DEFINITION OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

“A Tall building is not defined by its height and number of storeys. It is the

building in which “tallness” strongly influences planning, designing and use. It

is a building whose height creates different conditions in design, construction

and operation from those that exist in “common buildings” of a certain region

and period .
LOCATION & SURROUNDINGS
Identification of appropriate locations for Tall Buildings

• High-rise residential infill should be planned along with existing

infrastructure to maximize walkability, support the transit system, and

enhance the prominence of the city’s key activity centres like office

buildings, shopping centers, etc.

• High-rise buildings should have well-defined entrances, and be designed to

“address” the street.

• High-rise projects should include significant indoor amenity spaces and

outdoor open spaces designed for the recreational and social use of users.
URBAN CONTEXT

●Sustainability - Maximising the City’s Potential

●Image & Desire - Creating Urban Form and Character

●Attraction to Occupants - Sustaining Urban Communities

●Intensity of Land Use

●Global Positioning
LOCATION & SITE
Sites for high-rise buildings should have the following characteristics:

a). The site is large enough to provide for adequate building setbacks and a

transition / decrease in height to the edges of the site, to achieve compatibility

with existing small scale development in the surrounding area

b). The site is separated from existing small-scale residential development by a

major roadway or other non- residential uses

c). The site has direct access to an arterial or collector road

 AUTHORITY OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)

• An international body in the field of tall buildings and sustainable urban design.

• The Council was founded at Lehigh University in 1969 by Lynn S. Beedle,

where its office remained until October 2003 when it moved to the Illinois
Institute of Technology in Chicago.

The CTBUH ranks the height of buildings using three different methods:
• Height to architectural top:
• Highest occupied floor:
• Height to tip:
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS AS PER SECOND
MASTER PLAN

Ordinary
Buildings Group
and other Development
small Two or more
developments blocks of
Commercial building in
upto 300m2 single site

Special
Multi
Buildings
Storeyed
Residential
Buildings
Buildings with
Buildings
more than 2
exceeding 4
floors or 6
floors or
dwelling units
17.25m in
Commercial
height
>300m2
 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH RISE IN INDIA

S.NO LOCATION HEIGHT (M)

1 Hyderabad 18m or more in height

2 Bhopal 18m or more in height

3 Mumbai 7 floors and more or 24m or more in building height

4 Bangalore ground floor plus 4 or more floors above it

5 Chennai ground floor plus 4 or more floors above it

6 Kolkata ground floor plus 4 or more floors above it

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) developed the
international standards for measuring and defining tall buildings, as outlined below,
and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing designations such as the “World’s
Tallest Building.”
Tall, Supertall & Megatall Buildings

Vs

Height relative to the context

A 14-story building may not be
considered a tall building in a high-rise
city such as Chicago or Hong Kong, but
in a provincial European city or a suburb
this may be distinctly taller than the
urban norm
ATTRIBUTES OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

VS

Proportion
There are numerous buildings that
are not particularly high, but are
slender enough to give the
appearance of a tall building.
Conversely, there are numerous
big/large-footprint buildings that are
quite high, but their size/floor area
rules them out of being classed as a
tall building
 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Innovative use of Building Technology

Abuilding containing technologies
which may be attributed as being a
product of “tall”
(e.g., specific vertical transport
technologies, structural wind bracing
as a product of height, etc.).
Supertall & Megatall Buildings
Tall buildings that achieve
significant heights are classed in
two additional sub-groups:

A “supertall” is a tall building 300

meters (984 feet) or taller, and a
“megatall” is a tall building 600
meters (1,968 feet) or taller. As
of today, there are 115 supertalls
and only three megatalls
completed globally
Measuring Tall Building Height
Three height categories are recognized. All categories measure the building from: The
level1 of the lowest, significant,2 open-air,3 pedestrian4 entrance to…
1 Level: finished floor level at threshold of the lowest entrance door.
2 Significant: the entrance should be predominantly above existing or pre-existing
grade and permit access to one or more primary uses in the building via
elevators, as opposed to ground-floor retail or other uses that solely relate/connect to
the immediately adjacent external environment. Thus, entrances via
below-grade sunken plazas or similar are not generally recognized. Also note that
access to car park and/or ancillary/support areas are not considered significant
entrances.
3 Open-air: the entrance must be located directly off an external space at that level
that is open to air.
4 Pedestrian: refers to common building users or occupants and is intended to
exclude service, ancillary, or similar areas.
5 Functional-technical equipment: this is intended to recognize that functional-
technical equipment is subject to removal/addition/change as per prevalent
technologies, as is often seen in tall buildings (e.g., antennae, signage, wind turbines,
etc. are periodically added, shortened, lengthened, removed and/or replaced).
6 Occupiable: this is intended to recognize conditioned space which is designed to be
safely and legally occupied by residents, workers, or other building users on a
consistent basis. It does not include service or mechanical areas which experience
occasional maintenance access, etc
1. Height to Architectural Top
...the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae,
signage, flagpoles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the
most widely utilized and is employed to define the CTBUH rankings of the “World’s
Tallest Buildings.”
2. Height to Highest Occupied Floor ...the finished floor level of the highest occupiable
floor within the building
3. Height to Tip ...to the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or
function of the highest element.
Tall Building Characteristics
Single-function vs. Mixed-use
Buildings
A single-function tall building is defined
as one where 85 percent or more
of its total height is dedicated to a single
function.

A mixed-use tall building contains two or

more functions, where each of the
functions occupies a significant
proportion of the tower’s total space.

Support areas, such as car parks and

mechanical plant space, do not
constitute mixed-use functions.
Building vs. Tower
To be considered a building, at
least 50 percent of its height must
be occupiable

Telecommunications or observation
towers that do not meet the 50
percent threshold are not eligible
for inclusion on CTBUH’s
“Tallest” lists.
Co-Joined Building

A building is a single, co-joined building (as opposed to separate buildings in a

complex) when 50 percent or more of the total building height is connected.
Exceptions to this 50 percent rule can be made in cases where the form of the building
creates a coherent arch, creating a singular architectural expression and thus a co-
joined building.
Number of Floors
Includes all above-ground floors, including the ground floor itself, and significant
mezzanine floors / major mechanical plant floors, unless they have a significantly
smaller floor are than the major floors below. Mechanical penthouses or plant rooms
above the general roof area are not counted.
CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH RISE IN OTHER
COUNTRIES
EUROPE

A building with a height between 35

and 100 m.
•Similarly, if the building has more than
twelve floors it is considered to be a
high-rise building

EGYPT

Building height between

75 feet (23 meters) and
100 feet (30 meters),
•or about seven to ten
stories (depending on the
slab-to-slab distance
between floors).
COORDINATION EFFORTS
• Skyscrapers are gigantic projects demanding incredible

logistics,management and strong nerves among all concerned in their

planning and construction.

• The complexity of the trades to be co-ordinated has become enormous.

Importance of a Design Charatte

• A charrette is an intensive planning session where Clients, designers and

others collaborate on a vision for development. It provides a forum for ideas

and offers the unique advantage of giving immediate feedback to the

designers. More importantly, it allows everyone who participates to be a

mutual author of the plan.

COORDINATION EFFORTS

Many different experts are involved solely in the project planning:-

• Architects
• Structural Engineers
• MEP Engineers
• Facade Designers
• Landscape Consultants
• Interior designers
• Acoustic Consultant
• Kitchen Consultant
• Construction and site management Engineers
• Survey Engineers
• Geotechnology Engineer
• Security Consultant / Risk Management
Advantages of High Rise Buildings

• They save space and accommodate more residents as compared to shorter

buildings.

• The higher floors are relatively more airy and receive more sunlight.

• Taller buildings are a better option for the idea of a green building since they are

more lit, airy and provide more surface area around the buildings.

• They are much more economical if the cost of land is historic, as buying a small

land and constructing a tall building is more affordable than purchasing a

widespread land.
Points of discomfort in High Rise buildings
Disadvantages of Very tall building / high rise buildings

1.The construction of very tall buildings requires highly skilled engineers and

architects to design the building, thus increasing the total cost. – Seismic factor plays

a major role

2.Very tall buildings need to counter wind forces and seismic forces apart from dead

and live loads -- shift of Seismic Zone, risk due to large Infrastructure projects such

as a flyover or Metro Rail, etc.,

3.The wind velocity is very high, sometimes resulting in crashing of windowpanes

4.The redundancy levels required are much higher – Elevators / Genset back up,

etc.,
LINKS RELATED TO PLANNING & DESIGN OF MSBs
Urban Infrastructure :

• Multiple Access Roads – Traffic Jam, movement of Emergency vehicles such as

Ambulance & Fire Tender

• Water & Sewer Network – either an upgradation or a new provision—independent

bungalows becoming MSB apartments

• Storm Water Drain – 2015 floods

• Availability of Stable Electric Power

• Social Infrastructure

• Schools, Hospitals, market, public transport, etc.,

• Rules of different Statutory bodies

Components
of a simple
building
CHOICE OF FOUNDATION

•For shallow foundation minimum N value should be more than 10

•N value 10 , Approximately equals 10 tones /square meter(100kN/sqm)

•If N value less than 10 and depth of excavation more than 3 m , then deep foundation

preferred.

•Shallow foundation shall have lesser settlement if N value is more than 15.

•As per IS 1893-2016, if soil has N value less than 15 in zone III and less than 10 in

zone II should be improved.

SIZE OF FOUNDATION

• A=Pw/SBC

•A- Area of foundation (Required)

•Pw-Working load on Column-(kN)

•SBC-Safe Bearing Capacity of soil

(kN/Sqm)

•10kN=1Ton
Foundations for
Multistorey buildings
•All loads comes to foundation

•Foundation transfer all loads to

sub soil

•Following are the commonly

adopted foundations for

multistorey buildings

–Raft, Strip raft, Mat, Pile, Pile

Raft, etc.,

•Choice of foundation is up to the

Loads acting on structure

•Dead load – Self weight of structure

•Super Imposed load – Semi Permanent load
•Live load – Human, Stack, Furniture, Etc.,
•Wind load
•Earthquake forces
•Temperature effect
•Snow load (Cool Climate Regions)
•Impact load (Industrial Structures)
•Vehicle moving load (Parking decks)
•Hydrostatic Pressure (Basements)
•Soil swell pressure (Expansive soil)
•Lateral Earth Pressure (Retaining wall)
SIZE OF COLUMN
•Legs are Stronger than Arms

•Columns Should Be Stronger than Beam

•Ac>Ab, Ic>Ib, Kc>Kb,

So Before fixing the size of column first fix Size of Beam.

IS-456-2000 recommendation for span to eff depth ratio of beam,

However, practically, 1 feet span requires 1inch depth Beam

BEHAVIOR OF COLUMN
ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS

•Maximum moment of Inertia of Column should face Major Axis. (longer span)
 Material for Construction
•R.C.C.- Framed

•R.C.C.- Shear Wall

•Steel – Framed

•Timber

•R.C.C. – Shear Wall with Steel Framed

•Composites – Steel Tubes filled with concrete or R.C.C., Carbon

fibers, etc
NEW INNOVATING MATERIALS TO CONSTRUCT HIGH RISE / TALL BLDG
• Traditionally steel & RCC are the materials commonly used for structural frame and
skeleton of high rise buildings.

• Lately new variety & improvements in both the materials have been tried in the
construction of tall buildings.

• Composite material in combination of more than one material have been

successfully developed tried and used.
INNOVATIONS IN CONCRETE
Some of the new varieties of concrete include
Super strength Concrete
• High strength Concrete
• Fibre Reinforced Concrete using fibres of high strength stainless steel, blue
metal, glass, carbon etc.,
Techniques of pre-stressing and post - tensioning have also contributed considerably in
increasing the strengthof the structural member without increasing the sectional area.

Light weight aggregates using industrial waste and debris from demolished buildings
can also be useful in reducing the weight of structural members. Light weight
aggregates can also be manufactured in es by introducing gas producing agents in
suitable composite materials. This will result into light weight concrete.
STABILITY OF STRUCTURE

ABC

•A-Anchorage

•B-Bracing

•C-Continuity
Load Combinations

•A multistory building has to be designed for the following load

combinations:

–As per Indian Standards…

–D.L + L.L – Serviceability criteria
–1.5 (D.L+L.L) – Strength Criteria
–1.2 (D.L+L.L+W.L) – Wind load - 0º & 90º
–1.2 (D.L.+L.L.+E.L) – Seismic Effects- [x, z, -x, -z]
–1.5 (D.L+E.L) – Seismic Effects- [x, z, -x, -z]
–0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.L – Seismic Effects- [x, z, -x, -z]
Structural Form

•Braced-Framed Structures
•Rigid –Framed Structures
•In filled-Framed Structures
•Flat-Plate and Flat-Slab Structures
•Shear Wall Structures
•Wall frame Structures
•Framed-Tube Structures
•Outrigger-Braced Structures
•Suspended Structures
•Core Structures
•Space Structures
•Hybrid Structures
 Braced frame structures

This system consist of vertical columns, horizontal struts or

beams and inclined bracing. Steel structures beams are at floor
slab level or any intermediate level.
 Rigid frame structures

In R.C.C. up to 25 stories, Rigid

Frame Construction is ideally
suited.
•The frames are moment
resistant.
•The material consumption shall
be high.
 Infill framed structures

The masonry flanked by R.C.C.

frames are also taken in account
to resist the forces and moments.
•The infill behaves effectively in
strut along its compression and
diagonal.
•To resist tensile force also
diagonal steel members or
R.C.C. members are inevitable.
•Suitable up to 25 stories.
 Flat plate and Flat slab structures

In this system columns with enlarged capital get braced with thicker slabs.
Usually 150mm to 300mm thickness. Either by conventional R.C.C. or post-tensioned
slabs.
•Normal spans 6m to 10m.
•Suitable for commercial spaces
 Shear wall structures

Reinforced concrete continuous vertical walls serve both architecturally as partitions

and structurally to carry gravity and lateral load.

•Very High In-plane stiffness and strength.

•Stiffer than framed structures.

•Highly Earthquake resistant.

•Suitable up to 35 stories
 Wall Frame structures

This is a combination of shear wall and rigid frame

•Called dual system

•Suitable up to 40 stories.

•Efficient and economical system

Framed Tube structures
• The lateral resistance of
framed tube structures is
provided by a very stiff
moment resisting frames
than form a “tube” around
the perimeter of the
building.
• Gravity load taken by
inner columns.
• Tube carries all lateral
loading.
• Suitable for R.C.C. and
steel structures (up to 100
stories
 Out Rigger Braced structures

• This System consist of central core shear

wall with horizontal cantilever outrigger

trusses or girders connecting core to the

outer columns

• High efficiency

• Suitable up to 70 stories
This system consist of strong central Suspended structures
core/cores with horizontal cantilevers at

roof level, to which vertical hangers of

steel cable/rod/plate are attached.

•The floor slabs are suspended from the

hangers.

•More suitable for horizontal space

constrain.

•Looking nice, architecturally challenged.

•Large open floor spaces at all levels.

•Suitable for office and commercial

complexes.
 Core structures
In this structure the core serves to

carry entire gravity or horizontal

loading.

•Slabs/Beams cantilever from the

core for all sides.

•Column free space around the core

(similar to suspended structure)

suitable for office and commercial

spaces.

•Uneconomical.
Space structures

In this system 3 dimensional

triangular frames resist all

loading system

•Highly efficient

•Suitable even more than 100

stories

•Geometrically complex

•Architectural restrictions

•Costly connections

•Difficult to construct
 Hybrid structures

Two or more systems tried together to form

a system.

•Suitable for buildings of non prismatic

shapes
WEIGHT OF STEEL IN TALL BUILDINGS
DETAILING OF REBARS IN COLUMNS & BEAM
COLUMN JUNCTION
EXTERNAL ENVELOPE
In multi storied buildings external envelopes/cladding
are usually integrated with structural forms
•Some special care due to architecture and energy
efficiency also emphasized
•The external envelopes are more vulnerable to wind
and temperature.
•Not only the frames but also the panels to be designed
for wind and temperature. In case of glass panels heat
soak test is emphasized.
•In tropical countries there shall be lot of difference
between internal and external temperature.
Corresponding expansion and contraction shall be
there.
•The designer should ponder about maintenance of
envelopes too.
 MATERIALS FOR EXTERNAL ENVELOPE

Steel frames and aluminum frames

•Toughened and Fiber reinforced glass

•Poly carbonate panels

•Solar panels

•Timber

•Clay tile

•PVC
 INTERNAL ENVELOPE
Internal envelopes mainly aim for insulation and
decorative purpose
•Materials should be carefully chosen in such a way viz.,

–Fire resistant

–Moisture resistant

–Less self weight

–Non deform due to Self weight (slender)

–Non conductive

–Easy workable

–Cost effective
CASE STUDY - 1
 Multipurpose Block @
CIPET, Guindy

STRUCTURE:

• RCC Rigid Frame on

Pile FOundation

DESIGN FORCES

• Dead Load
• Live Load
• Super Imposed Load
• Seismic Load

WITH EXTERNAL ENVELOPE STRUCTURE

EXTERNAL ENVELOPE:
MS and Aluminium Frames, Aluminium Composite Panels and Colored Glasses
IF EXTERNAL ENVELOPE IS INTEGRATED TO THIS STRUCTURE
• Total stiffness gets
increased

• Beams and Columns

can be economized

• Lesser Moment and

base shear

• P- Delta effect
controlled

• The overall system

shall be efficient and
eonomical
 P - DELTA EFFECT
• Due to gravity and lateral loading
there results deflections

• The horizontal drift resulting in

eccentricity the gravity loading from
the axis of the column/ wall.

• Due to such eccentricity additional

external moments to which a
structure responds by drifting further.

• The additionaldrift induces additional

internal moments suffucient to
equilibrate the gravity load moments.

• The additional displacement might

cause unacceptable total deflections

• This leads to collapse. TO counter

this effect more stiffened
column/shear wall is emphasized.
INTEGRATION OF ENVELOPE SAVES ENERGY

• Envelopes better be connected little away

from the structure with proper designed
connections.
• The cooling glasses serves as cladding
shall reflect major portion of sun radiation
• The air between the structure and the glass
get heated by refracted radiation.
• The heated air loses density and goes up
(chimney effect)
• Fill the gap by fresh air from the bottom.
• The flow shall be continuous
• This arrangement results lesser radiation
inside the buildings so that possibility of
energy saving in air conditioning
CASE STUDY - 2
Design Forces:
• Dead load
• Super Imposed load
• Live load
• Earthquake load
• Wind load and temperature effect for envelopes.
 CASE STUDY-2 IF INTEGRATED

• Total Stiffness get increased

• Beams and columns can be
economized
• Lesser moment and base shear
• P-Delta effect controlled
• The overall system shall be efficient
and economical

• Limitation-
– Alterations shall not be easily possible
Case Study 3- External Envelope
Conversion of
Marriage hall into
Shopping center.

Purpose – Covering
the staircase and
ramp as well as
Elevation Envelope.
Case Study 3- External Envelope
The Structure (Additional)

Staircase
Case Study 3- External Envelope
• Main members - Square Hollow
Section
• Cladding panel – Toughened Colored
Glass
• Secondary members – Aluminum
Frames
• Design Forces – Self weight, Live
load(During fabrication and erection),
Wind Load & Temperature effect
Case Study 4- External envelope
• Industrial Building at Virudhunagar,
Tamilnadu.

• F.F.L. to ridge level 80 ft.

• Structure Integrated with envelope

• R.C.C. Columns upto 20 ft height

then MS Square hollow section, built
up column, girders, truss and
bracings.

• Panels: 60% galvalume sheets, 30%

Polycarbonate Translucent sheets,
10% aluminum louvers.

• Design Forces: Self weight, Live

load (During fabrication and
erection), Wind forces.
Case Study 5- Internal Envelope
• Banquet Hall at Adyar Gate
hotel
• (previously Park Sheraton
presently Crowne plaza)

• Structure: Envolute curve MS

truss

• Internal Envelope: False ceiling

using MS box section, Glass
wool, Plywood, Veneer, etc.

• Design forces: Self weight, Live

load(during fabrication and
erection), Notional wind load,
temperature effect.
Case Study 5- Internal Envelope
Structural Drawings
 CASE STUDY-5 IF INTEGRATED

Advantages: Limitations:
• Truss members shall be Alterations shall not be easily possible
economical Service ducts like A/C shall be cumbersome.
• More stiffness
• More resistance to wind load
 Case Study 6- Internal Envelope

H&M Showroom at Express Avenue Mall,

Chennai.

Envelope Structure: MS Square hollow section

with polycarbonate sheets.
 Case Study 6- Internal Envelope

• Design forces: Self weight, Live load(during

fabrication and erection), Notional wind load,
Temperature effect.
 CASE STUDY-6 IF INTEGRATED
• In this case, Integration may not be
possible because it’s a lease hold property
• The dome covered area was previously
atrium.
• After the lease period the dome may be
removed and shall be converted for some
other purpose.
• Multi storey buildings facilitate more population occupancy.
• Design of multi storey buildings require sound knowledge and
skills.
• Wind and temperature effect are predominant in multi storey
buildings.
• Envelopes are essential especially for multi storey building.
• Envelopes also to be designed meticulously as equivalent to the
main structure.
• External envelopes behave better to strengthen the structure
instead of just hinges on the structure.
• The integrated design and construction of envelopes with structure
shall be economical and efficient.
• The life loss during collapse is not only because of structural
failure but also due to envelope failure.
• Envelopes are not only structurally integrated form but also plays
major role in energy management and sustainability.
 PLANNING STRATEGY – CORE
Lifts, staircase and toilets

• “Core is a spatial element for load bearing high rise building

systems.
• The core of a multi storeyed building integrates both building
services and circulation systems”

TYPES OF CORE PLANNING

Lifts, staircase and toilets
• CENTRAL CORE
• SPLIT CORE
• END CORE
• ATRIUM CORE
 CORE PLANNING

CENTRAL CORE SPLIT CORE END CORE ATRIUM CORE

 CORE PLANNING – ARRANGEMENT & SPATIAL
PATTERN - Central Core

• Being in the centre it is equidistant and provides

ease of access from all sides.
• Simplifies area division and spatial arrangement
• Permits the usable space to varying depth to

Building type : RESIDENTIAL receive natural light within

 CORE PLANNING – ARRANGEMENT & SPATIAL
PATTERN - Split Core

• This is a more
convenient method
where large open
spaces are required
within the building
space
• This arrangement
requires a long corridor
access connecting the
two and its exit ways
• Since the core is split
the rate of egress can
be equally split

Building type : COMMERCIAL

CORE PLANNING – ARRANGEMENT & SPATIAL
PATTERN - End Core

• It leaves 70% of the floor area

available for tenant use
occupying only 30%

• Maximum flexibility is obtained

in terms of spatial usage and
arrangement of spaces

• The horizontal circulation will

require a long obstacle free
corridor passage that connects
the core
CORE PLANNING – ARRANGEMENT & SPATIAL
PATTERN - Atrium Core

• The arrangement is centrally located

giving it an ease of access
• However an atrium core will have a
service core connected at the periphery of
the building giving it direct access to the
outside during an emergency
 CORE COMPONENTS

TOILETS FIRE LIFTS FIRE STAIRCASES

UTILITIES / SERVICES
 CORE PLANNING – CIRCULATION PARAMETERS –
Elevators,ramps and Staircases

“Vertical circulation as applied in architecture is the movement of people and

goods between interior spaces of a building and to entrances and exits
CORE PLANNING – ELEMENTS OF VERTICAL CIRCULATION

STAIRCASE RAMPS

ELEVATORS
CORE PLANNING – LIFT CORE CONFIGURATION
CORE PLANNING – LIFTS NBC RECOMMENDATIONS
CORE PLANNING – LIFTS NBC RECOMMENDATIONS
CORE PLANNING – LIFT CORE CONFIGURATION and SEGREGATION

HIGH RISE MID RISE LOW RISE FIRE TOWER RISE

 FIRE FIGHTING – REFUGE TERRACE
Fire and safety

Refuge areas are such areas in a building where people can take shelter in case of
a fire and the area shall have a door which shall be painted or fixed with a sign in
luminous paint mentioning "REFUGE AREA".
Refuge area shall be provided at 24m height and for every 15m thereforth.
Refuge area shall be accessed from the space they serve but it should be directly
connected to an egress without having to re-enter into the usable space.
TOILET LAYOUT
TOILET CALCULATION – NBC 2016
WC, Urinals, Wash basin
CORE PLANNING – UTILITIES - AHU
CORE PLANNING – UTILITIES
CORE PLANNING – ELEMENTS OF SERVICES
Toilets, shafts , MEP ducts
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

• The Shear wall system is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral stability.

• It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed in the resistance of
both horizontal and vertical loads.

• It is one type of rigid frame construction.

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - FLAT SLAB

• A flat slab is a two way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have
beams and the loads are transfered directlyto the column.

• These are generally used in the parking decks, commercial tall buildings where
beam projections can be avoided.
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - WAFFLE SLAB
• A waffle slab has a two-way reiutside of the material giving it a shape of
pockets on the waffle.

• These are generally used in airports, commercial buildings, bridges and other
structures that require extra stability.
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

• Introduction.

• Types of vertical transportation.

• Criteria for elevators in high rise buildings.

• Recent technological developments.

• Future developments.

• Case study.
• Efficient vertical mobility is the critical component of high rise

• buildings.

• 7 billion elevator journeys are taken each day in high rise buildings.

• Intersection of green technologies with energy efficient elevators are

• emerging and dominant design philosophy.

• New technologies like vertical subway, space lift and electromagnetic

• levitation technologies are emerging.

• Birth of modern elevators

• In 1851 ,Elisha Otis at the age of 40 to shift old debris designed his own safety

elevator and tested it successfully.

• In 1857, the first Otis elevator was installed at 488 Broadway, New York. It was

steamed power and operated at a speed of 0.2m/s.

How elevators can transform skyline?-
Hong Kong
• Hong Kong provides an illustration of
• how population growth as shaped many of
the worlds major cities.
• HongKong had population of 33,000 in
1851.
TYPES OF VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION

• Electric traction drive

• Hydraulic

• Vehicle lifts

• Rack and pinion lifts

• Scissor lifts

• Staircase lifts

• Escalators

• Auto walks
CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING ELEVATORS
• Preliminary design

• Preliminary lift planning

• Population

• Quantity of service

• Quality of service

• Traffic peaks

• Capacity

• Speed

• Layout

• Elevator traffic control

• Safety and code requirement

 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

• It is important to have a good preliminary design as it is difficult to make changes

when the project has moved ahead in design.

• Two basic considerations to be reviewed are:

• Quantity of service required

• This gives the passenger handling capacity during the peak periods

• Quality of service desired This is measured in terms of waiting time of passengers

at various floors.
 PRELIMINARY LIFT PLANNING

Population
• Total building population and whether it is likely to increase in future needs to be

ascertained.

• Population density can vary from about one person per 4m2 to one person per

20m2

• .Generally one person per 5m2 is assumed in general office building.

• As a thumb rule for fast service a lift per 150-200 passengers.