important ones.
Equation:

48 KNO3 + 5 C12H22O11---> 24 K2CO3 + 24 N2 +

36 CO2 + 55 H2O

Harmful effects:
Smoke bombs are often used in military/fire
drills, firefighter training, and on the battlefield as
obscurants. Smoke bombs can release a mixed
chemical smoke containing zinc chloride, zinc oxide,
hexachloroethane and other chemical ingredients
after flaring. Smoke inhaling can cause airway and
lung injury.

Curing methods:
Eleven pediatric patients (aged 11 to 13) who
inhaled the smoke of smoke bombs underwent
several low-dose chest CT scans. The image
characteristics and their dynamic changes were
observed and quantitative CT values were analyzed.
The quantitative CT indicators included lung injury CT
score (LICTS), lung fibrosis CT score (LFCTS), mean
lung density (MLD), normally aerated volume ratio
(NAVR) and reductively aerated volume ratio (RAVR).
Box-plot was used to analyze the dynamic changes of
each indicator and Spearman statistical method was
used to analyze the correlation between any two
indicators.
 Conclusion

From the results of the above discussion it

can be concluded as follows:

a. It can be used as an alarm system for

smoke powder bombs that can be used as
an attack on opponents for attacks and are
poisonous to paralyze it and equipped with
a firing system with an Android system.

b. It can add to the completeness of the

military defense system
 Bibliography
1. Google .com
2. Wikipedia.org
3. Seminorsonly.com
4. wiki.answers.com
5. wikipedia.com
6. chemistry.about.com
7. wikihow.com
8. NCERT text book