CH 10. Conic Section (Math +1)
CH 10. Conic Section (Math +1)
CH 10. Conic Section (Math +1)
Conic Section
Theory .............................................................................................................................................. 2
CONIC SECTION
3 D View : PARABOLA
5. DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
A parabola is the locus of a point, whose distance from a
fixed point (focus) is equal to perpendicular distance from
a fixed straight line (directrix).
The point (x1 y1) lies outside, on or inside the parabola (i) y y1 = 2a (x + x1) at the point (x1, y1) ;
y2 = 4ax according as the expression y12 – 4ax1 is positive,
zero or negative. a a 2a
(ii) y = mx + (m 0) at 2 ,
m m m
7. LINE & A PARABOLA
(iii) t y = x + at2 at point (at2, 2at).
The line y = mx + c meets the parabola y² = 4ax in :
• two real points if a > mc
• two coincident points if a = mc
• two imaginary points if a < mc
condition of tangency is, c = a/m.
Length of the chord intercepted by the parabola on the Point of intersection of the tangents at the point t1 & t2
line y = mx + c is : is [at1 t2, a(t1 + t2)].
4 2
2 a(1 + m )(a - mc) 10. NORMALS TO THE PARABOLA y2 = 4ax
m
–y1
(i) y – y1= (x – x1) at (x1, y1)
2a
(ii) y = mx – 2am – am3 at point (am2, – 2am)
(iii) y + tx = 2at + at3 at point (at2, 2at).
Length of the focal chord making an angle with
the x-axis is 4 a cosec2.
8. PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION
(i) Point of intersection of normals at t 1 & t 2
The simplest & the best form of representing the
are, a (t12 + t22 + t1t2 + 2) ; – at1 t2 (t1 + t2)
co-ordinates of a point on the parabola is (at2, 2at) i.e.
the equations x = at2 & y = 2 at (ii) If the normals to the parabola y² = 4ax at the
point t1 meets the parabola again at the point
together represents the parabola y2 = 4ax, t being the
parameter. 2
t2 then t2 = – t1
The equation of a chord joining t1 & t2 is t1
2x – (t1 + t2)y + 2 at1t2 = 0.
(iii) If the normals to the parabola y2 = 4ax at the
points t1 & t2 intersect again on the parabola at
the point 't3' then t1t2 = 2 ; t3 = –(t1 + t2) and the
line joining t1 & t2 passes through a fixed point
(–2a, 0).
If t1 and t2 are the ends of a focal chord of the parabola y2 11. PAIR OF TANGENTS
= 4ax then t1t2 = –1.
The equation to the pair of tangents which can be drawn
Hence the co-ordinates at the extremities of a focal chord from any point (x1 y1) to the parabola y2 = 4ax is given by:
a 2a SS1 = T2 where :
can be taken as : (at2, 2at) & 2 ,
t t S y2 – 4ax ; S1 = y12 – 4ax1 ; T y y1 – 2a(x + x1).
CONIC SECTION 5
2b 2 (minor axis) 2
ELLIPSE = = 2a(1 – e2)
a major axis
15. STANDARD EQUATION AND DEFINITIONS = 2e (distance from focus to the corresponding directrix).
Centre :
Standard equation of an ellipse referred to its principal The point which bisects every chord of the conic drawn
axes along the co-ordinate axes is through it is called the centre of the conic. C (0, 0)
x2 y2 x 2 y2
+ = 1 where a > b & b2 = a2 (1 – e2). the origin is the centre of the ellipse 1
a2 b2 a 2 b2
A circle described on major axis as diameter is called The point p (x1, y1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse
the auxiliary circle. Let Q be a point on the auxiliary
according as ;
circle x2 + y2 = a2 such that QP produced is perpendicular
to the x-axis then P & Q are called as the Corresponding
Points on the ellipse and the auxiliary circle respectively. x12 y12
– 1 >0 (outside)
'' is called the Eccentric Angle of the point P on the a2 b2
ellipse (– < ).
x12 y12
– 1 < 0 (inside)
a2 b2
x12 y12
– 1 = 0 (on)
a2 b2
x 2 y2
The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse 1 in
(PN) b Semi major axis a 2 b2
(QN) a Semi major axis
two points real, coincident or imaginary according as
c² is < = or > a2m2 + b2.
x 2 y2
Hence y = mx + c is tangent to the ellipse 1
a 2 b2
If from each point of a circle perpendiculars are drawn
upon a fixed diameter then the locus of the points if c2 = a2m2 + b2.
dividing these perpendiculars in a given ratio is an
ellipse of which the given circle is the auxiliary circle. 20. TANGENTS
17. PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION
(a) Slope form y = mx ± a 2m 2 + b 2 is tangent to
The equation x = a cos & y = b sin together represent
the ellipse for all values of m.
x 2 y2
the ellipse 1
a 2 b2
xx1 yy 1
(b) Point form + = 1 is tangent to the ellipse
Where is a parameter. Note that if a 2
b2
P() (a cos , b sin ) is on the ellipse then;
at (x1 y1).
Q () (a cos , a sin ) is on the auxiliary circle.
The equation to the chord of the ellipse joining two
xcosθ ysinθ
points with eccentric angles and is given by (c) Parametric for + = 1 is tangent to
a b
x α +β y α +β α -β .
cos + sin = cos the ellipse at the point (a cos , b sin ).
a 2 b 2 2
CONIC SECTION 7
cos sin
a 2 ,b 2
cos cos All diameters of ellipse passes through its centre.
2 2
22. DIRECTOR CIRCLE (c) The product of the length's of the perpendicular
segments from the foci on any tangent to the
Locus of the point of intersection of the tangents which ellipse is b² and the feet of these perpendiculars
meet at right angles is called the Director Circle. The lie on its auxiliary circle and the tangents at
equation to this locus is x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 i.e. a circle these feet to the auxiliary circle meet on the
whose centre is the centre of the ellipse & whose radius ordinate of P and that the locus of their point
is the length of the line joining the ends of the major of intersection is a similar ellipse as that of the
& minor axis. original one.
(d) The portion of the tangent to an ellipse between
the point of contact & the directrix subtends a
right angle at the corresponding focus.
(e) If the normal at any point P on the ellipse with
centre C meet the major and minor axes in G
Pair of tangents, Chord of contact, Pole & Polar, Chord
& g respectively & if CF be perpendicular upon
with a given Middle point are to be interpreted as they
this normal then :
are in Parabola/Circle.
8 CONIC SECTION
(i) PF. PG = b2 2
b2 C.A
(ii) PF. Pg = a2 Eccentricity (e) : e2
= 1 + 2 = 1+
a T.A
(iii) PG. Pg = SP. S'P
(C.A Conjugate Axis;
(iv) CG. CT = CS2 T.A Transverse Axis)
(v) locus of the mid point of Gg is another Foci : S (ae, 0) & S' (–ae, 0).
ellipse having the same eccentricity as
that of the original ellipse. a a
Equations of Directrix : x &x
[Where S and S' are the foci of the ellipse and e e
T is the point where tangent at P meet the major Transverse Axis : The line segment A'A of length 2a
axis] in which the foci S' & S both lie is called the transverse
axis of the hyperbola.
* The circle on any focal distance as diameter
touches the auxiliary circle. Perpendiculars from Conjugate Axis : The line segment B'B between
the centre upon all chords which join the ends the two points B' (0, –b) & B (0, b) is called
of any perpendicular diameters of the ellipse are as the conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
of constant length. Principal Axes : The transverse & conjugate axis
together are called Principal Axes of the hyperbola.
* If the tangent at the point P of a standard ellipse
meets the axis in T and t and CY is the Vertices : A (a, 0) & A' (–a, 0)
perpendicular on it from the centre then : Focal Chord : A chord which passes through a focus is
(i) T t. PY = a2 – b2 and called a focal chord.
Double Ordinate : A chord perpendicular to the
(ii) least value of T t is a + b.
transverse axis is called a double ordinate.
HYPERBOLA Latus Rectum (l) L : The focal chord perpendicular to
the transverse axis is called the latus rectum.
The Hyperbola is a conic whose eccentricity is greater
2b 2 (C.A.)2
thatn unity (e > 1). = = = 2a (e2 – 1)
a T.A.
x 2 y2
1
a 2 b2
x2 y2 x2 y2
e.g. – =1 & – + = 1 are conjugate 28. PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION
a2 b2 a2 b2
hyperbolas of each other.
The equation x = a sec & y = b tan together
x 2 y2
represents the hyperbola 1 where is a
a 2 b2
parameter.
(a) If e 1 and e 2 are the eccentricities of the Note that if P() (a sec, b tan ) is on the hyperbola
hyperbola and its conjugate then e1–2 + e2–2 = 1. then ;
(b) The foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate are Q () (a cos , a tan ) is on the auxiliary circle.
concyclic and form the vertices of a square. The equation to the chord of the hyperbola joining two
(c) Two hyperbolas are said to be similiar if they points with eccentric angles and is given by
have the same eccentricity.
x α –β y α+β α+β .
(d) Two similiar hyperbolas are said to be equal if cos – sin = cos
a 2 b 2 2
they have same latus rectum.
(e) If a hyperbola is equilateral then the conjugate
hyperbola is also equilateral.
29. POSITION OF A POINT 'P' W.R.T. A HYPERBOLA
31. TANGENTS x 2 y2 ax by
1 is + = a2 + b2 = a2e2.
a 2 b2 secθ tanθ
(i) Slope Form : y = mx + a 2 m 2 - b 2 can be taken (iii) Equation of a normal in terms of its slope 'm' is
x 2 y2 (a 2 + b 2 )m
as the tangent to the hyperbola 1 y = mx - .
a 2 b2 a2 - b 2m2
(ii) Point Form : Equation of tangent to the
x 2 y2
hyperbola 1 at the point (x1 y1) is
a 2 b2
xx1 yy 1
- =1 Equation to the chord of contact, polar, chord with a
a2 b 2
given middle point, pair of tangents from an external
(iii) Parametric Form : Equation of the tangent to the point is to be interpreted as in parabola/circle.
x 2 y2
hyperbola 1 at the point (a sec , b tan ) 33. DIRECTOR CIRCLE
a 2 b2
xsecθ ytanθ The locus of the intersection point of tangents which are
- = 1.
a b at right angles is known as the Director Circle of the
hyperbola. The equation to the director circle is :
x2 + y2 = a2 – b2.
If b2 < a2 this circle is real.
If b2 = a2 (rectangular hyperbola) the radius of the circle
is zero and it reduces to a point circle at the origin. In
(i) Point of intersection of the tangents at 1 & 2 is : this case the centre is the only point from which the
tangents at right angles can be drawn to the curve.
1 2
cos If b2 > a2, the radius of the circle is imaginary, so that
xa 2 , y b tan 1 2
1 2 there is no such circle & so no pair of tangents at right
cos 2
2 angle can be drawn to the curve.
(ii) If |1 + 2| = , then tangents at these points 34. DIAMETER (NOT IN SYLLABUS)
(1 & 2) are parallel.
(iii) There are two parallel tangents having the same The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel
slope m. These tangents touches the hyperbola chords with slope 'm' of an hyperbola is called its
at the extremities of a diameter. diameter. It is a straight line passing through the centre
b2
32. NORMALS of the hyperbola and has the equation y = + x
a2m
(i) The equation of the normal to the hyperbola
x 2 y2
1 at the point P (x 1 , y 1) on it is
a 2 b2
f f
of 0& 0 gives the centre of the
x y
hyperbola.
x y x y
Equation of Asymptote : 0 and 0
a b a b
x 2 y2
Pairs of Asymptotes : 0
a 2 b2
Foci : ( 2c, 2c) & ( 2c, 2c),
Directrices : x + y = ± 2c
(iv) The asymptotes of a hyperbola are the diagonals Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy =
of the rectangle formed by the lines drawn 2hk.
through the extremities of each axis parallel to
the other axis.
12 CONIC SECTION
c
If ct i , i = 1, 2, 3 be the angular points P,,
ti
c
Q, R then orthocentre is ,ct1 t 2 t 3 .
t t
12 3t
x 2 y2
Note that the ellipse 1 & the (x) If a circle and the rectangular hyperbola xy =
a 2 b2 c2 meet in the four points, t1, t2, t3 and t4, then
x2 y2 (a) t1 t2 t3 t4 = 1
hyperbola = 1
a 2 k 2 k 2 b2 (b) the centre of the mean position of the four
points bisects the distance between the centre of
(a > k > b > 0) are confocal and therefore
the circle through the points t1, t2, and t3 is :
orthogonal.
(iv) The foci of the hyperbola and the points P and c 1 c 1 1 1
Q in which any tangent meets the tangents at t1 t 2 t 3 , t1 t 2 t 3
2 t 1t 2 t 3 2 t1 t 2 t 3
the vertices are concyclic with PQ as diameter
of the circle.
13 CONIC SECTION
SOLVED EXAMPLES
PARABOLA Example - 2
(5 3) 2 (2 2) 2
=2
Hence the required equation is
2
Since latus rectum (3 3) 2 (6 2)3 8 (y – 2) = 8 (x – 3)
2
or y – 8x – 4y – 28 = 0
4a = 8
a=2 Example - 3
2
From (1), (y – k) = ± 8 (x – h)
Show that line x cos + y sin = p touches the parabola
Since (3, 6) and (3, –2) lie on the parabola, then y2 = 4ax if p cos + a sin2 = 0 and that the point of
2
(6 – k) = ± 8 (3 – h) ... (2) contact is (a tan2 , – 2a tan ).
2
and (–2 – k) = ± 8 (3 – h) ... (3)
Solving (2) and (3) we get Sol. The given line is
k=2
x cos + y sin = p
From (2) 16 = ± 8 (3 – h),
y = – x cot + p cosec
h=3±2
h = 5, 1 Comparing this line with y = mx + c
Hence values of (h, k) are (5, 2) and (1, 2). The required m = – cot and c = p cosec
parabolas are since the given line touches the parabola
2 2
(y – 2) = 8 (x – 5) and (y – 2) = –8 (x – 1)
14 CONIC SECTION
Alternative Method :
a
c cm = a Then given line and parabola are
m
(p cosec ) (– cot ) = a x y
1 ...(i)
a sin2 + p cos = 0 m
and y2 = 4a (x + b) ...(ii)
a 2a
and point of contact is 2 , i.e. respectively.
m m
Substituting the value of x from (i),
a 2a
, (a tan2 , – 2a tan ). y
2
cot cot i.e., x = l 1 in (ii)
m
Example - 4
y
then y2 = 4a 1 b
x y m
Prove that the line 1 touches the parabola
m
y2 = 4a (x + b) if m2 (l + b) + al2 = 0. 4a
y2 + y – 4a(l + b) = 0 ...(iii)
m
Sol. The given parabola is Since the line (i), touches the parabola (ii) then the roots
y2 = 4a (x + b) ...(i) of equation (iii) are equal
Vertex of this parabola is (–b, 0). 2
4a
Now shifting (0, 0) at (–b, 0) then – 4.1 {–4a (l + b)} = 0
m
x = X + (–b) and y=Y+0
x+b=X and y=Y ...(ii) a 2
+ (l + b) = 0
from (i), Y2 = 4aX ...(iii) m2
x y Xb y al2 + m2 (l + b) = 0
and the line 1 reduces to 1
m m m2 (l + b) + al2 = 0.
Example - 5
Xb
Y = m 1
(a) Find the equation of the tangents drawn to
y2 + 12x = 0 from the point (3, 8).
m b (b) Find the equation of tangents to the parabola
Y = X + m 1 ...(iv)
y2 = 4x + 5 which is parallel to the line y = x + 7.
The line (iv) will touch the parabola (iii), if
Sol. (a) y2 + 12x = 0 y2 = – 12x.
b a
m 1 a = – 3.
m
3
Let tangent be y = mx – .
m
m2 b
1 a
3
Since tangent passes through (3, 8), 8 = 3m –
m
m2 (l + b) + al 2 = 0
3m2 – 8m – 3 = 0 (m – 3) (3m + 1) = 0
CONIC SECTION 15
Example - 6
[using m1m2m3 = – y1/a and m1m2 = – 1]
Show that the locus of a point, such that two of the a2 + y12 = – 2a2 + ax1
three normals drawn from it to the parabola y2 = 4ax y12 = a (x1 – 3a)
are perpendicular is y2 = a (x – 3a).
y2 = a (x – 3a) is the required locus.
Sol. Let P (x1, y1) be the point from where normals AP, BP, Example - 7
CP are drawn to y2 = 4ax.
Find the equation of common tangent to the circle
Let y = mx – 2am – am3 be one of these normals.
x2 + y2 = 8 and parabola y2 = 16x.
P lies on it y1 = mx1 – 2am – am3.
Slopes m1, m2, m3 of AP, BP, CP are roots of the cubic Sol. Let ty = x + at2 (where a = 4) be a tangent to parabola
y1 = mx1 – 2am – am2. which also touches circle.
am3 + (2a – x1) m + y1 = 0 m1 + m2 + m3 = 0 ty = x + 4at2 and x2 + y2 = 8
t2 + 1 – 2t4 = 0
t2 = 1, – 1/2
t=±1
a
y = mx + ...(i)
m
If this line is also tangent to the parabola x2 = 4ay then
(i) meets x2 = 4by in two coincident points. Replace values of t1 + t2 and t1 t2 from (i) and (ii) in
Substituting the value of y from (i) in x2 = 4by we get (iii) to get
2
a y12 x1 x 1
4ab 4 1
x2 = 4b mx x2 – 4bmx – =0 a2 a a
m m
The roots of this quadratic are equal provided “B2 = 4AC” Required locus y2 – 4ax = (x + a)2
Example - 10
4ab
i.e., (–4bm)2 = 4.1.
m Find the locus of the mid points of the chords of the
parabola y2 = 4ax which subtend a right angle at the
16b2m3 + 16ab = 0, m 0
vertex of the parabola.
m3 = – a/b m = – a1/3/b1/3
Substituting the value of m in (i) the required equation is Sol. Let P (h, k) be mid point of a chord QR of the parabola
y2 = 4ax, then equation of chord QR is
a 1/ 3 ab1 / 3 T = S1
y x
b1/ 3 a1 / 3
yk – 2a (x + h) = k2 – 4ah
Example - 9
m1 m 2 yk 2ax
As PTQ = 45°, tan 45° = y2 = 4ax 2
1 m1m 2 k 2ah
y2 (k2 – 2ah) – 4akxy + 8a2x2 = 0
1 1
Since QAR = 90°.
t1 t 2 t t
= 2 1 Co–efficient of x2 + Co–efficient of y2 = 0
1 1 t1t 2
1 k2 = 2ah + 8a2 = 0
t1 t 2
Hence the locus is P (h, k) is y2 – 2ax + 8a2 = 0.
CONIC SECTION 17
Example - 11 ELLIPSE
Example - 12
Show that the locus of the middle points of normal chords
of the parabola y2 = 4ax is Find the equation of an ellipse whose focus is (–1, 1),
y4 – 2a (x – 2a) y2 + 8a4 = 0.
1
eccentricity is and the directrix is x – y + 3 = 0
2
Sol. Equation of the normal chord at any point (at2, 2at) of the
parabola y2 = 4ax is
y + tx = 2at + at3 ...(i) Sol. Let P (x, y) be any point on the ellipse whose focus is
But if M (x1, y1) be its middle point, its equation must be
S (–1, 1) and the directrix is x – y + 3 = 0. Draw PM
also
perpendicular from P (x, y) on the directrix x – y + 3 = 0.
T = S1
yy1 – 2a (x + x1) = y12 - 4ax1 Then by definition
1 t 2at at 3
2
y1 2a y1 2ax1
2a
From first two relations t = – y ...(iii)
1
t 2at at 3
2
2a y1 2ax1
y12 2ax1
= 2a + at2
2a
2
y12 2ax1 2a
[from equation (iii)]
SP = ePM
= 2a + a
2a y1 2 2 2
(SP) = e (PM)
(x 1) 2 (y 1)2
4 2
2 2
8 (x + y + 2x – 2y + 2)
2 2
= x + y + 9 – 2xy + 6x – 6y
2 2
7x + 7y + 2xy + 10x – 10y + 7 = 0
Example - 13 or x 4 3 y 24 3 0
Find the lengths and equations of the focal radii drawn and equation of S’ P is
2 2
from the point (4 3, 5) on the ellipse 25x + 16y = 1600 6 5
y5 (x 4 3)
04 3
Sol. The equation of the ellipse is
2 2 4 3y 20 3 11x 44 3
25x + 16y = 1600
x 2 y2 or 11x 4 3y 24 3 0
or 1
64 100
Example - 14
x2 y2
the end of minor axis of the ellipse 1 is 90°,
a2 b2
find its eccentricity.
x2 y2
Sol. The equation of the ellipse is 2
1.
a b2
The ends of minor axis are B (0, b) and B’ (0, –b). If the
eccentricity of the ellipse is e, then the foci are S (ae, 0)
Here b > a and S’ (–ae, 0).
2 2
a = 64, b = 100
2 2 2
a = b (1 – e )
2
64 = 100 (1 – e )
e = 3/5
Let P (x1 , y1 ) (4 3,5)
be a point on the ellipse then SP and S’P are the focal radii
SP = b – ey1 and S’P = b + ey1
3 3
SP 10 5 and SP 10 5
5 5
b0 b
SP = 7 and S’P = 13 Slope of BS is m1 =
0 ae ae
Also S is (0, be)
3 b0 b
i.e., 0,10 i.e.,(0,6) and Slop of BS’ is m2 = =
5 0 ae ae
and S’ is (0, –be) The angle between BS and BS’ is 90°,
3 b b
i.e., 0, 10 m1m2 = – 1 1
5 ae ae
i.e., (0, –6)
b 2 = a2 e2
Equation of SP is
a2 (1 – e2) = a2e2 1 – e2 = e 2
65
y5 (x 4 3) 2e2 = 1
04 3
1
4 3y 20 3 x 4 3 e .
2
CONIC SECTION 19
Example - 15 Example - 17
For what value of does the line y = x + touches the Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular
ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144.
x2 y2
Sol. Equation of ellipse is 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 drawn from the centre of the ellipse 1 on
a2 b2
x 2 y2 any tangent is (x2 + y2)2 = a2 x2 + b2 y2.
1
16 9
x 2 y2
If the normal at a point P() to the ellipse 1
14 15
intersect it again at Q (2). Show that cos – 2/3.
ax by
= a2 – b 2
cos sin
As Q (a cos 2, b sin 2) lies on it, we can have :
a b
(a cos 2) – (b sin 2) = a2 – b2
cos sin
(2 cos 2 1)
a2 – 2b2 cos = a2 – b2
cos
Put a2 = 14, b2 = 5 in the above equation to get :
14(2 cos2 – 1) – 10 cos2 = 9 cos (x12 y12 ) 2 a 2 x12 b2 y12
Example - 18 Example - 19
Example - 20
y = mx + a 2m 2 b 2 ...(i)
a 3b
, (a cos , b sin )
4 cos 4 sin
a 3b
= a cos and = b sin
4 cos 4 sin
Point P (x1, y1) lies on (i)
1 3
cos = ± and sin = ±
2 2 y1 = mx1 + a 2m 2 b2
HYPERBOLA
y12 b 2
and m1 m2 =
x12 a 2 Example - 22
2 2b 2
y 2 b2 4x12 y12 y12 b 2 Then transverse axis = 2a and latus-rectum =
tan2 1 12 = – 4 a
2
( x12 a 2 ) 2 x12 a 2
x1 a
2b 2 1
Locus is tan2 (x2 + y2 – a2 – b2)2 According to question (2a)
a 2
= 4 [x2b2 + a2y2 – a2b2]
2
2b = a
2
b 2
a 2 (e 2 1)
Example - 21 2 2 2
2a (e – 1) = a
2
2e – 2 = 1
Prove that in general four normals can be drawn to an
ellipse from any point and the sum of the eccentric angles 3
e2
of the feet of these normal is equal to an odd multiple of 2
two right angles.
3
e
ax by 2
Sol. Equation of Normal = a2 – b 2
cos sin
3
Hence the required eccentricity is .
ah bk 2
As it passes through (h, k) = a2 – b 2
cos sin
Example - 23
1 t2 2t Obtain the equation of a hyperbola with co-ordinate axes
Replace cos = , sin = 2
, where t = tan
2 2 as principal axes given that the distances of one of its
1 t 1 t
vertices from the faci are 9 and 1 units.
bk t4 + 2 (ak + a2 – b2) t3 + 2 (ak – a2 + b2) t – bk = 0
25 a2
b 2 a 2 (e 2 1) 16 1 e 1 1
9
4
16 b 2
7 7
2
b =9
From (1) equation of hyperbola is Length of latus rectum :
2 2
x y
1 2a 2
16 9 The length of latus rectum = .
b
Example - 24
Show that the equation 7y2 – 9x2 + 54x – 28y – 116 = 0 2(7) 14
.
=
represents a hyperbola. Find the co–ordinates of the 3 3
centre, length of transverse and conjugate axes,
Foci : The co–ordinates of foci are (0, ± be)
eccentricity, latus rectum, co–ordinates of foci and
X = 0, Y = ± be
vertices, equations of the directrices of the hyperbola.
4
Sol. We have 7y2 – 9x2 + 54x – 28y – 116 = 0 x – 3 = 0, y – 2 = ± 3 × .
7
7 (y2 – 4y) – 9 (x2 – 6x) – 116 = 0
7 (y2 – 4y + 4) – 9 (x2 – 6x + 9) = 116 + 28 – 81
12
3, 2 .
7 (y – 2)2 – 9 (x – 3)2 = 63 7
b = 3 and a = 7.
3 7
Centre : X = 0, Y = 0. y–2=
4
i.e., x – 3 = 0, y – 2 = 0 Centre is (3, 2)
Length of transverse axis : 3 7
y = 2 .
Length of transverse axis = 2b = 6. 4
Length of conjugate axis :
CONIC SECTION 23
Example - 25
x 2 y2
16x2 – 9y2 = 144 1
9 16
x2 y2
comparing this with 2
2
1 , we get a2 = 9, b2 = 16.
a b
c2 = 9 (2)2 – 16 = 36 – 16 = 20
y1 0
m = – 1 x1 + my1 = ae ...(i)
c = ± 2 5. x1 ae
x2 y2
from focus S of hyperbola 1 to any tangent. – mx1 + y1 = a 2m 2 b2 ...(ii)
a2 b2
We can now eliminate m from (i) and (ii).
Substituting value of m from (i) in (ii) leads to a lot of
Sol. Let the tangent be y = mx + a 2m2 b2 . simplification and hence we avoid this step.
Let M (x1, y1) be the foot of perpendicular SM drawn to By squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get :
the tangent from focus S (ae, 0).
x12 (1 m 2 ) y12 (1 m 2 ) a 2 e 2 a 2 m 2 b 2
x12 y12 a 2
1. The name of the conic represented by the equation (a) (0, 2) (b) (2, 1)
x2 + y2 – 2xy + 20x + 10 = 0 is (c) (1, 2) (d) (–2, –1)
(a) a hyperbola (b) an ellipse 9. If the parabola y2 = 4 ax passes through the point (–3, 2),
(c) a parabola (d) circle then the length of its latus rectum is
2. The equation x2 + 4xy + y2 + x + 3y + 2 = 0 represents (a) 2/3 (b) 4/3
a parabola, if is
(c) 1/3 (d) 4
(a) –4 (b) 4
10. If focus of a parabola is (2, 0) and one extremity of latus
(c) 0 (d) none of these
rectum is (2, 2), then its equation is
3. The name of the curve described parametrically by the
(a) y2 = 4 (3 – x) (b) y2 = 4x – 4
equations x = t2 + t + 1, y = t2 – t + 1 is
(a) a circle (b) an ellipse (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
(c) a hyperbola (d) a parabola 11. Equation of parabola which has its axis along x-axis and
which passes through the points (3, 2) and (–2, –1) is
4. The equation of the parabola whose focus is (–1, 1) and
directrix is 4x + 3y – 24 = 0 is (a) 5y2 = 3x + 11 (b) y2 = 3x – 1
(a) 9x2 + 16y2 – 24xy + 242x + 94y – 526 = 0 (c) y2 = x + 3 (d) none of these
(b) 16x2 + 9y2 – 24xy + 242x + 94y – 526 = 0 12. The equation of the directrix of the parabola y2 = 12 x is –
(c) 2x2 – 23y2 + 7xy + 32x + 17y + 40 = 0 (a) x + 3 = 0 (b) y + 3 = 0
(d) none of these (c) x – 3 = 0 (d) y – 3 = 0
Standard And Shifted Parabola 13. The equation of the latus rectum of the parabola
x2 = –12y is–
5. The focus of the parabola is (1, 1) and the tangent at
the vertex has the equation x + y = 1. Then : (a) y = 3 (b) x = 3
(c) y = –3 (d) x = –3
(a) equation of the parabola is (x – y)2 = 2 (x + y – 1)
14. Vertex, focus, latus rectum, length of the latus rectum
(b) equation of the parabola is (x – y)2 = 4 (x + y – 1)
and equation of directrix of the parabola y2 = 4x + 4y are
(c) the co-ordinates of the vertex are (½, ½)
(a) (1, 2), (0, 2), y = 0, 4, x = –2
(b) (–1, 2), (0, 2), x = 0, 4, x = –2
(d) length of the latus rectum is 2 2
(c) (–1, 2), (1, 2), x = 0, 4, x = 2
6. The coordinates of an end-point of the latus-rectum of
(d) (–1, 2), (0, 2), y = 0, 2, y = –2
the parabola (y–1)2 = 4(x+1) are
15. Given the two ends of the latus rectum, the maximum
(a) (0, –3) (b) (0, –1)
number of parabolas that can be drawn, is
(c) (0, 1) (d) (1, 3)
7. The length of the latus-rectum of the parabola (a) 1 (b) 2
x = ay2 + by + c is (c) 0 (d) inifinite
16. If the vertex = (2, 0) and the extremities of the latusrectum
a a are (3, 2) and (3, –2), then the equation of the parabola is
(a) (b)
4 3
(a) y2 = 2x – 4 (b) x2 = 2y – 8
1 1
(c) (d) (c) y2 = 4x – 8 (d) none of these
a 4a
CONIC SECTION 25
17. The equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to 25. The latus rectum of a parabola whose focal chord is PSQ
y-axis and which passes through the points (0, 4), (1, 9)
such that SP = 3 and SQ = 2 is given by
and (–2, 6) is given by
(a) 2y2 + 3y – x + 4 = 0 (b) 3x2 + 2x + y – 4 = 0 24 12
(a) (b)
(c) 2x2 + 3x – y + 4 = 0 (d) none of the above 5 5
(c) 5x2 – 2x – 21y – 20 = 0 (d) none of the above through the vertex and having slope tan , is
Parametric Form and Focal Chord : (a) 4a cosec cot (b) 4a tan sec
(c) 4a cos cot (d) 4a sin tan
19. The parametric equation of the curve (y–2)2 = 12 (x–4)
are- 27. If b and c are the lengths of the segments of any focal
(a) 6t, 3t2 (b) 2 + 3t, 4 + t2 chord of parabola y2 = 4ax, then the length of the
(c) 4 + 3t2, 2 + 6t (d) None of these semi- latus- rectum is
20. The point on y2 = 4ax nearest to the focus has its abscissa
bc bc
(a) (b)
(a) x = –a (b) x = a 2 bc
3
(c) x (d) x = 0 2bc
2
(c) (d) bc
bc
2
21. The parametric equation of a parabola is x = t + 1,
y = 2t + 1. The Cartesian equation of its directrix is
Position of Point w.r.t. Parabola :
(a) x = 0 (b) x + 1 = 0
28. For the parabola y2 = 8x point (2, 5) is
(c) y = 0 (d) none of these
(a) inside the parabola
22. Any point on the parabola whose focus is (0, 1) and the
directrix is x + 2 = 0 is given by (b) Focus
(a) 4 (b) –4
(c) 2 (d) –2 x a
(a) y a (b) y 3x
3 3
2 1
34. If y = 2x –3 is a tangent to the parabola y 4a x ,
3
then a is equal to
x
(c) y 3 a (d) none of these
(a) 1 (b) –1 3
14 14
(c) (d) Ellipse
3 3
Basic :
35. If two tangents drawn from the point (, ) to the parabola
y2 = 4x be such that the slope of one tangent is double of x2 y2
41. The equatio n 1 r epr esents an
the other then 10 a 4 a
2 ellipse, if
2 2
(a) (b) 2
9 9 (a) a < 4 (b) a > 4
(c) 4 < a < 10 (d) a > 10
(c) 2 = 92 (d) none of these
42. The equation to the ellipse, whose focus is the point
36. The angle between the tangents drawn to the parabola (–1, 1), whose directrix is the straight line x – y + 3 = 0,
44. A line of fixed length a + b moves so that its ends are 52. An ellipse has its centre at (1, –1) and semi major axis equal
always on two fixed perpendicular straight lines; then to 8. If this ellipse passes through the point (1, 3), its
the locus of a point, which divides this line into eccentricity is equal to
portions of length a and b, is a/an
(a) 1/ 2 (b) 1/2
(a) ellipse (b) parabola
(c) straight line (d) none of these (c) 3/2 (d) none of these
45. The curve represented by x = 2 (cos t + sin t),
53. An ellipse has OB as semi-minor axis, F and F’ are its foci
y = 5 (cos t – sin t) is
and the angle FBF is a right angle. Then the eccentricity of
(a) a circle (b) a parabola the ellipse is
(c) an ellipse (d) a hyperbola
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4
Shifted Ellipse and Geometrical Properties of Ellipse :
46. The centre of the ellipse 8x2 + 6y2 – 16x + 12y + 13 = 0 is at (c) 1/ 2 (d) none of these
(a) y 5 (b) y 5 1 1
(a) (b)
2 3
(c) y 1 5 (d) x 1 5
1 3
48. If the latus rectum of an ellipse is half of its minor axis, its (c) (d)
2 2
eccentricity is
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/4 Parametric Form and Auxiliary Circle :
x2 y2 12 1 12
61. The ellipse 1 and the straight line (c) tan 1 (d) tan
a 2 b2 5 5
y = mx + c intersect in real points only, if
68. The equation of the ellipse which passes through origin
(a) a2m2 < c2 – b 2 (b) a2m2 > c2 + b 2
and has its foci at the points (1, 0) and (3, 0) is -
(c) a2m2 c2 – b 2 (d) c b
(a) 3x2 + 4y2 = x (b) 3x2 + y2 = 12x
x 2 y2 (c) x2 + 4y2 = 12x (d) 3x2 + 4y2 = 12x
62. The line y = 2t2 intersects the ellipse 1 in real
9 4
Hyperbola
points, if
Basics
(a) | t | 1 (b) | t | < 2
69. The locus of the point of intersection of the lines
(c) | t | > 1 (d) | t | 1
63. The equation of the tangents to the ellipse 4x2 + 3y2 = 5 3 x y 4 3k 0 and 3kx ky 4 3 0 for
which are parallel to the line y = 3x + 7 are
different values of k is-
155 155 (a) Ellipse (b) Parabola
(a) y 3x (b) y 3x
3 12
(c) Circle (d) Hyperbola
95 70. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose directrix is
(c) y 3x (d) none of these
12
2x + y = 1, focus (1, 2) and eccentricity 3 .
2 2
x y (a) 7x2 – 2y2 + 12xy – 2x + 14y – 22 = 0
64. Equation of tangents to the ellipse 1, which are
9 4
(b) 7x2 – 2y2 + 2xy – 2x + 14y – 22 = 0
perpendicular to the line 3x + 4y = 7, are
(c) 7x2 – 2y2 + xy – 14x + 2y – 22 = 0
(a) 4x 3y 6 5 (b) 4x 3y 12 (d) none of the above
CONIC SECTION 29
2
19 (c) (d) none of these
(d) whose eccentricity is 3
3
Position of Point, Position of Line & Eq. of Tangent :
74. The equation 9x2 – 16y2 – 18x + 32y – 151 = 0 represents a
hyperbola - 80. The position of point (5, –4) relative to hyperbola
9x2 – y2 = 1 is
(a) The length of the transverse axes is 4
(a) inside the hyperbola (b) outside the hyperbola
(b) Length of latus rectum is 9 (c) on the hyperbola (d) none of the above
81. The value of m for which y = mx + 6 is a tangent to the
21 11
(c) Equation of directrix is x and x
5 5 x 2 y2
hyperbola 1 is
100 49
(d) None of these
75. Equation of the hyperbola with eccentricity 3/2 and foci at 17 20
(a) (b)
(± 2, 0) is 20 17
(a) x2/4 – y2/9 = 4/9 (b) x2/9–y2/4 = 4/9
3 20
(c) x2/4–y2/9 = 1 (d) none of these (c) (d)
20 3
76. If latus rectum of the hyperbola is half of its transverse
82. If m1 and m2 are the gradients of tangents to hyperbola
axis, then its eccentricity is
x 2 y2
(a) 3/2 (b) 1 which passes through (6, 2), then
3/2 25 16
83. The equations of the tangents to the hyperbola 87. If e and e’ be the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its
x 2 – 4y 2 = 36 which are perpendicular to the line
x – y + 4 = 0 are
1 1
conjugate then the value of =
(a) y x 3 3 (b) y = –x ± 2 e 2 e'2
2 (a) 2 (b) 4
(a) 2 (b)
3 (c) 6 (d) 8
89. If 5x2 + y2 = 20 represents a rectangular hyperbola, then
4 =
(c) 4 (d)
3
(a) 5 (b) – 5
(c) 4 (d) –4
85. If the eccentricity of a hyperbola is 3, then the eccentricity
of its conjugate hyperbola is
90. A ray emanating from the point ( 41, 0) is incident on
(a) 2 (b) 3
the hyperbola 16x2 – 25y2 = 400 at the point P with abscissa
3 –10. Then the equation of the reflected ray after first
(c) (d) 2 3
2
reflection and point P lies in second quadrant is
86. If e 1 and e 2 are the eccentricities of a hyperbola
3x2 – 3y2 = 25 and its conjugate, then (a) 4 3 x (10 41) y 4 123 0
(a) e12 e22 2 (b) e12 e22 4 (b) 4 3 x (10 41) y 4 123 0
2. Locus of mid point of the portion between the axes of (c) d2 + (2b + 3c)2 = 0 (d) d2 + (3b – 2c)2 = 0
x cos + y sin = p where p is constant is (2002) 7. The eccentricity of an ellipse, with its centre at the origin,
is 1/2. If one of the directrices is x = 4, then the equation of
4 hte ellipse is (2004)
(a) x2 + y2 = (b) x2 + y2 = 4p2
p2 (a) 4x2 + 3y2 = 12 (b) 3x2 + 4y2 = 12
(c) x2 + y2 = 1 (d) 4x2 + 3y2 = 1
1 1 1 1 1 4
(c) (d) 8. Let P be the point (1, 0) and Q a point on the locus
x2 y2 p2 x2 y2 p2
y2 = 8x. The locus of mid point of PQ is (2005)
(a) x2 – 4y + 2 = 0 (b) x2 + 4y + 2 = 0
x 2 y2
3. The foci of the ellipse 1 and the hyperbola (c) y2 + 4x + 2 = 0 (d) y2 – 4x + 2 = 0
16 b 2
9. An ellipse has OB as semi minor axis, F and F’ its foci and
x 2 y2 1 the angle FBF’ is a right angle. Then the eccentricity of the
coincide. Then the value of b2 is (2003)
144 81 25 ellipse is (2005)
(a) 5 (b) 7 1 1
(c) 9 (d) 1 (a) (b)
2 2
9 9 a 3x 2 a 2 x
(a) , (b) (2, –4) y= – 2a is (2006)
8 2 3 2
9 9 105 3
(c) (2, 4) (d) , (a) xy = (b) xy =
8 2 64 4
35 64
(c) xy = (d) xy =
16 105
32 CONIC SECTION
12. In an ellipse, the distance between its focii is 6 and minor 18. A stair-case of length l rests against a vertical wall and a
axis is 8. Then its eccentricity is (2006) floor of a room. Let P be a point on the stair-case, nearer to
(a) 3/5 (b) 1/2 its end on the wall, that divides its length in the ratio 1 : 2.
If the stair-case begins to slide on the floor, then the locus
(c) 4/5 (d) 1/ 5 of P is: (2014/Online Set–2)
22. The minimum area of a triangle formed by any tangent to 27. If the tangent to the conic, y – 6 = x2 at (2, 10) touches the
circle, x2 + y2 +8x –2y= k (for some fixed k) at a point (, );
x 2 y2 then (, ) is : (2015/Online Set–1)
the ellipse 1 and the co-ordinate axes is:
16 81
7 6 6 10
(2014/Online Set–3) (a) , (b) ,
17 17 17 17
(a) 12 (b) 18
(c) 26 (d) 36 4 1 8 2
(c) , (d) ,
23. A chord is drawn through the focus of the parabola y =6x 2
17 17 17 17
such that its distance from the vertex of this parabola is
28. Let PQ be a double ordinate of the parabola, y2 4x ,
5
, then its slope can be : (2014/Online Set–4) where P lies in the second quadrant, if R divides PQ in the
2
ratio 2 : 1 then the locus of R is: (2015/Online Set–2)
4 (d) x 2 y 2 4x 8y 12 0
(c) 4 (d)
3
30. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose length of the
25. Let O be the vertex and Q be any point on the parabola, latus rectum is equal to 8 and the length of its conjugate
x2 = 8y. If the point P divides the line segment OQ axis is equal to half of the distance between its foci, is :
internally in the ratio 1 : 3, then the locus of P is: (2015) (2016)
(a) y2 = 2x (b) x2 = 2y
4 2
(c) x2 = y (d) y2 = x (a) (b)
3 3
26. The area (in sq. units) of the quadrilateral formed by the
tangents at the end points of the latera recta to the ellipse
4
x2 y2 (c) 3 (d)
1, is: (2015) 3
9 5
31. Let a and b respectively be the semi-transverse and
27 semi-conjugate axes of a hyperbola whose eccentricity
(a) (b) 27 satisfies the equation 9e2 –18e + 5 = 0. If S(5, 0) is a focus
2
and 5x = 9 is the corresponding directrix of this hyperbola,
27 then a2 – b2 is equal to : (2016/Online Set–1)
(c) (d) 18
4 (a) 7 (b) –7
(c) 5 (d) –5
34 CONIC SECTION
32. A hyperbola whose transverse axis is along the major axis of 37. Consider an ellipse, whose centre is at the origin and its
x2 y2 3
the conic, 4 and has vertices at the foci of major axis is along the x-axis. If its eccentricity is and
3 4 5
the distance between its foci is 6, then the area (in sq.
3 units) of the quadrilateral inscribed in the ellipse, with the
this conic. If the eccentricity of the hyperbola is , then
2 vertices as the vertices of the ellipse, is :
which of the following points does NOT lie on it? (2017/Online Set–1)
(2016/Online Set–2) (a) 8 (b) 32
(a) (0, 2) (b) ( 5, 2 2) (c) 80 (d) 40
38. The eccentricity of an ellipse having centre at the origin,
(c) ( 10, 2 3) c (d) (5, 2 3) axes along the co-ordinate axes and passing through the
points (4, –1) and (–2, 2) is : (2017/Online Set–2)
33. The eccentricity of an ellipse whose centre is at the origin
1 1 2
is . If one of its directrices is x = –4, then the equation (a) (b)
2 2 5
3
of the normal to it at 1, is: (2017) 3 3
2 (c) (d)
2 4
(a) 2y – x = 2 (b) 4x – 2y = 1
39. If y = mx + c is the normal at a point on the parabola
(c) 4x + 2y = 7 (d) x + 2y = 4
y2 = 8x whose focal distance is 8 units, then |c| is equal to:
34. A hyperbola passes through the point P( 2, 3) and (2017/Online Set–2)
has foci at (±2, 0). Then the tangent to this hyperbola at P (a) 2 3 (b) 8 3
also passes through the point: (2017)
(c) 10 3 (d) 16 3
(a) 3 2, 2 3
(b) 2 2,3 3
40. If the tangent at (1, 7) to the curve x 2 y 6 touches
(c) 3, 2
(d) 2, 3 the circle x 2 y2 16x 12y c 0 then the value of c
35. The locus of the point of intersection of the straight lines, is : (2018)
tx – 2y – 3t = 0 (a) 95 (b) 195
(a) 2 1
(b) 2 3 2 2
(c) 2 2 1 (d) 3 2 2
CONIC SECTION 35
42. Tangent and normal are drawn at P (16, 16) on the parabola 47. Tangents drawn from the point (-8, 0) to the parabola y2 =
y2 = 16x, which intersect the axis of the parabola at A and 8x touch the parabola at P and Q. If F is the focus of the
B, respectively. If C is the centre of the circle through the parabola, then the area of the triangle PFQ (in sq. units) is
points P, A and B and CPB , then a value of tan is: equal to : (2018/Online Set–2)
Single Answer Type Questions 8. If the normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax at the point
1. The angle subtended by double ordinate of length 8a at (at2, 2at) cuts the parabola again at (aT2, 2aT), then
the vertex of the parabola y2 = 4ax is (a) – 2T2 (b) T (––8)(8, )
16. Length of the focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax at a 22. A tangent to the parabola x2 + 4ay = 0 cuts the parabola x2
distance p from the vertex is = 4by at A and B the locus of the mid point of AB is :
(a) (a + 2b) x2 = 4 b2y (b) (b + 2a) x2 = 4 b2y
2a 2
a3
(a) (b) 2 (c) (a + 2b) y2 = 4 b2x (d) (b + 2x) x2 = 4 a2y
p p
23. The equation of the other normal to the parabola
y2 = 4ax which passes through the intersection of those at
4a 3 p3 (4a, –4a) & (9a, –6a) is :
(c) (d)
p2 a (a) 5x – y + 115a = 0 (b) 5x + y – 135a = 0
17. If P, Q, R are three co-normal points on the parabola (c) 5x – y – 115a = 0 (d) 5x + y + 115 = 0
y2 = 4ax then the centroid of the triangle PQR always
lies on : x 2 y2
24. The distance of a point on the ellipse 1 from
(a) the x-axis 6 2
(b) the y-axis the centre is 2. The eccentric angle of the point is
(c) the line y = x
(a) ± (b) ±
(d) the directrix of the parabola 2
18. Two tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax make angle 1
3
and 2 with the x-axis. The locus of their point of (c) , (d) ±
2 4 4
cot 1
intersection if 2 is : 25. The equation of tangents to the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144
cot 2
which pass through the point (2, 3) -
(a) 2y2 = 9 ax (b) 4y2 = 9 ax (a) y = 3 (b) x + y = 2
(c) y2 = 9 ax (d) none of these (c) x – y = 3 (d) y = 3; x + y = 5
19. From an external point P, pair of tangent lines are
drawn to the parabola, y2 = 4x. If 1 and 2 are the x 2 y2
26. If the points of intersection of the ellipse 1,
inclinations of these tangents with the axis of x such a 2 b2
x 2 y2
that, 1 + 2 = , then the locus of P is : and 1 form quadrilateral ABCD such that AC
4
p2 q 2
(a) x – y + 1 = 0 (b) x + y – 1 = 0
& BD be the conjugate diameter of first ellipse, then -
(c) x – y – 1 = 0 (d) x + y + 1 = 0
20. If (t2, 2t) is one end of a focal chord of the parabola, x 2 y2 a 2 b2
(a) 2 (b) 1
y2 = 4x then the length of the focal chord will be : p2 q2 p2 q2
2
1 1 2 1 a b a 2 b2
(a) t (b) t t 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
t t t p q p2 q 2
1 2 1 a2
(c) t t 2 (d) none of these 27. If tan 1 tan 2 = – , then the chord joining two point
t t b2
21. The equation of common tangent to the parabola, x 2 y2
1 and 2 on the ellipse 1 will subtend a right
y2 = 2x and x2 = 16y is : a 2 b2
Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B, C I then A = ____ , angle at
B = ____ , C = _____ : (a) Focus (b) Centre
(a) 1, 2, 2 (b) 2, 2, 1 (c) End of the major axes (d) End of minor axes
(c) 2, 1, 2 (d) none of these
38 CONIC SECTION
35. The ends of a line segment are P (1, 3) and Q (1, 1). R is a
x 2 y2 point on the line segment PQ such that PR : QR = 1 : . If R
28. The line x = at2 meets the ellipse 1 in the real
a 2 b2 is in interior point of a parabola y2 = 4x, then
points if -
3
(a) | t | < 2 (b) | t | 1 (a) (0, 1) (b) – , 1
5
(c) | t | > 1 (d) None of these
1 3
29. The eccentric angles of the extremities of latus rectum of (c) , (d) none of these
2 5
x 2 y2 36. If y1, y2 are the ordinates of two points P and Q on the
the ellipse 1 is
a 2 b2 parabola and y3 is the ordinate of the point of intersection
of tangents at P and Q, then
1 ae be (a) y1, y2, y3 are in A.P. (b) y1, y3, y2 are in A.P.
(a) tan (b) tan 1
b b (c) y1, y2, y3 are in G.P. (d) y1, y3, y2 are in G.P.
37. The two parabola y = 4ax and y2 = 4c (x –b) cannot have
2
41. Tangent are drawn from the points on the line 48. AB, AC are tangents to a parabola y2 = 4ax. p1, p2 and
x – y – 5 = 0 to x2 + 4y2 = 4, then all the chords of p3 are the lengths of the perpendiculars from A, B and
contact pass through a fixed point, whose coordinate C respectively to any tangent to the curve expect at
are points B and C, then p2, p1, p3 are in :
46. From the focus of the parabola, y2 = 8x as centre, a 53. A circle is described whose centre is the vertex and whose
circle is described so that a common chord of the curves diameter is three–quarters of the latus rectum of hte
is equidistant from the vertex & focus of the parabola. parabola y2 = 4ax. If PQ is the common chord of the
The equation of the circle is : circle and the circle and the parabola and L1 L2 is the
(a) (x – 2)2 + y2 = 9 (b) (x – 2)2 + y2 = 6 latus rectum, then the area of the trapezium PL1 L2Q is
54. From the point (15, 12) three normals are drawn to the 60. If P is a moving point in the xy–plane in such a way that
parabola y2 = 4x, then centroid of triangle formed by three p e r i me t e r of triangle PQR is 16
co–normal points is {where Q (3, 5 ), R (7, 3 5 )} then maximum area
of triangle PQR is
16 (a) 6 sq. unit (b) 12 sq. unit
(a) ,0 (b) (4, 0)
3 (c) 18 sq. unit (d) 9 sq. unit
61. If + = 3 then the chord joining the points and for
26
(c) ,0 (d) (6, 0) x2 y2
3 the hyperbola 1 passes through
a 2 b2
55. A ray of light travels along a line y = 4 and strikes the (a) focus
surface of a curve y2 = 4(x + y) then equation of the line (b) centre
along reflected ray travel is (c) one of the end points of the transverse axis
(a) x = 0 (b) x = 2 (d) one of the end points of the conugates axis
(c) x + y = 4 (d) 2x + y = 4 62. The combined equation of the asymptotes of the hyperbola
2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 + 4x + 5y = 0 is
56. Through the vertex O of the parabola y2 = 4ax two chords
OP & OQ are drawn and the circles on OP & OQ as (a) 2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 + 4x + 5y + 2 = 0
diameter intersect in R. If 1 , 2 & are the angles (b) 2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 + 4x + 5y – 2 = 0
made with the axis by the tangents at P & Q on the (c) 2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 = 0
parabola & by OR then cot 1 + cot 2 is equal to (d) none of these
(a) –2 tan (b) – 2 tan ( – ) Multiple Type Questions
63. Consider a circle with its centre lying on the focus of
(c) 0 (d) 2 cot
the parabola, y2 = 2 px such that it touches the directrix
57. Normals at three points P, Q, R at the parabola y2 = 4ax of the parabola. Then a point of intersection of the
meet in a point A and S be its focus, if |SP|. |SQ| . |SR| = circle & the parabola is :
(SA)2, then is equal to
p p
(a) a3 (b) a2 (a) , p (b) ,p
2 2
(c) a (d) 1
p p
(c) , p (d) , p
58. A hyperbola has centre ' C ' and one focus at P 6,8 . 2 2
64. Let V be the vertex and L be the latus rectum of the
If its two directrices are 3 x 4 y 10 0 and parabola x2 = 2y + 4x – 4. Then the equation of the
parabola whose vertex is at V, latus rectum is L/2 and
3 x 4 y 10 0 then CP axis is perpendicular to the axis of the given parabola.
66. If A & B are points on the parabola y2 = 4ax with vertex O 71. The equation, 3x2 + 4y2 – 18x + 16y + 43 = c.
such that OA perpendicular to OB & having lengths (a) cannot represent a real pair of straight lines for any
r14/3 r24/3 value of c
r1 & r2 respectively, then the value of is
r12/3 r22/3 (b) represents an ellipse, if c > 0
(c) represent empty set, if c < 0
(a) 16a2 (b) a2
(c) 4a (d) None of these (d) a point, if c = 0
a 2 b2
Reason : Circum circle of a triangle formed by three
(d) tan tan [a a 2 b2 ] when a > b tangents of a parabola passes through its focus.
2 2 b2
(a) A (b) B
70. If the chord through the points whose eccentric angles
(c) C (d) D
x2 y2
are & on the ellipse, 2 2 1 passes through a 76. Assertion : The perpendicular bisector of the line segment
a b
joining the point (–a, 2 at) and (a, 0) is tangent to the
focus, then the value of tan (/2) tan (/2) is : parabola y2 = 4ax, where t R
e 1 e 1 Reason : Number of parabolas with a given point as vertex
(a) (b)
e 1 e 1 and length of latus rectum equal to 4, is 2.
(a) A (b) B
1 e 1 e
(c) (d) (c) C (d) D
1 e 1 e
42 CONIC SECTION
77. Assertion : Feet of perpendiculars drawn from foci of an 80. Column – I Column – II
ellipse 4x2 + y2 = 16 on the line 2 3 x + y = 8 lie on the (A) If the mid point of a chord of (p) 6
circle x2 + y2 = 16. x2 y2
the ellipse 1 is
Reason : If perpendicular are drawn from foci of an ellipse 16 25
to its any tangent then feet of these perpendiculars lie on (0, 3), then length of the
dirctor circle of the ellipse.
4k
chord is , then k is
(a) A (b) B 5
(c) C (d) D (B) If the line y = x + touches (q) 8
78. Assertion : In a triangle ABC, if base BC is fixed and the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144,
perimeter of the triangle is constant, then vertex A moves then the sum of values of is
on an ellipse. (C) If the distance between a (r) 0
Reason : If sum of distances of a point ‘P’ from two focus and corresponding
fixed points is constant then locus of ‘P’ is a real ellipse. directix of an ellipse be 8
(a) A (b) B and the eccentricity be 1/2,
then length of the minor
(c) C (d) D
Match the Column k
axis is , then k is
3
79. Column – I Column – II
(D) Sum of distances of a (s) 16
(A) Area of a triangle formed by the (p) 8
point on the ellipse
tangents drawn from a point
(–2, 2) to the parabola y2 = 4(x + y) x2 y2
1 from the foci
9 16
and their corresponding chord
Passage Type Questions
of contact is
Use the following passage, solve Q. 81 to Q. 83
(B) Length of the latusrectum of (q) 4 3 PASSAGE–1
the conic 25{(x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2} = If the locus of the circumcentre of a variable triangle having
sides y–axis, y = 2 and lx + my = 1, where (l,m) lies on the
(3x + 4y – 6)2 is parabola y2 = 4ax is a curve C, then
(C) If focal distance of a point on (r) 4 81. Coordinates of the vertex of this curve C is
the parabola y = x2 – 4 is 25/4 3 3
(a) 2a, (b) 2a,
and points are of the form 2 2
(± a , b) then value of a + b is 3 3
(c) 2a, (d) 2a,
2 2
(D) Length of side of an equilateral (s) 24/5
82. The length of smallest focal chord of this curve C is :
triangle inscribed in a parabola
y2 – 2x – 2y – 3 = 0 whose one 1 1
(a) (b)
12a 4a
angular point is vertex of the
parabola, is 1 1
(c) (d)
16a 8a
CONIC SECTION 43
5 4 2 2
(a) (b) 89. Tangents are drawn to the ellipse x y 1 at ends of
3 3 9 5
latusrecta. If the area of quadrilateral formed is sq unit,
5 3
(c) (d) then the value of must be
4 7
90. If a circle cuts a rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 in A, B, C
85. Locus of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to and D and the parameters of these four points be t1, t2, t3
the given hyperbola is and t4 respectively, then the value of 16t1t2t3t4 must be
2
7 55
(a) (x – 3)2 + y
2 4
2
7 25
(b) (x – 3)2 + y
2 4
2
7 7
(c) (x – 3)2 + y
2 4
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 (c) 2y = x + 8 (d) y = x + 2
(c) (d)
13. If a > 2b > 0, then positive value of m for which
b b
y = mx – b 1 m 2 is a common tangent to x2 + y2 = b2 and
5. If x = 9 is the chord of contact of the hyperbola
x2 – y2 = 9, then the equation of the corresponding pair of (x – a)2 + y2 = b2 is (2002)
tangents is
2b a 2 4b 2
(1999) (a) (b)
a 2 4b 2 2b
(a) 9x2 – 8y2 + 18x – 9 = 0 (b) 9x2 – 8y2 – 18x + 9 = 0
(c) 9x2 – 8y2 – 18x – 9 = 0 (d) 9x2 – 8y2 + 18x + 9 = 0 2b b
(c) (d)
6. The curve described parametrically by a 2b a 2b
x = t2 + t + 1, y = t2 – t + 1 represents (1999)
(a) a pair of straight lines (b) an ellipse
(c) a parabola (d) a hyperbola
CONIC SECTION 45
x2 x 2 y2
14. Tangent is drawn to ellipse + y 2 = 1 at 19. If e1 is the eccentricity of the ellipse 1 and e2 is
27 16 25
the eccentricity of the hyperbola passing through the foci
( 3 3 cos, sin) (where (0, /2)).
of the ellipse and e1e2 = 1, then equation of the hyperbola
Then, the value of such that the sum of intercepts on is (2006)
axes made by this tangent is minimum, is (2003)
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
(a) 1 (b) 1
(a) (b) 9 16 16 9
3 6
x 2 y2
(c) 1 (d) None of these
(c) (d) 9 25
8 4
20. A hyperbola, having the transverse axis of length 2sin ,
15. The focal chord to y2 = 16x is tangent to (x – 6)2 + y2 = 2,
is confocal with the ellipse 3x2 + 4y2 = 12. Then its equation
then the possible values of the slope of this chord, are
is (2007)
(2003)
(a) x2cosec2 – y2sec2 = 1
(a) {–1, 1} (b) {–2, 2}
(b) x2sec2 – y2 cosec2 = 1
(c) {–2, 1/2} (d) {2, –1/2}
(c) x2sin2 – y2 cos2 = 1
x2 y2 (d) x2 cos2 – y2 sin2 = 1
16. For hyperbola 1, which of the
cos 2 sin 2 21. Consider a branch of the hyperbola
following remains constant with change in ‘’ ? (2003)
x 2 – 2y2 – 2 2 x 4 2 y – 6 = 0
(a) abscissae of vertices (b) abscissae of foci
with vertex at the point A. Let B be one of the end points
(c) eccentricity (d) directrix
of its latusrectum. If C is the focus of the hyperbola nearest
to the point A, then the area of the triangle ABC is
17. If the line 2x + 6 y = 2 touches the hyperbola
x2 – 2y2 = 4, then the point of contact is (2004) (2008)
(c) (x – y)2 = 4 (x + y – 2) 31 29
(a) (b)
(d) (x + y)2 = 2 (x – y + 2) 10 10
21 27
(c) (d)
10 10
46 CONIC SECTION
1 4 3 (c) 2 (d) 3
(c) 2 3 , (d) 2 3 ,
7
7 Passage
24. The common tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 2 and the Box 1 contains three cards bearing numbers 1,2,3 ; box 2
parabola y2 = 8x touch the circle at the points P, Q and the contains five cards bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,5 and box 3
parabola at the points R, S. Then the area of the contains seven cards bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. A card
quadrilateral PQRS is (2014) is drawn from each of the boxes. Let xi be the number on
the card drawn from the ith box, i = 1,2,3. (2014)
(a) 3 (b) 6
30. The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is
(c) 9 (d) 15
25. If a chord, which is not a tangent, of the parabola y2 = 16x 29 53
(a) (b)
has the equation 2x + y = p, and midpoint (h, k), then 105 105
which of the following is(are) possible value(s) of p, h
and k ? (2017) 57 1
(c) (d)
(a) p = 2, h = 3, k = – 4 105 2
(b) p = 5, h = 4, k = –3 31. The probability that x1,x2,x3 are in an arithmetic progression,
(c) p = –1, h = 1, k = –3 is
(d) p = –2, h = 2, k = –4 9 10
(a) (b)
Passage 105 105
x 2 y2 11 7
The circle x2 + y2 – 8x = 0 and hyperbola 1 (c) (d)
9 4 105 105
intersect at the points A and B. (2010) Passage
26. Equation of a common tangent with positive slope to the Let F1(x1, 0) and F2(x2, 0), for x1 < 0 and x2 > 0, be the foci
circle as well as to the hyperbola is
x 2 y2
of the ellipse 1. Suppose a parabola having
(a) 2x 5 y 20 0 (b) 2x 5 y 4 0 9 8
vertex at the origin and focus at F2 intersects the ellipse
(c) 3x – 4y + 8 = 0 (d) 4x – 3y + 4 = 0
at point M in the first quadrant and at point N in the
27. Equation of the circle with AB as its diameter is fourth quadrant.
(a) x2 + y2 – 12x + 24 = 0 32. The orthocentre of the triangle F1MN is
(b) x2 + y2 + 12x + 24 = 0
9 2
(c) x2 + y2 + 24x – 12 = 0 (a) ,0 (b) ,0
10 3
(d) x2 + y2 –24x – 12 = 0
28. Let (x, y) be any point on the parabola y2 = 4x. Let P be the 9 2
point that divides the line segment from (0, 0) to (c) ,0 (d) , 6
10 3
(x, y) in the ratio 1 : 3. Then, the locus of P is (2011)
(a) x2 = y (b) y2 = 2x
(c) y2 = x (d) x2 = 2y
CONIC SECTION 47
33. If the tangents to the ellipse at M and N meet at R and the Passage
normal to the parabola at M meets the x-axis at Q, then the There are five students S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 in a music
ratio of area of the triangle MQR to area of the quadrilateral class and for them there are five seats R1,R2, R3, R4 and R5
MF1NF2 is arranged in a row, where initially the seat Ri is allotted to
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 5 the student Si, i = 1, 2,3, 4, 5. But, on the examination day,
(c) 5 : 8 (d) 2 : 3 the five students are randomly allotted the five seats.
Passage (2018)
Columns 1, 2 and 3 contain conics, equations of tangents to the conics 37. The probability that, on the examination day, the student
and points of contact, respectively. S1 gets the previously allotted seat R1, and NONE of the
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 remaining students gets the seat previously allotted to
him/her is
a 2a
(I) x2 + y2 = a2 (i) my = m2x + a (P) 2 ,
m m 3 1
(a) (b)
40 8
ma a
(II) x2 + a2y2 = a2 (ii) y mx a m2 1 (Q) ,
2 2
m 1 m 1
7 1
(c) (d)
a 2 m 1 40 5
(III) y2 = 4ax (iii) y mx a 2 m 2 1 (R) 2 2 , 2 2
a m 1 a m 1
38. For i = 1, 2, 3, 4, let Ti denote the event that the students
a 2 m 1 Si and Si + 1 do NOT sit adjacent to each other on the day
(IV) x2 –a2y2 = a2 (iv) y mx a 2 m2 1 (S) ,
2 2
a m 1 a 2 m2 1 of the examination. Then, the probability of the event
(2017) T1 T2 T3 T4 is
1 1 1
34. The tangent to a suitable conic (Column 1) at 3, is (a)
15
(b)
10
2
(a) x 2 2 3y 3 3 (b) x 2 2 3 y 3 3
(c) x 2 2 3y 3 3 (d) x 2 2 3 y 3 3
48 CONIC SECTION
42. The tangent PT and the normal PN to the parabola 47. Let P and Q be distinct points on the parabola y2 = 2x
y2 = 4ax at a point P on it meet its axis at points T and N, such that a circle with PQ as diameter passes through the
respectively. The locus of the centroid of the triangle PTN vertex O of the parabola. If P lies in the first quadrant and
is a parabola whose (2009) the area of the triangle OPQ is 3 2, then which of the
2a following is (are) the coordinates of P ? (2015)
(a) vertex is ,0 (b) directrix is x = 0
3
(a) 4, 2 2
(b) 9,3 2
2a
(c) latusrectum is (d) focus is (a, 0) 1 1
3 (c) ,
4 2
(d) 1 2
43. An ellipse intersects the hyperbola 2x 2 – 2y 2 = 1 48. Let E1 and E2 be two ellipses whose centres are at the
orthogonally. The eccentricity of the ellipse is reciprocal origin. The major axes of E1 and E2 lie along the x-axis and
to that of the hyperbola. If the axes of the ellipse are along the y-axis, respectively. Let S be the circle x2 + (y 1)2 = 2.
the coordinate axes, then (2009) The straight line x + y = 3 touches the curves S, E1 and E2
(a) Equation of ellipse is x2 + 2y2 = 2
(b) The foci of ellipse are (± 1, 0)
2 2
at P, Q and R respectively. Support that PQ = PR = .
(c) Equation of ellipse is x2 + 2y2 = 4
3
If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of E1 and E2, respectively,
(d) The foci of ellipse are (± 2 , 0) then the correct expression(s) is (are) (2015)
44. Let A and B be two distinct points on the parabola
43 7
y2 = 4x. If the axis of the parabola touches a circle of radius 2 2
(a) e1 e2 (b) e1e 2
r having AB as its diameter, then the slope of the line 40 2 10
joining A and B can be (2010)
2 2 5 3
1 1 (c) e1 e 2 (d) e1e2
(a) (b) 8 4
r r
49. Consider the hyperbola H : x2 – y2 = 1 and a circle S with
2 centre N(x2, 0). Suppose that H and S touch each other at
(c) 2 (d) a point P(x1, y1) with x1 > 1 and y1 > 0. The common tangent
r r
to H and Sat P intersects the x-axis at point M. If (l, m) is
45. Let L be a normal to the parabola y2 = 4x. If L passes the centroid of the triangle PMN, then the correct
through the point (9, 6), then L is given by (2011) expression(s) is (are) : (2015)
(a) y – x + 3 = 0 (b) y + 3x – 33 = 0
dl 1 dm x1
(c) y + x – 15 = 0 (d) y – 2x + 12 = 0 (a) dx 1 3x 2 for x1 1 (b) dx for x1 1
1 1 1 3 x12 1
x 2 y2
46. Let the eccentricity of the hyperbola 1 be
a 2 b2 dl 1 dm 1
(c) dx 1 3x 2 for x1 1 (d) for y1 0
reciprocal to that of the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 4. If the hyperbola 1 1 dy1 3
passes through a focus of the ellipse, then
50. Let P be the point on the parabola y2 = 4x which is at the
(2011) shortest distance from the center S of the circle x2 + y2 – 4x
– 16y + 64 = 0. Let Q be the point on the circle dividing the
x 2 y2 line segment SP internally. Then (2016)
(a) the equation of the hyperbola is 1
3 2
(a) SP 2 5
(b) a focus of the hyperbola is (2, 0)
(b) SQ : QP
5 1 : 2
5
(c) the eccentricity of the hyperbola is (c) the x-intercept of the normal to the parabola at P is 6
3
(d) the equation of the hyperbola is x2 – 3y2 = 3 1
(d) the slope of the tangent to the circle at Q is
2
CONIC SECTION 49
64. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle 70. Find the equation of the common tangent in 1st quadrant
x2 + y2 = a2. Suppose perpendiculars from A, B, C to the
x 2 y2
2 2 to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 and the ellipse 1. Also
x y 25 4
major axis of the ellipse 2
1, (a > b) meets the
a b2 find the length of the intercept of the tangent between the
ellipse respectively at P, Q, R so that P, Q, R lie on the same coordinate axes. (2005)
side of the major axis as A, B, C respectively. Prove that, 71. Tangents are drawn from any point on the hyperbola
the normals to the ellipse drawn at the points P, Q and R
are concurrent. (2000) x 2 y2
1 to the circle x2 + y2 = 9. Find the locus of mid
65. Let C1 and C2 be, respectively, the parabola x2 = y – 1 and 9 4
y2 = x – 1. Let P be any point on C1 and Q be any point on point of the chord of contact. (2005)
C2. Let P1 and Q1 be the reflections of P and Q, respectively,
with respect to the line y = x. Prove that P1 lies on C2, Q1 x 2 y2
72. The line 2x + y = 1 is tangent to the hyperbola 1.
lies on C1 and PQ min {PP1, QQ1}. Hence or otherwise, a 2 b2
determine points P0 and Q0 on the parabolas C1 and C2 If this line passes through the point of intersection of the
respectivley such the P 0Q0 PQ for all pairs of points nearest directrix and the x-axis, then the eccentricity of the
(P, Q) with P on C1 and Q on C2. (2000) hyperbola is..... (2010)
73. Consider the parabola y2 = 8x. Let 1 be the area of the
x2 y2
66. Let P be a point on the ellipse 1, 0 < b < a. Let triangle formed by the end points of its latusrectum and
a2 b2
1
the line parallel to y–axis passing through P meet the circle the point P , 2 on the parabola and 2 be the area of
x2 + y2 = a2 at the point Q such that P and Q are on the 2
same side of x–axis. For two positive real numbers r and s, the triangle formed by drawing tangents at P and at the
find the locus of the point R on PQ such that PR : RQ = r : s
as P varies over the ellipse. (2001) 1
end points of the latusrectum. Then is.... (2011)
2
67. Prove that, in an ellipse, the perpendicular from a focus
upon any tangent and the line joining the centre of the 74. If the normal of the parabola y2 = 4x drawn at the end
ellipse of the point of contact meet on the corresponding points of its latus rectum are tangents to the circle (x 3)2
directrix. (2002) + (y + 2)2 = r2, then the value of r2 is (2015)
68. Normals are drawn from the point P with slopes m1, m2, m3 75. Let the curve C be the mirror image of the parabola y2 = 4x
to the parabola y2 = 4x. If locus of P with m1m2 = is a part with respect to the line x + y + 4 = 0. If A and B are the
of the parabola itself, then find . (2003) points of intersection of C with the line y = 5, then the
69. At any point P on the parabola y2 – 2y – 4x + 5 = 0 a distance between A and B is (2015)
tangent is drawn which meets the directrix at Q. Find the
locus of point R, which divides QP externally in the ratio x 2 y2
76. Suppose that the foci of the ellipse 1 are (f1, 0)
9 5
1 and (f2, 0) where f1 > 0 and f2 < 0. Let P1 and P2 be two
: 1. (2004)
2 parabolas with a common vertex at (0, 0) and with foci at
(f1, 0) and (2f2, 0), respectively. Let T1 be a tangent to P1
which passes through (2f2, 0) and T2 be a tangent to P2
which passes through (f1, 0). If m1 is the slope of T1 and m2
1 2
is the slope of T2, then the value of m 2 m 2 is
1
(2015)
51 CONIC SECTION
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (bcd) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c)
17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (b)
25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (d)
33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (d)
49. (b) 50. (b) 51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (a)
57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (c) 61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (a)
65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (d) 70. (a) 71. (bc) 72. (b)
73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (c) 80. (a)
81. (a) 82. (ab) 83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (c) 86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (d)
89. (b) 90. (c)