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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Insecurity in the form of ethnic, communal, and religious crisis is one of the biggest, most complex,

and perhaps the most complicated problem facing Nigeria and most countries in the world. The

upsurge in this form of insecurity has left many countries in pains, suffering, and dismay, as it results

in incalculable destruction of lives and properties (Ukwayi & Okpa 2017). It is all understood all over

the world that peace and security of life and property is a necessary pre-conditioned for national

development. The principal agency charged with the responsibility of internal peace and security of

nations all over the world is the police (Igbuzor, 2010).

Historically, policing and police work did not start as a paid profession. Rather, it started as a upright,

incorruptible profession with considerable responsibility and distinction (Newborn 2004). Just at

leadership mirrors the state of a given society. Policing in Nigeria had always reflected the society that

created it. The primary purpose of the police was to advance the economic and political agenda of the

colonist. It is historically accepted that, the police engaged in the brutal subjugate of communities and

the suppression of resistance to colonial rule. Thus, the use of violence and repression from the

beginning of colonial era marked a dislocation in the relationship between the police and local

communities, which had characterized law enforcement practices in Nigeria ever since (Kupoluyi &

Nwogwugwu, 2015).

It is no longer a tale that the security situation in Nigeria is very pathetic. Nigeria is presently in the

grip of violent and non-violent crime, perpetrated against innocent and defenceless citizens. The

indiscriminate violence the country is experiencing in recent times, which has resulted in terrible loss

of lives and property and foisting of atmosphere of fear, anxiety, uncertainty, gloom insecurity, and

vulnerability among the populace. Also, the diminishing prospects for political stability, social

cohesion and economic development have further worsened the security situation in the country

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(Emeh, 2011). The existing security challenges have made Nigeria to be on the watch list of many

countries as precarious for business and tourism visitation. For instance Adefi & Anchor (2013) has

predicted in 2014, on the likelihood of graphic increase in social unrest and disorder of the Nigerian

state with high risk of uncertainty along other countries such as Egypt, Libya, Somalia, Yemen,

Afghanistan. In different part of the country such as in south-south, the millitancy activities of various

milita groups have scared away alots of foreign investors who moved to some neighboring countries

believed to be safer than Nigeria.

The challenge of insecurity in Nigeria has assumed formidable dimensions forcing the country’s

political and economic status and indeed the entire nation to the rue, the loss of their loves ones,

investment and absence of safety in most parts of the country (Onifade, Imhonopi & Urim, 2013). The

rate at which innocent blood is wasted on a daily basis and the display of bottled-up frustration by the

local citizens remains a cause for concern. (Nwaze, 2011) counted his experience that the rate of

bloodshed during the Nigerian civil war is a Child’s play compared to the terrorist attacks and Fulani

headsmen in various plat of local communities recently.

Evidently, the rate of the insecurity from 1999 to date, including kidnapping, millitancy, ritualism,

traffic in persons, Boko Haram insurgency, child abuse, rape, motivated conflicts of ethic and religious

killings by unknown gunmen is graphically high. Other sources of the insecurity in the land include

public disorder resulting from poor governance, economic down turn (recession), public mistrust and

dishonesty by looting of public funds which has destroyed the justice system and tensed the insecurity

situation (Akume & Godswill 2016).

Ogunbiyi (2018) posit that northern - eastern part of Nigeria States i.e Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe

etc, Insurgency by the Boko - Haram have destroyed many lives and properties in broad daylight terror

in some major cities which have deserted local investors. Major commercial midpoints in the country

such as Aba, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt are increasingly challenged with banditry in banks and

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financial centers, offices, shops, and market areas with the recent occurrence of bank robbery in Offa

town in kwara state.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is indisputable that present state of Nigeria to state that Nigeria is bedeviled by multitudes of

existence of security challenges. The recent most recurring of the situation in a broader sense are

farmers herders conflict, youth intolerant (unemployment), kidnapping, cyber-crime, insurgency,

robbery, corruption, poverty, increase ad persistent attacks among communities (Nwogwugwu &

Kupoluyi 2015).

There is no doubt that the upsurge in kidnapping activities in Nigeria and apparent inability of the

police to live up to their statutory responsibilities of prevention and detection of crime, kidnapping

inclusive, has far-reaching social implications to the citizenry. This is because, the upsurge in crime of

kidnapping not only remains the most disturbing and traumatizing experience to people but also has

made people lives in perpetual fear and state of insecurity (llechukwu, Uchem & Asogwu 2015). The

continuous increase in the rate of sophisticated crime, incessant killings and security threat over a

period of time coupled with the helplessness, lackadaisical and sluggish attitude of the centrally

controlled police in Nigeria has conditioned the demand for the creation of state police (Ehindero,

2012).

Since the current centralized system of security challenges across the length and breathe of the

country, there is need for massive reform of the security sector to make the sector effective. This will

involve the development of new security framework that will proactively combat all forms of threat to

security at local, state, and national levels of the country, such a framework would involve the

devolution of powers from the center to component units in line with Nigeria's federal structure.

Security at the state level should be controlled by the state level while the federal security apparatus

will play complimentary role, especially where inter-state crime are involved (Nwogwugwu & Abioye

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2015). Also, Enehikhuere (2017), posit that the incapability of the current police system in the country

is viewed by many Nigerians as due to centralisation of command structure and authority of the police

force, with obvious call for decentralization Pave way for the creation of state police as an alternate

approach to the disturbing crimes and incessant of insecurity in the country.

Moreover, All over the world security of lives and properties remain a top priority of every

government. That why the south west of Nigeria have come up with operation Amotekun security in

Combating crime they will assist the police, other security agencies and traditional rulers in

Combating terrorism, banditry, armed robbery, kidnapping, farmers-herders clashes and other crimes.

However, Amotekun security will only be base in the south west region and within the community

which they will be closer to the people and also will have knowledge of the environment and that will

help them in carrying out there work in Combating crimes in South West region of Nigeria.

Yomi (2011) avers that “a place would be better policed by people from that area because they speak

the language. This helps in getting information and gathering intelligence and by extension, the

prevention of crime”. Yomi, citing a personal experience continues “when I was a commissioner of

police in Abia State and the language was Igbo and I was Yoruba, I always needed an interpreter if I

was going to deal with an illiterate who don’t understand English. State policing is operational in other

federal states such as United States of America. Some have argued that the development of

technological capabilities that have resulted in need for more proactive action at the local levels

encourages the need for state policing (Ehindero, 2012). Others argue that the centralized police

system lacks the capacity to tackle security issues proactively (Adedeji, 2012). Additionally, Ogunbiyi

(2018) stated that the citizen also have a role play based on Rousseau concept of social contrast as

section 14(b) of the constitution says that "every Nigeria citizen has a duty to assist the police in

maintenance of law and order".

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However, the study will tend to fill the gap in the existing literature review by looking at how local

security can enhance safety of the people in the community, how the policing system will improve

their method of combating crime in the community.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of state policing bill on crime control with

reference to Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps. Other objectives are to:

I. Ascertain the extent to which community police can enhance protection of lives and properties

in Lagos.

II. Evaluate the influence of local security measures on peaceful and safety environment in Lagos.

III. Examine the effect of Lagos Neighborhood safety corps on province kidnapping and banditry

in Lagos.

1.4 Research Questions

This study attempt to give answer to the following research questions as listed below:

I. To what extent can community policing enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos.

II. What effect does local security measures have on peaceful and safety environment in Lagos.

III. What effect does Lagos Neighborhood safety corps have on province kidnapping and banditry

in Lagos.

1.5 Research Hypotheses

This study will focus towards testing the following Hypotheses.

H0: Community police does not enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos

H1: Community policing has enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos.

H0: Local security measures does not have effect on peaceful and safety environment in Lagos.

H1: Local security measures has effect on peaceful and safety environment.

H0: Lagos Neighborhood safety corps does not have effect on province kidnapping and banditry in

Lagos.

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H1: Lagos Neighborhood safety corps have effect on province kidnapping and banditry in Lagos

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study will help to suggest ways to which state policing will help to enhance of lives and

properties in Lagos. The study will discuss important of local security measures and it effects in

ensuring safety environment in Lagos. Also, the study will be of great importance to the public as it

will give the benefit of local security measures will have in ensuring safety and peaceful environment

in Lagos State.

Moreover, findings from the study will be of great importance to the government in suggesting ways

to enhance safety of environment in Lagos. The study will enables the researcher to determine whether

local security measures have positive impact in safety of the people lives and properties. It will also

help researchers and student as it will stimulate and encourage them for further research and will also

enable them to have idea on how security is important in an environment.

1.7 Scope and Limitations to the Study

The scope of the study is to access state policing bill and crime control in Lagos. The study will also

seek to examine community policing and there effect in protecting of lives and properties in Lagos. It

also tends to ascertain the influence of local security measures, Lagos Neighborhood safety corps on

the peaceful and safety environment in Lagos and on the province kidnapping and banditry in Lagos.

However, the first limitation to the study is constrained by certain factors such as allowed time for the

completion of the study, financial, materials need for the research. Other limitations to this study will

be method to be adopted, unwillingness of respondents to divulge information, environmental

difficulties and also the inability to access all human resources in Lagos Neighborhood safety corps

and other factors that are beyond the researcher.

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1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms and definitions are provided to aid the reader in understanding this research work:

 State: It is a group of people which have acquired international recognition as an independent

country and which have a population, a common language and a defined and distinct territory. It is

also defined as a territory with it's own government and borders within a larger country.

 Police: A civil force granted the legal authority to enforce the law and maintain public order. They

are civil force that is responsible to control, regulate,or keep in order and also to detect and

prosecute violations of rules and regulations.

 Policing: It is defined as supervising or enforcing rules. It is the activities carried out by police

officers in order to preserve law and order.

 Bills: A written list it is also the declaration made in writing, stating a fault commited by a person

against the law.

 Public: This is partaining to all the people as a whole. It can also be seen as the people in a

particular country. Public also means relating to the government or state, or things that are done for

the people by the state.

 Safety: It is freedom from danger, injury, damage. It is also the condition of being protected from

or unlikely to cause risk, injury, and danger .

 Public safety: public safety is the welfare and protection of the general. It is also protecting the

public and keeping them safe from danger.

 Community safety: This is the act of feeling safe whether at home, in the street or at work. It is

the safety the people of a particular community feel.

 Community policing: It is a strategy of policing that focuses on building tiers and working

working closely with members of the communites

 Crime Control: The method and means of governing a specific act committed in violation of the

law

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PREAMBLE

This chapter is a review of existing literatures by past researchers and scholars on State policing bills

and Crime control. The chapter therefore embodies the conceptual framework which includes

conceptualization of key variables and terminologies, the theoretical framework which includes a

critical review of related theories and the empirical framework made up of the conclusions drawn by

previous researchers as touching the present research study.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

2.2.1 Concept of State policing

The view of the state having monopoly over the means of legitimate violence led into the creation of

specialized agencies like the police and the Armed Forces charged with the responsibility of

controlling the use of violence by other groups. Currently the police in Nigeria are scheduled to

perform the following duties:

 Crime Prevention
 Protection of lives and properties
 Enforcing law
 Maintenance of peace and public order.
 Providing a wide range of services to the citizens (Akuul, 2011).
The word, “police” was derived from the Greek word “polis” Originally, policing was noted to be a

non-ecclesiastical function just like health delivery, safety, law and order, service administration

among others (Barnabas, 2013). Police could be defined as a body of men and women that are

organized primarily by the law to perform the functions of law to perform the functions of law

enforcement in the country. In a state there are many law enforcement agents but the principal one in

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the criminal justice system is the police. As far as internal security system of any state is concerned,

police is constitutional empowered to maintain internal security of life and property (Aaron, 2017).

Alemika (2000) view policing as the activity of making societies safe which entails deliberate attempts

to regulate the distribution of physical security produced by actual or potential use of force. For

Odekunle (2004), the main objective of policing is to provide security, or at least a social and

psychological feeling of security, for a majority of citizens, in a majority of places and for most of the

time. These securities will involve prevention and control of criminality, maintenance of public order

and peace, rendering of assistance and service to all citizens needing or requiring security and

symbolizing the law and the government by always upholding the rule of law.

Policing means the use of agencies set up by law to maintain internal security of the state to promote

and sustain democracy and the rule of law. These bodies or organizations play important roles in carry

out national laws made by the government in the pursuit of national interest and the protection of the

national image of the country (Maina, 2006). Police is government agency entrusted with the

responsibility of maintaining law, order and peaceful coexistence in the society (Udefuma, Maduka,

Akelafu & Jumare, 2014). Arase (2018) contends that state police is a type of police organization that

is wholly controlled and directed by state government. State Police according to Odoshimoke (2017) is

to make the police servicing more effective, efficient and closer to the policing community who

understand their languages, geographical terrain and security challenges of the policing community.

The creation of state police will confine the operation of state police officers to particular state in

Nigeria, this will enhance security tentacle of the various state in country (Eme & Anthony, 2011).

Amadi (2014) emphasized that the role of police partnership with citizen to ensure achievement of

safer environment such partnership require that police work with local community leaders, in

identifying resident who could be of value in security related issues of the community for adequate

training for community policing responsibilities.

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State Police It refers to the act of patrol system in a federation in which the constituents or federating

units employs own security officers (police) for controlling, managing, directing and watching over

security issues that arises within each territorial boundary(Badamosi, Zuwaru, Umm Atiya, Kamarul,

2019). Aleyomi (2013) sees state police as “sub-national policing of a specified territory or boundary

in a federation”. It means decentralisation of the present security operations system and power from

single authority of the federation.

In practice however, it means that when the policing operations, command, logistics are controlled by

federating units of government within their territorial boundaries, and not controlled by the central

authority as it is presently with the Nigeria‟s federation. In modern democracies such as US, Canada,

Britain, Ethiopia etc, policing a federation have undergone a notable change that cut across the levels

of government i.e. central, states/regions and local units of a federal system (Owen, 2014). However,

state police are essential feature in governing a federation state by allowing the peripheral units to

employ means of safeguarding its people‟s lives and properties within their states jurisdiction,

provinces or districts (Owen, 2014). Aremu (2014) describes state policing as “territorial policing. It is

a sub-national form of policing in which there is devolution of security operations in the hands of the

federating states of regions. State policing operationally is when policing and all its operations and

logistics are controlled by other governments other than the national or federal government”.

The creation of state police will confine the operation of police officers to particular state in Nigeria,

this will enhance security tentacle of the various states in Nigeria( Eme and Anthony, 2011).It also

enhances quick payment of salaries and allowances to improve their moral for greater performance.

State police will also enhances community policing by ensuring that substantial member of staff are

indigene of the state (Wilson, 2005). State policing operationally is when policing and all its

operations and logistics are controlled by other governments other than the national or federal

government10

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2.2.2. State Policing and Crime Control: The links

Without security individuals within a state will find it hard to engage in productive activities, similarly

without security the state is bond to experience great difficulty in controlling it's human and material

resources towards meaningful development and well-being of the people (Imogbe, 2003). The country

returned to democracy in 1999 there have been increased rate of criminalities like kidnapping, armed-

robbery, rape and terrorism, the current federal police is engulf to deal with current insecurity in

Nigeria, so, what we have been practicing for over nineteen years without positive results requires a

new approach to tackles the insecurity through state police (Emmanuel & Ogu ,2014).

The state has as its central purpose to ensure that the people are protected and secured. Security should

mean the establishment of measure for the Protection of lives and property against hostility and the

existence of terms within which people in a society can go about their normal socio-economic daily

activities without any threat to their lives or property (Achumba, 2013). Primarily, the aim of

government is to protect life and properties of the citizens through its security agencies which include

the police, the military, civil defence, road safety, etc. The role of police in the protection of life and

properties of the citizens is necessary Police is a visible government agent through whom its character

and political systems are assessed (Adesoji, Jide and Ifedayo, 2013).

The provision of security of life and property is enthused on the police. Creation of state police will

be within the operation of police officers to a particular state in Nigeria, this will enhance security

tentacle of the various state in Nigeria. (Eme&Anthony, 2011). The emergence of the police, a body of

eligible men, enlisted, trained, equipped and maintained and directed by the state, to enforce laws with

which they are charged, ensure orderliness, protect society and reduce the apprehension of citizens is a

notable development in human history (Alemika & Chukwuma, 2003).

The primary function of the police is policing which means securing compliance with existing laws

and conformity with precepts of social order, (Alemika & Chukwuma, 2003). Policing has always

been needed in all societies for the preservation of order, safety and social relations. The police are

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agents of the state established for the maintenance of order and the enforcement of law (Val, Genevra,

Uzoechina, Olorunyomi, 2017). For Amadi (2004), policing in Nigeria, like what obtains in other

countries of the world, is a strenuous and risky task. Nigeria police performed conventional police

functions and was responsible for internal security generally, for supporting the prison, immigration

and custom services; and for performing military duties within or outside Nigeria as directed (World

Police Encyclopedia, 2004).

The Nigerian Police performs the role of protecting and safeguarding the security of life and properties

within the internal territorial boundaries of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This is to ensure peace

and stability in the society, and also for efficient policing (Jike, 2003). In totalitarian and economically

inequitable species, the police role will be more efficient to defend the status quo of political

oppression and economic injustice. In contrast in a democratic society the police are more likely to

provide service that will enhance social economic development and democratic dividend (Aiya, 2012).

As Stated in the Police Act 2004 that the functions of police as prevention and detection of crime,

protection of lives and property of citizens, maintenance of law and order in the society, investigation

of crimes and also prosecution of offenders in the law (Police Act, 2004).

Policing has always been necessary in all societies for the maintenance of orderliness, law and

security (Reiner, 2000; Alemika & Chukwuma, 2003). The central objectives of policing are to

prevent, control and combat criminality, maintain public order and peace, render assistance and

service to all citizens needing or requiring security, and favourably symbolise the law and the

government by always upholding the rule of law (Kasumu, 2017). State policing is necessary as it will

bring security personnel closer to the people by enhancing whereabouts knowledge of the police

officer by the people within their areas or territory, state police personnel will be more familiar with

the people and cultural environment under their surveillance through daily intervention in ensuring the

safety of the people within that territory (Fashola, 2013).

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The Nigeria Police Force (NPF) therefore has statutorily responsible for the detection and prevention

of crime, apprehending and prosecution of offenders, protection of lives and property of the citizens,

enforcement and maintenance of laws and order (Inyang & Abraham, 2013). State policing strengthen

security network and leads to a significant reduction in criminal activities. The huge success recorded

so far by the Nigeria police in crime prevention and control is largely attributed to police partnership

with community leaders, youths, age grade associations and other informal security networks (Otu,

2011; Nnam, et al., 2013).

2.2.3. Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps and Combat Against Crimes and Banditry in Lagos

State

A major responsibility of modern states is providing security for lives and properties of their citizens.

In its ordinary usage, security borders on safety and absence of dangerous conditions (Ajayi, 2015). it

is the function of the state (or government) to determine security imperatives for the people and also

the people should have the final say in deciding their security. As a result of this many governments

of the world have begun to adopt community policing for effective security management (cited in

Kasali, & Odetola, 2016). To minimize the rate of crime and ensuring safety and security in the

society, different measures like man guarding an access control, the installation of surveillance

cameras in public places, guards patrolling have been put in place (Dambazau 2008). The need to

combat banditry, kidnapping, abduction, human trafficking, recurring herders-farmers clashes etc,

cannot be overemphasized as these menaces are dangerously threatening peace, stability and even

corporate existence of the country. The loss of confidence in the country’s security has created a

compelling case for regions to take matters into their own hands by forming regional security groups,

gathering and crime prevention (Omotoso Okeya, 2020).

The Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps (LNSC) was established by a law of the Lagos State House of

Assembly in 2016 they are uniformed security agency that will assist the Police and other security

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agencies to maintain law and order in the state. They operate in all the 57 Local Government Area and

Local Council Development Area in Lagos.The Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps (LNSC) officers

are indigenous locals from the various LGA/LCDA where they operate, which is a deliberate policy in

order to make use of their local knowledge to achieve maximum grass root intelligence gathering and

community policing (Lagos State Security Trust Fund 2021).

Bajulaiye (2019) LNSC as a community policing system, complements that collective society-policing

role. Established in 2016, the agency works to enhance public safety through community participation,

partnership, and collaborating with relevant security agencies in intelligence-gathering, collating and

sharing information to prevent crime. By so doing, it assists and complements the Nigerian Police

Force in securing the lives and properties of residents. LSNC is stationed in every local government,

with over 5000 trained corps personnel from various ethnic groups situated in various local

communities. Communities can get involved or support the LSNC by reporting cases of threats,

harassment or violence timely.

Ajao (2018) posit that there exist a strong interaction between Lagos Neighborhood safety corps

(LNSC) and the state police command such that criminal information procured by the corps is shared

with the police for covert operation while the corps officers embark on joint patrols with the police and

other security agencies for crime prevention and detection duties.

However, Lagos Neighborhood safety corps are responsible in gathering information about crimes,

crime in progress, suspicious activities and crime suspect and also putting structure in place to ensure

that hoodlums and cult groups do not have the opportunity to operate and also providing a peaceful

and safe environment for the people of Lagos ( Lagos State Security Trust Fund 2021).

2.2.4. State-Community Police and Protection of lives and properties in Nigeria

Community policing emerged as a contemporary approach that connects police closer to the local

people and developing mutual relation to the entire citizens. This approach aims at restoring

understanding and cordial relations between citizens and the police at gaining community participation

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in crime control and social disorder. It is also a term used by various scholars, writers and speaker to

replace other terms such as foot patrol, crime prevention, problem-oriented policing, community-

oriented policing, police-community relations and more (Aiya, 2012). Community policing is

anchored on a systematic relationship between the police and the entire citizenry. Police roles and

functions are not simply law enforcement rather systematic tackling an enormous range of community

problems.

The application of traditional policing to modern policing (community policing) is a global strategy

which the Nigeria police cannot be exempted. Indeed, community policing as a philosophy and

practice is a veritable tool for administrative reform in the Nigeria Police (Okiro, 2007). In the same

vein community policing promotes organizational strategies with the use of partnership and problem

solving technique, which proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety

issues such as crime, social disorder and fear of crime (Alemika, 2012). Community policing entails

exclusive focus on constructive engagement with community people who are the consumers of the

police service and re-negotiate relationship between the people and the police thereby making the

community co-producers of justice and a quality police service (Folashade & Patience, 2013).

Mastrofski (2006) sees Community policing as a way to link the police more closely to the community

in ‘partnership’ arrangements, working together to co-produce services and desired outcomes, giving

the community a greater say in what the police do, or simply engaging with each other to produce a

greater sense of police-community compatibility. One of the strategies for effective and efficient

improvement of the performance of Nigeria police is to embark on policing relation. This will change

policing to a modern and professional policing capable of proving maximum security of lives and

property in Nigeria (Fashola, 2015).

Community oriented policing is a proactive philosophy that promotes solving problems that are either

criminal, affect the quality of life, or increase citizens fear of crime. It involves identifying, analyzing

and addressing community problems at their source (Okeke, 2013). According to Cordner, (2007)

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problem solving aspect of community policing relies more on preventing crime than protecting likely

victims and making crime locations less conducive to identified problems. Emergence of Community

Policing in local Community in Nigeria has been described as one of the effective strategy of

combining crime in the coaster community in Nigeria. This is done as the security agents collaborated

with the members of the communities in the area of intelligent information gathering to assist police.

During the regional system in Nigeria the impact of community policing which entails community

partnership that naturally bridged the unfriendly relationship between the police and members of the

public that usually hinders effective policing in Nigeria (Nwakkama, 2012).

Community policing enhances cooperation between formal policing and informal policing and

problem solving approaches aimed at improving the relations between the security agencies and the

community and to subsequently improve quality of police

services, notably reduced crime levels. The Nigeria police in 2004 embraced community policing as a

pragmatic approach to police reforms. The stage was indeed set for a clear departure from traditional

policing, that was reactive and incident based, to a problem–solving oriented policing that is proactive

with the community as the cornerstone of policing objectives (Alemika & Chukuma, 2007).

Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the

systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate

conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime

(President‟s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2019). Tillman (2000) defined community policing

“as bringing police and citizens together to prevent crime and solve problems, emphasizing the

prevention of crime rather than the traditional policing method of responding to crime after it happen.

Community policing involves collaboration between police and community members characterized by

problem solving partnerships to enhance public safety.

Community policing was adopted widely among law enforcement agencies in the 1990s, with a view

toward improving trust between community members and police, and leveraging police resources

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through voluntary assistance by community members in public safety measures (COP Office, 2008).

According to Amadi (2014) community policing is a philosophy of policing based on the idea that–if

the police and citizens in the community work together in creative ways to fight and prevent crime,

then crime-related problems of the community would be solved, fear of crime would be reduced,

community residents would feel safer, and the physical conditions as well as the quality of life in the

community would be better. According to the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), Special Report

(2014) community policing is an organizational strategy or instrument that aims at promoting

partnership that is based collaborative efforts between the police and the community to ensure safety

and security.

Community policing activities such as citizen advisory boards, landlord security administration,

community meetings, foot patrol, neighborhood watch, and door-to-door visits aim to increase the

satisfaction of citizens with police, to encourage people to share information about offenses, offenders,

and public safety problems, as well as to increase a feeling that police care about the problems of the

citizens and to build mutual trust. These activities also let people feel more comfortable contacting

police to tell about problems and share information about crimes and criminals (Eck Maguire, 2000).

The aim of community policing is to engage the unofficial indigenous Nigerian social control systems

to be integrated into the activities of the Nigeria police to combat the variety of crimes that

characterized the contemporary Nigerian society. It should Central on addressing the contemporary

security challenges in Nigeria both in terms of crime detection, prevention and control needs to be

conceptualized as a community task (Zumve, 2012).17

2.3. STATE POLICING AND PUBLIC SAFETY ASSURANCE IN LAGOS: EMPIRICAL

REVIEW

According to the Study carried out by Haruna Ishola Abdullahi (2019) on state police and police-

operational efficiency using Ojo Lagos State as a case study The quantitative data was obtained

through administration of 250 questionnaires to the residents of Ojo Local Government by applying

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simple random sampling and convince techniques. Findings showed that 66 %( 165) of the

respondents were male while 34% (85) of the respondents were female, 79 %( 198) of the respondents

strongly agreed that state police will resolve insecurity in Nigeria while 15 %( 37), strongly disagreed

that creation of state police will resolve insecurity in Nigeria however 6 %( 15) of the respondents

were neutral. However, it recommends the creation of state police with strict judicial control and

deployment of smart security technologies.

According to the study carried out by Odeh Adiza Mercy, Umoh Nanji (2015) on State Policing and

National Security in Nigeria. The study relied on secondary data in evaluating the feasibility of state

policing in Nigeria. The analysis centred on variables like the reorientation of the force, insufficient

budgetary allocation and judicious use of security vote, the practice of true federalism, the creation of

employment opportunities and so on, in drawing its conclusions. Findings revealed that the current

centralised system of administering the police force may not be tenable in adequately curbing the

menace of insecurity in Nigeria. Recommendations proffered include the need to decentralize the

police force forthwith. It is expected that the adoption and implementation of this among other

suggested strategies will boost the operative capacity of the Nigerian Police Force to effectively carry

out its designated roles and bring the mounting insecurity in the country under control.

Val-Ogu, Genevra Sopuruchi, Uzoechina David and Olorunyomi Bankole (2017) also carried out a

study on Policing and Nigeria’s National Security: Implications for National Development (1999-

2016). The study relied predominantly on secondary data, newspapers, textbooks, journals and internet

sources were consulted. The paper observed the causes of the national security challenges in Nigeria

such as corruption, injustice, poverty, decayed and collapsed infrastructure, and socio-religious crises.

Furthermore, it examined the correlation between all these causes of insecurity and the crises of

underdevelopment in Nigeria particularly in the area of abject poverty, unemployment, lack of

functional industries, low foreign investment, diversion of public funds, youth restiveness, religious

and social violence It evaluates the issues raised and concluded that there is a strong link between the

18
crises of insecurity and underdevelopment, and that by maintaining law and order, the police will

succeed at fostering national development. The paper recommended the proactive intervention of the

government in providing for the needs of the people, the provision of adequate equipment and funds

for the Nigeria police to ensure their effectiveness, religious tolerance, patriotism and citizens

participation should be encouraged, and an enabling environment should be provided for the sustained

entrepreneurial development.

Nnaji Ejike Sylvester, Ojiego Chinemerem Winifred (2019) investigates whether the establishment of

state police will enhance Nigeria’s national security. The study is anchored on strategic theory as its

framework of analysis. It also made use of documentary method of data collection as well as content

analysis. The study discovered that over-centralization of the Nigerian Police Force has led to an

increase in crimes and violence in the country. The study strongly recommends among others, a

decentralization of the Nigerian Police Force to the level of state police as this will help contain

violence at the grassroots /community level before they escalate to threaten the national security of the

country.

According to the study carried out by Ahmed Moliki, Joseph Nkwede and Kazeem Dauda (2020) in

Federalism, National Security and State Policing System in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic The study

examined the imperatives of state policing system as a panacea to insecurity mantra facing Nigeria's

federation in the Fourth Republic between 1999 and 2018. It employed mixed method research design.

Data collected through primary and secondary sources were analyzed using Chi-square (x2) statistics

and content analysis. Our findings revealed that the NPF has not significantly curtailed insecurity

dilemma caused by structural imbalance of the Nigerian state; hence the adoption of State police will

significantly curb intimidating security challenges in the Fourth Republic. The study concluded that

since the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) has failed to tame escalating wave of security crises annihilating

lives and general welfare of the populace, State police seems a more attractive option. It recommended

that in order to guarantee a decentralized policing system capable of adequate security of lives and

19
property, the ninth National Assembly and State Assemblies should prioritize restructuring the current

federal structure with a view to empowering the States to establish their own polices for better and

robust security architecture.

Ngozi Nwogwugwu, Adebusola Odedina 2019, carried out a study on policy framework for

community and state policing in Combating rising Security challenges in Nigeria. The study adopted

qualitative method, and being a library research relied entirely on secondary data. Sources of data

included journals, relevant textbooks, newspapers, magazines, and materials downloaded from

internet. The paper argues that the traditional security agencies had failed to effectively combat the

many security challenges that Nigeria faces. The combination of the official security agencies and the

military had failed to effectively combat insecurity in the country. The local vigilante groups on the

other hand had made valuable in road in curtailing some of the security challenges including terrorist

insurgency as a result of their knowledge of the terrain. The paper concludes that to effectively combat

the many security challenges, there is a need for new policy framework at the federal and state levels

that would decentralize policing and give legal backing for collaboration between the official security

agencies under the federal government and state security outfits including the vigilante.

Considering all the research that have been carried out by different researchers and their findings.

However, the gap in the empirical review is base on how the community policing can enhance security

of life and properties of the people and how local security measures can fooster the safety of the

people in the community.

2.4. Theoritical Framework

2.4.1 Social Contract Theory

Social conflict perspective in social theory postulates that society is divided into groups and classes

with common interests in some areas and conflicting interests in many fundamental areas, including

the organization, mobilization and distribution of economic and socio-political resources within a

particular society. Social conflict theory proposes that conflict within and between groups in a society

20
can hinder or affect peaceful co-existence amongst them and further hinder efforts as achieving

progressive development of such society. When there are clashes of values and interests, as well as

tension between what exists and what various groups expect, the conflict between “vested interest

groups” or “special interests” may result in emergence of new groups demanding their share of power,

wealth, and status (Coser, 1957).

Following the proposition of Coser (1957), it has been argued that the underlying motive for the

establishment of the police in any given society will determine the nature of its relations with the

different strata of the society and the perception that they have of it. In this light, in societies like

Nigeria where “the police were not created to serve the entire ‘society’ or the ‘people’ but to serve

some parts of society and some people at the expense of others” (Institute for the Study of Labor and

Economic Crises (ISLEC), 1982, p. 12), there is the tendency that the police would exhibit the

attributes of domination and suppression of sections of the population. The variation in attitudes

towards the police reflects the differential services rendered by the police to different segments of

society. Police roles vary across societies with different political, social and economic organizations.

For example it has been argued that in capitalist societies: The main function of the police has been to

protect the property and well-being of those who benefit most from an economy based on the

extraction of private profit. The police were created primarily in response to rioting and disorder

directed against oppressive working and living conditions (ISLEC, 1982). According to Bowden

(1978), the roles of police include the repression of the poor and powerless in order to protect the

interests of the rulers. The police roles, therefore, include standing as a “buffer between elite and

masses”. Brodgen (1989) puts this view more forcefully, stating that “Police forces are structured,

organizationally and ideologically to act against the marginal strata”.

This explains why the police in Nigeria respond faster and show a high degree of efficiency and

effectiveness, when the interests of the federal government and its officials are affected, or where the

rich who are at the corridors of power are affected. Monetary benefits are expected to follow such

21
rapid responses, as against situations where people of the lower cadre or those who have no direct

access to government have their right been violated upon or crimes committed against them. The

Nigeria Police have sometimes been reported to provide excuse to the citizens who come to report

cases that they are incapacitated from immediate response to emergency because of lack of fuel for the

official vehicle.

The existence of this structural defect, which is traceable to the motive for the establishment of the

police, would not have the capacity to effectively protect the ordinary citizens in the country. This

brings to the fore the need for the adoption of a new mechanism that would ensure that the interests of

the ordinary citizens who comprise the vast majority of the populace are adequately catered for in

terms of securing lives and property in the country.

This theory gives the impression that society is divided into groups and classes and in this kind of

situation whenever there is conflict between two groups it will hinder peaceful coexistence among

them so therefore, the establishment of of police in each society is essential and the police will be there

to protect the property and well-being of those in the society and also the safety of the public.

However, this theory didn’t state measures or methods the police can use to reduce conflict in the

society and also how the police can influence or hinder conflict in the society. .

2.4.2 System Theory

Systems theory by Talcott Parcons, the Nigerian state is a system that comprises sub-systems like

politics, economy, family, religion and education if one sub-system is deficient the whole system will

be dysfunctional (Armstrong, 2006). Policing a country is a political issue because the principal duty

of every government is the security of life and property of the citizens of a country. If a government

fails in this regard, other aspects of the system will be negatively affected.

The current insecurity in Nigeria has plunged other key sectors into jeopardy Akintunde (2002), for

instance insecurity has driven away foreign investors; this result in loss of jobs and tax remittance into

government coffers, loss of jobs will create family crises. Insecurity has abysmal effects on religious

22
institutions a there are instances, where many religious institutions have been robbed by armed

robbers, some rich religious leaders have been kidnapped by kidnappers some have lost their lives in

the process and in the educational sector, there are many students that were kidnapped examples are

the kidnapping of students in Igboland in Epe, Lagos State., 250 Chibuk girls saga and 100 girls in

Dapchi sighted in Ewetan & Urhie (2014).

This Theory postulates that the state i.e. the government is responsible for the security of life and

property of the citizen. So creating or establishing policing in a country will enable the protection of

life and property of the citizen. Moreover, this theory didn't state how the system can establish a better

way of enabling security of life and property of the citizen.

2.5 SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER

From the theoretical review, two theories have been used to explain state policing and crime control

these theories are system theory and social contract theory. The system theory is of the view that the

government is the one responsible for security of live and property while social conflict theory

postulate that the society is divided into groups and classes and to prevent conflict establishment of

police in the society is needed on other to promote peaceful coexistence. In this study it is important to

understand which theory maybe better explain state policing in Lagos. The empire review shows that

numerous studies have been done on the impact of state policing and the necessity in crime control.

23
CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is focused on the techniques, procedure, format and strategy to be adopted in the

collection of data and its analysis. It therefore contains the research design, population of the study,

sample and sampling techniques, data collection instrument, data collection procedure, administration

of data collection, validity and reliability of the research, data collection procedure, procedure of data

analysis and limitations of the study.

3.2 Restatement of Research Questions


This study was guided by the following research questions as listed below:

 To what extent can community policing enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos.

 What effect does local security measures have on peaceful and safety environment in Lagos?

 What effect does Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps have on province kidnapping and banditry

in Lagos?

3.3 Restatement of Research Hypotheses


This study focus on testing the following Hypotheses.

H0: Community police does not enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos

H1: Community policing has enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos.

H0: Local security measures does not have effect on peaceful and safety environment in Lagos.

H1: Local security measures has effect on peaceful and safety environment.

H0: Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps does not have effect on province kidnapping and banditry in

Lagos.

H1: Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps have effect on province kidnapping and banditry in Lagos

24
3.4 Research Design

The use of survey research design will be adopted in this study because it is regarded by the researcher

as logically sound and adequate for getting solution to the problem posed by the study. Survey

research design was used best for gathering, organizing, presenting and analyzing data for the purpose

of describing the occurrence of an event or phenomenon.

3.5 Population of the Study

Population may be refers to the universe of research target audience, particularly those who fall within

the category of respond to the questionnaire of this study. In this research study, Therefore, the

targeted population of this study will consists of Employees of five local government from each

division in Lagos State which include Ejigbo Local Council Development Area, Epe Local

Government, Ojo Local Government, Ikoyi Obalende Local Council Development and Ikorodu West

Local Council Development Area . For the sake of this research survey the population of the study is

broken down.

As shown below:

S/N DEPARTMENT OJO EJIGBO IKOYI EPE IKORODU

1 Human Resource Department 314 152 125 44 83


2 Public Affairs Unit 9 6 3 6 9
3 Legal Unit 2 2 2 2 1
4 Procurement Unit 3 2 3 2 3
5 Finance Department 36 27 24 27 30
6 Budget Department 17 5 8 6 11

7 Agric & Social Service Department 11 6 3 14 11


8 Education Department 42 12 9 39 21
9 Works & Infrastructure Department 26 31 46 106 33
10 Primary Health Care 67 45 27 65 58
11 Environmental and Waste Management 9 20 17 0 9
13 Clerical Officer 0 0 0 167 0
14 WAPA 0 10 0 0 0
Total 533 312 267 478 369 Total 1959
Source: Annual Report Ojo, Ejigbo, Ikoyi, Epe, Ikorodu

25
3.6 Sample Size and Sampling techniques

There are various sample and sample techniques. However, for the purpose of this study the Taro

Yamani formula will be adopted. This formula is concerned with applying normal approximately with

confidence level of 95% with limited tolerance level (errors level) of 5%

Sample size determination formula:

n= N
1+ N (e) 2

Where: n = Sample size

N = Total population

E = Error margin

n= 1959
1 + 1959(0.05)2

n= 1959
1 + 1959(0.0025)

n= 1959
5.8975

n = 332

Sample Size 332

3.6.1 Sampling Technique


The study adopted Stratified Sampling technique. The study adopted Stratified Random Sampling

technique. Stratified sampling is where the population is divided into strata (or subgroups) and a random

sample is taken from each subgroup. A subgroup is a natural set of items. Subgroups might be based on

company size, gender or occupation (to name but a few). Stratified sampling is often used where there is a

great deal of variation within a population. Its purpose is to ensure that every stratum is adequately represented

(Ackoff, 1953). Using 5% of the population to determine the sampling technique

26
S/N DEPARTMENT OJO EJIGBO IKOYI EPE IKORODU

1 Human Resource Department 31.4 15.2 12.5 4.4 8.3


2 Public Affairs Unit 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.9
3 Legal Unit 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
4 Procurement Unit 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3
5 Finance Department 3.6 2.7 2.4 2.7 3
6 Budget Department 1.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.1
7 Agric & Social Service Department 1.1 0.6 0.3 14 1.1
8 Education Department 4.2 1.2 0.9 3.9 2.1
9 Works & Infrastructure Department 2.6 3.1 4.6 10.6 3.3
10 Primary Health Care 6.7 4.5 2.7 6.5 5.8
11 Environmental and Waste 0.9 2 1.7 0 0.9
Management
13 Clerical Officer 0 0 0 16.7 0
14 WAPA 0 1 0 0 0
Total 53.7 31.8 15.45 60.2 26.9 Total 188.05

3.7 Data Collection Instruments

Structured questionnaire, which consists of closed-ended questions will be used in the study. The

questionnaire is divided into two sections. Section A solicited for information on respondent’s bio-

data, such as age, sex, education, while section B focused on state policing bills and public safety

assurance in Lagos State. A 5 point likert rating scale will be used in measuring responses to the

questions. The measurement ranges from;

SA = Strongly Agree

A = Agree

U = Undecided

D = Disagreed

SD = Strongly Disagreed.

27
3.8 Procedure of Data Collection

Questionnaire will be administered to respondents for this study. In order to avoid delay and at the

same time ensure high percentage return of questionnaire, they will be distributed by hand and

collected after respondents duly completed them. Duration of field work will last for three weeks.

3.9 Administration of Data Collection Instruments

The questionnaire was personally administered by the researcher to the respondents. The filled

questionnaires were retrieved same day to avoid loss. For the purpose of this research or study both

primary and secondary sources of data were used. The primary source of data was obtained through

questionnaires while the secondary data was gotten through documents or publications such as

journals, textbook and the university gazettes, articles and research studies etc. Duration of field work

will last for three weeks.

3.10 Validity and Reliability of Research Instrument

3.10.1 Validity

Content Validity will be used to determine the appropriateness of the wording of the instrument and

the objectives of the study while face Validity will be ensured to enable the researcher to assert if she

had measured what he set out to measure.

3.11 Method of Data Analysis

The data collected will be analyzed using frequency distribution table majorly the Chi-Square for data

testing the hypotheses of the study through the statistical package for social science method since the

researchers is measuring relationship.

3.12 Limitations of Methods

The accuracy of the data is purely beyond the control of the researcher. The researcher might not have

captured all the required variables and indicators that underlie State policing bills and crime control in

Nigeria. Thus, under-estimation or overestimation might have affected the results of the research. The

research methodology is extensive enough to ensure that the results are reliable.

28
CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter entails the data gathering, analysis and interpretation of the hypotheses used in the study
on a research work titled State Policing And Crime Control In Nigeria (Study Of Lagos
Neighborhood Safety Corps). Out of the One hundred eighty (180) questionnaires administered to
the respondents, one hundred eighty (180) questionnaires were found valid and used for the analysis.

4.2 Demographic Analysis of Respondents

The analysis contained the demographic using frequency tables and as well as regression statistical analysis for
the hypotheses testing.

Table 4.1: Gender of respondents


Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
male 83 44.1 44.1 44.1
Valid female 105 55.9 55.9 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021
Table 4.1 revealed that 83 (41.1.0%) of the respondents are male while 105 (55.9%) are female. This
signifies that majority of the respondents are female

Table 4.2: Marital Status of Respondents


Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Married 90 47.9 47.9 47.9
Single 88 46.8 46.8 94.7
Valid Divorced 5 2.7 2.7 97.3
Separated 5 2.7 2.7 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021
Table 4.2 revealed that 90 (47.9%) of the respondents are married, 88 (46.8%) are single, 5 (2.7%) are
divorced while 5 (2.7%) are separated.

29
Table 4.3: Age of Respondents
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Below 30years 88 46.8 46.8 46.8
31-50 years 79 42.0 42.0 88.8
Valid
51 years and above 21 11.2 11.2 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021
Table 4.3 revealed that 88 (46.8%) of the respondents are below 30 years of age, 79 (42.0%) of the
respondent are 31 to 50 years and 21 (11.2%) of the respondent are 51 years and above. This signifies
that majority of the respondents’ falls at the active age.

Table 4.4: Educational Qualification


Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
OND/Diplom
39 20.7 20.7 20.7
a
BSc/HND 104 55.3 55.3 76.1
Valid
MSc/MBA 29 15.4 15.4 91.5
Other 16 8.5 8.5 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.4 revealed that 39 (20.7%) of the respondents are OND/Diploma holders, 104 (55.3%) of the
respondents have B.Sc/HND, 29 (15.4%) of the respondents have MSC/MBA and 16 (8.5%) have
other degrees. This signifies that majority of the respondents are learned and literate.

Table 4.5: Employment Status


Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Senior staff 59 31.4 31.4 31.4
Intermediate
44 23.4 23.4 54.8
Valid Staff
Junior staff 85 45.2 45.2 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

30
Table 4.5 revealed that 59 (31.4%) of the respondents are senior staff, 44 (23.4%) of the respondents
are intermediate staff, 85 (45.2%) of the respondents are junior staff. This signifies that majority of the
staff that administered the questionnaire are senior staff.

4.3 Analyses of Respondents’ Responses

COMMUNITY POLICY & PROTECTION OF LIVES AND


PROPERTIES

Table 4.6: The adoption of community policing and protection of lives


and properties in Lagos State
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
1 .5 .5 .5
Disagree
Disagree 8 4.3 4.3 4.8
Valid Undecided 5 2.7 2.7 7.4
Agree 92 48.9 48.9 56.4
Strongly Agree 82 43.6 43.6 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.6 showed that 1 (.5%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 8 (4.3%) of the respondents
disagree, 5 (2.7%) of the respondents undecided, 92 (48.9%) of the respondents agree while 82
(43.6%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that adoption of community policing enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos
State

Table 4.7: Community policing and criminality in Lagos State


Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Disagree
Disagree 10 5.3 5.3 6.4
Valid Undecided 14 7.4 7.4 13.8
Agree 96 51.1 51.1 64.9
Strongly Agree 66 35.1 35.1 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2020

31
Table 4.7 showed that 2 (1.1%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 10 (5.3%) of the respondents
disagree, 14 (7.4%) of the respondents undecided, 96 (51.1%) of the respondents agree while 66
(35.1%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Community policing decrease criminality and banditry in Lagos State

Table 4.8: State policing and safety of lives and properties in Lagos State
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
9 4.8 4.8 4.8
Disagree
Disagree 7 3.7 3.7 8.5
Valid Undecided 13 6.9 6.9 15.4
Agree 97 51.6 51.6 67.0
Strongly Agree 62 33.0 33.0 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.8 showed that 9 (4.8%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 7 (3.7%) of the respondents
disagree, 13 (6.9%) of the respondents undecided, 97 (51.6%) of the respondents agree while 62
(33.0%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Community policing assures the people safety of lives and properties in Lagos State

Table 4.9: Community policing increase security of lives and


properties in Lagos State
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Disagree 11 5.9 5.9 5.9
Undecided 14 7.4 7.4 13.3
Agree 100 53.2 53.2 66.5
Valid
Strongly
63 33.5 33.5 100.0
Agree
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.9 showed that 11 (5.9%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 14 (7.4%) of the respondents
disagree, 2 (2.0%) of the respondents neutral, 100 (53.2%) of the respondents agree while 63 (33.5%)
of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the statement
that Community policing increase security of lives and properties in Lagos State.

32
Table 4.10: Local security measures ensures peaceful and safety
environment in Lagos State
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Disagree
Disagree 9 4.8 4.8 5.9
Valid Undecided 19 10.1 10.1 16.0
Agree 99 52.7 52.7 68.6
Strongly Agree 59 31.4 31.4 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.10 showed that 2 (1.1%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 9 (4.8%) of the respondents
disagree, 19 (10.1%) of the respondents neutral, 99 (52.7%) of the respondents agree while 59 (31.4%)
of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the statement
that Local security measures ensures peaceful and safety environment in Lagos State

Table 4.11: Local security measures causes changes on the peaceful and
safety environment in Lagos state
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
3 1.6 1.6 1.6
Disagree
Disagree 12 6.4 6.4 8.0
Valid Undecided 22 11.7 11.7 19.7
Agree 107 56.9 56.9 76.6
Strongly Agree 44 23.4 23.4 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.11 showed that 3 (1.6%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 12 (6.4%) of the respondents
disagree, 22 (11.7%) of the respondents undecided, 107 (56.9) of the respondents agree while 44
(23.4%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Local security measures causes changes on the peaceful and safety environment in
Lagos state

Table 4.12: Local security measures leads to peaceful and safety


environment in Lagos State.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent

33
Strongly
2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Disagree
Disagree 12 6.4 6.4 7.4
Valid Undecided 20 10.6 10.6 18.1
Agree 99 52.7 52.7 70.7
Strongly Agree 55 29.3 29.3 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.12 showed that 2 (1.1%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 12 (6.4%) of the respondents
disagree, 20 (10.6%) of the respondents undecided, 99 (52.7%) of the respondents agree while 55
(29.3%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Local security measures leads to peaceful and safety environment in Lagos State.

Table 4.13: Local security measures affect the peaceful and safety
environment in Lagos State.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
5 2.7 2.7 2.7
Disagree
Disagree 16 8.5 8.5 11.2
Valid Undecided 27 14.4 14.4 25.5
Agree 98 52.1 52.1 77.7
Strongly Agree 42 22.3 22.3 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.13 showed that 5 (2.7%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 16 (8.5%) of the respondents
disagree, 27 (14.4%) of the respondents undecided, 98 (52.1%) of the respondents agree while 42
(22.3%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Local security measures affect the peaceful and safety environment in Lagos State.

Table 4.14: Lagos neighborhood safety corps reduced the province


banditry in Lagos State
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid Strongly
5 2.7 2.7 2.7
Disagree
Disagree 16 8.5 8.5 11.2
Undecided 19 10.1 10.1 21.3

34
Agree 89 47.3 47.3 68.6
Strongly Agree 59 31.4 31.4 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.14 showed that 5 (2.7%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 16 (8.5%) of the respondents
disagree, 19 (10.1%) of the respondents undecided, 89 (47.3%) of the respondents agree while 59
(31.4%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Lagos neighborhood safety corps reduced the province banditry in Lagos State

Table 4.15: Lagos neighborhood safety corps used a different method in


curbing province banditry in Lagos State Source: field survey,
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative 2021
Percent Table 4.15 showed
Strongly that 2 (1.1%) of the
2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Disagree respondents strongly
Disagree 11 5.9 5.9 6.9 disagree, 11 (5.9%) of
Valid Undecided 35 18.6 18.6 25.5 the respondents
Agree 90 47.9 47.9 73.4 disagree, 35 (18.6%)
Strongly Agree 50 26.6 26.6 100.0 of the respondents
undecided, 90
Total 188 100.0 100.0
(47.9%) of the
respondents agree while 50 (26.6%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the
respondents agreed to the statement that Lagos neighborhood safety corps used a different method in
curbing province banditry in Lagos State

Table 4.16: Lagos neighborhood safety corps enhance peaceful


environment by using certain measures to prevent province banditry in
Lagos State.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Disagree
Disagree 10 5.3 5.3 6.4
Valid Undecided 21 11.2 11.2 17.6
Agree 102 54.3 54.3 71.8
Strongly Agree 53 28.2 28.2 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

35
Table 4.16 showed that 2 (1.1%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 10 (5.3%) of the respondents
disagree, 21 (11.2%) of the respondents undecided, 102 (54.3%) of the respondents agree while 53
(28.2%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Lagos neighborhood safety corps enhance peaceful environment by using certain
measures to prevent province banditry in Lagos State.

Table 4.17: Lagos neighborhood safety corps has a great impact in


reducing province banditry in Lagos State.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Strongly
2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Disagree
Disagree 7 3.7 3.7 4.8
Valid Undecided 23 12.2 12.2 17.0
Agree 100 53.2 53.2 70.2
Strongly Agree 56 29.8 29.8 100.0
Total 188 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, 2021

Table 4.17 showed that 2 (1.1%) of the respondents strongly disagree, 7 (3.7%) of the respondents
disagree, 23 (12.2%) of the respondents neutral, 100 (53.2%) of the respondents agree while 56
(29.8%) of the respondent strongly agree. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed to the
statement that Lagos neighborhood safety corps has a great impact in reducing province banditry in
Lagos state.

4.4 Testing of Hypotheses

In testing the hypothesis formulated in chapter one of this study, the data collected was subjected to a

statistical test, Product Pearson Moment correlation and Regression method test using SPSS software

to find if there is any statistical relationship between the variables in each of the hypotheses.

36
4.4.1 Analysis of Research Hypothesis One

H0: Community policing does not enhance protection of lives and properties in Lagos.

ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 9.578 1 9.578 8.105 .005b

1 Residual 219.787 186 1.182

Total 229.364 187

a. Dependent Variable: ALSM


b. Predictors: (Constant), ACPP

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.


Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 2.609 .508 5.139 .000


1
CPP .343 .121 .204 2.847 .005

a. Dependent Variable: ALSM

Correlations

ACPP ALSM

Pearson Correlation 1 .319**

CPP Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 188 188
**
Pearson Correlation .319 1

LSM Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 188 188

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).


Interpretation: table 4.7 above shows the Pearson correlation result, indicating the relationship

between Local security measures and Community policing and protection of live and properties, it

shows that r= 0.599 p(0.00) < 0.05 at 5% level of significance, thus indicating that there is a moderate

and positive relationship between Local security measures and Community policing and Community

policing and protection of live and properties, as such the null hypothesis was rejected while the

alternative was accepted and this states that There is a significant relationship between Local security

measures and Community policing and Community policing and protection of live and properties

37
Hypothesis two

Ho Laos Security measure does not have effect on peaceful and safety environment in Lagos.

Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the


Estimate

1 .282a .080 .075 1.06536

a. Predictors: (Constant), ALNS

ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 18.257 1 18.257 16.086 .000b

1 Residual 211.107 186 1.135

Total 229.364 187

a. Dependent Variable: ALSM


b. Predictors: (Constant), ALNS

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized T Sig.


Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 2.241 .455 4.928 .000


1
LNSC .449 .112 .282 4.011 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Local
security measures and peace safety environment
The model summary table above shows that there is a moderate positive relationship between Local

security measures and peace safety environment and Lagos neighbourhood safety corps and province

banditry (R = 0.282). The model further shows the extent to which Local security measures and peace

safety environment explains the changes in Lagos neighbourhood safety corps and province banditry

in Lagos State. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.080) indicates that brand awareness explains

80.0% of changes in Lagos neighbourhood safety corps and province banditry in Lagos State. This

result is statistically significant because the p-value of the result (0.000) is less than 0.05 level of

significance used for the study. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. This implies that Local

38
security measures and peace safety environment influences Lagos neighbourhood safety corps and

province banditry in Lagos State.

It is also observed from the table above that an evaluation of the unstandardized coefficient of Local

security measures and peace safety environment in the coefficient table, and its associated p-value

shows that Lagos neighbourhood safety corps and province banditry (β LNS= 0.449, p < 0.05) is

statistically significant and can be used in predicting Lagos neighbourhood safety corps and province

banditry. This, therefore, further suggests that the research hypothesis is rejected. This implies that b

Local security measures and peace safety environment influences Lagos neighbourhood safety corps

and province banditry in Lagos State.

LSM = 2.241 + 0.449LNS

Hypothesis Three

H0: Lagos Neighbourhood safety corps has effect on province kidnapping and banditry in

Lagos.

Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the


Estimate
a
1 .204 .042 .037 1.08704

a. Predictors: (Constant), ACPP

ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 9.578 1 9.578 8.105 .005b

1 Residual 219.787 186 1.182

Total 229.364 187

a. Dependent Variable: LSM


b. Predictors: (Constant), CPP

39
Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized T Sig.


Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 2.609 .508 5.139 .000


1
ACPP .343 .121 .204 2.847 .005

a. Dependent Variable: LSM

The model summary table above shows that there is a moderate positive relationship between Local

security measures and peace safety environment and Community policing and protection of live and

properties (R = 0.204). The model further shows the extent to which Local security measures and

peace safety environment explains the changes in Community policing and protection of live and

properties in Lagos State. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.042) indicates that Local security

measures and peace safety environment explains 42.0% of changes Community policing and

protection of live and properties in Lagos State. This result is statistically significant because the p-

value of the result (0.005) is less than 0.05 level of significance used for the study. Therefore, the

research hypothesis was rejected. This implies that Local security measures and peace safety

environment influences Community policing and protection of live and properties in Lagos State.

It is also observed from the table above that an evaluation of the unstandardized coefficient of Local

security measures and peace safety environment in the coefficient table, and its associated p-value

shows that Local security measures and peace safety environment (βccp= 0.343, p < 0.00) is

statistically significant and can be used in predicting influences Community policing and protection of

live and properties in Lagos State. This, therefore, further suggests that the null hypothesis is rejected.

This implies that Local security measures and peace safety environment influences Community

policing and protection of live and properties in Lagos State.

40
LSM = 2.609+ 0.343CCP

Chi-Square Tests

Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-


sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 18.2 5 .000
Likelihood Ratio 19.8 5 .525
N of Valid Cases 188

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 11.01.

Table shows that the calculated chi square of 18.2 (X2 cal = 18.2*,P<0.05) is greater than the table
value of (X2 tab=11.0) at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that
there was significant relationship between community policing and protection of lives and properties.
Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-


sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 12.4a 5 .000


Likelihood Ratio 13.2 5 .525
N of Valid Cases 188

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 11.01.

Table shows that the calculated chi square of 12.4 (X2 cal = 12.4*,P<0.05) is greater than the table
value of (X2 tab=10.1) at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This
implies that there was significant relationship between local security and peaceful and safety
environment

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 19.5a 5 .000


Likelihood Ratio 19.9 5 .525
N of Valid Cases 188

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 11.01.

Table shows that the calculated chi square of 19.5 (X2 cal = 12.4*,P<0.05) is greater than the table
value of (X2 tab=19.9) at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This
implies that there was significant relationship between Lagos Neighborhood safety corp and
kidnapping and banditry in Lagos.

41
CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of the summary of findings arising from the analyzed data, the conclusion
reached, and recommendations.

5.1 SUMMARY

The military, police and other security agencies are traditionally saddled with the responsibility of
managing the security of any given state. Agwanwo (2014) quoted Yomi (2011) as saying that the
establishment of state police is based on the need to reduce crime to its barest. Crime occurs in every
“community” and is perpetrated by those who in most cases, come from that community or locality.
Yomi strongly maintained that to deal with crime therefore, there is an urgent need to ensure that
“locals are absorbed and posted to their various localities to fish out the criminals.

State policing is necessary because it will bring security personnel closer to the people by enhancing
whereabout knowledge of the police officers by the people within their area against the present
centralised structure that is far from the people. That, the state police personnel will be more familiar
with the people and cultural environment under their surveillance through daily interwoven (Fashola,
2013). The creation of state police is the only answer to all Nigeria security challenges (Adedeji,
2012). Community policing, otherwise known as neighbourhood watch, is a philosophical and
practical approach to crime prevention and control, which entails full involvement and participation of
community members. It is an art of policing that helps to improve the performance of the police in
crime detection, prevention and control, which ordinarily, would have diminished the quality of police
work and relationship with the public, if the local residents were excluded in the art (policing).
Community policing shares commonalities with problem-oriented policing in many aspects, among
which is, both approaches aim at identifying and combating crime from the onset (before they occur)
while maintaining balance and control in the community with the aid of the 42public.

The study examined the effect of state policing bill and crime control with reference to Lagos
Neighborhood Safety Corps. The Study reviewed necessary literature review in line with the study.
Empirical study as well as theoritical review of the study was carried out and a theory was applied to
the study. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The sample of the study was drawn from
the Employees of five local government from each division in Lagos State which include Ejigbo Local

42
Council Development Area, Epe Local Government, Ojo Local Government, Ikoyi Obalende Local
Council Development and Ikorodu West Local Council Development Area. All hypotheses were
tested using Chi Square test to examine the relationship between the dependent and independent
variables in the stated hypotheses.

However, Each of the hypotheses was tested and it revealed a positive relationship, which means,
there is positive relationship between Local security measures and Community policing, and a positive
relationship between Local security measures and peaceful safety environment influences Lagos
neighbourhood safety corps and province banditry in Lagos State. And there is a postive relationship
between Local security measures and peace safety environment influences Community policing and
protection of live and properties in Lagos State.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The government is responsible for the crime control and prevention in the country because the
government are to ensure the safety of the people the creation of state policing and also community
policing will help to prevent crime. Through state policing the security system of the country will
improved. Also, with community policing in Lagos state it will help to ensure protection of lives and
properties of the people through joint effort between the police and the citizen in the community.
Again, community policing used a special method and strategy to curb insecurity and also to protect
the lives of the people.

The establishment of state policing for the purpose of crime control and also security of lives and
property of the people cannot be undermine. It is important to know that state policing is a good
practice if government were to achieve excellence in creating peaceful environment. Countries like
Nigeria which are still developing should use state policing for security of the country, service
delivery and importantly for promoting peace and harmony in the Nigeria security system. The
benefits of state policing goes beyond cost-quality ration, if adopted well it can transform the
government.

However, considering the literature review and empirical studies it have been found that there is a
positive relationship between community policing and protection of lives and properties in Lagos,
there is positive relationship between local security measures and peaceful safety environment in
Lagos state, there is a positive relationship between Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps and province
kidnapping and banditry in Lagos. These shows that state policing is necessary for crime control in
Nigeria.

43
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings and conclusion made above, the following recommendations are hereby
suggested.

 The federal government should introduced state policing based on community policing and
local security.
 The federal government needs to set their priorities right to ensure security and welfare of the
people there main responsibility is to provide funds.
 The Lagos state government should provide basic equipment to the Lagos Neighborhood
Safety Corps for them to be able to carry out their duty effectively and efficiently.
 There should be training and retraining of the Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps and also
training and retraining of police officers to enhance their performance and ensure effective
policing which will result in crime reduction.
 The establishment of joint federal, state, and local criminal investigation bureau that will
ensure effective collaboration in crime control in Nigeria
 The citizens should be involved on the need to give the police maximum support in order to
effectively get rid of the criminal in the society.
 When the government is recruiting those that will work in the security system they should
recruit those that are indigene of the state and those that know the terrain of the environment
and also the screening process for those who want to be recruited into the police should also
include detailed background check. This will ensure that criminals are not recruited into the
police.
 Investing on high-tech to facilitate intelligence gathering and also in preventing crime in the
country
 The government should provide substantial funding towards the police force for effective
crime combating roles, and und must be used judiciously.
 Corruption needs to be reduced in the policing system in other to ensure effective crime
prevention. According to Osunyikanmi (2013) a significant reductions in police corruption in
Nigeria can be achieved if the momentum for reform is maintained and by eliminating as many
situations as possible which currently exposed policemen to corruption, and by controlling
exposure where corruption hazard are unavoidable.44

44
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49
APPENDIX

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION


SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
D.S ADEGBENRO ICT POLYTECHNIC, EWEKORO, OGUN STATE

Dear Sir/Ma,

Questionnaire

Questionnaire on State Policing bills and Crime Control in Nigeria


(Study of Lagos Neighborhood Safety Corps)

I am an undergraduate Student of the above mentioned Institution conducting research on the topic
above. The questionnaire is designed for data collection in respect of my final year project for the
award of ND in the Department of Public Administration, School of Management Sciences, D.S
Adegbenro ICT Polytechnic, Ewekoro.
Kindly provide the information required in the provided space as you deem fit. I assure you that any
information given will be treated in confidential and strictly use for academic purposes only.
Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

Agbaiza Gift Pemosa


NPA-19-0022

50
QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION A: RESPONDENT’S BIO-DATA

INSTRUCTION: Please indicate appropriate information with (√)

1. Sex: Male [ ] Female [ ]

2. Marital Status: Married [ ] Single [ ] Divorced [ ] Separated [ ] Widow [ ]

3. Age of Respondent: Below 30ys [ ] 31-50yrs [ ] 51yrs and above [ ]

4. Educational Qualification: OND/Diploma [ ] BSc/HND [ ] MSc/MBA [ ]

Others [ ]

5. Employment Status: Senior Staff [ ] Intermediate Staff [ ] Junior Staff [ ]

SECTION B:

INSTRUCTION: Kindly respond to the questionnaire by ticking in the column that mostly
appropriately represents your opinion.
Note:
SA = Strongly Agree
A = Agree
U = Undecided
D = Disagree
SD = Strongly Disagree

Scale

Community policing & Protection of lives and


properties

The adoption of community policing enhance protection


of lives and properties in Lagos State

Community policing decrease criminality and banditry in


Lagos State

Community policing assures the people safety of lives

51
and properties in Lagos State

Community policing increase security of lives and


properties in Lagos State

Local Security measures & Peace safety environment

Local Security measures ensures peaceful and safety


environment in Lagos State

Local Security measures causes changes on the peaceful


and safety environment in Lagos State

Local Security measures leads to peaceful and safety


environment in Lagos State

Local Security measures affect the peaceful and safety


environment in Lagos State

Lagos Neighborhood safety corps & Province


banditry

Lagos Neighborhood safety corps reduced the province


banditry in Lagos State

Lagos Neighborhood safety corps used a different


method in curbing province banditry in Lagos
State

Lagos Neighborhood safety corps enhance peaceful


environment by using certain measures to prevent
province banditry in Lagos State

Lagos Neighborhood safety corps has a great impact In


reducing province banditry in Lagos State

52

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