CHAPTER 2 SOLUTIONS

2/21/10
2-1) Square waves and triangular waves for voltage and current are two examples.
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v 2  t  [170sin  377t ]2

2-2) a) p  t   v  t  i  t     2890sin 2 377t W .
R 10
b) peak power = 2890 W.
c) P = 2890/2 = 1445 W.
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2-3)
v(t) = 5sin2πt V.
a) 4sin2πt A.; p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 20 sin22πt W.; P = 10 W.
b) 3sin4πt A.; p(t) = 15sin(2πt)sin(4πt) W.; P = 0
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2-4) a)
0 0  t  50 ms

p  t   v  t  i  t   40 50 ms  t  70 ms
0 70 ms  t  100 ms

b)
T 70 ms
1 1
P   v  t  i  t  dt 
100 ms 50ms
40 dt  8.0 W .
T 0
c)
T 70 ms

W   p  t  dt   40 dt  800 mJ .; or W  PT  8W 100 ms   800 mJ .

0 50 ms

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2-5) a)
70 W . 0  t  6 ms
50 W . 6 ms  t  10 ms

p t   v t  i t   
40 W . 10 ms  t  14 ms
0 14 ms  t  20 ms

b)
1  
T 6 ms 10 ms 14 ms
1
P  p  t  dt   70 dt    50  dt   40 dt   19 W .
T 0 20 ms  0 6 ms 10 ms 

c)
 T  6 ms 10 ms 14 ms

W   p  t  dt    70 dt    50  dt   40 dt   0.38 J .;
0  0 6 ms 10 ms 
or W  PT  19  20 ms   380 mJ .
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2-6)

P  Vdc I avg
a ) I avg  2 A., P  12  2   24 W .
b) I avg  3.1 A., P  12  3.1  37.2 W .
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2-7)
a)
vR  t   i  t  R  25sin 377t V .
p  t   v  t  i  t    25sin 377t 1.0sin 377t   25sin 2 377t  12.5 1  cos 754t  W .
T
1
PR   p  t  dt  12.5 W .
T 0

b)
di  t 
vL  t   L  10 10   377 1.0  cos 377t  3.77 cos 377t V .
3

dt

pL  t   v  t  i  t    3.77 cos 377t 1.0sin 377t  

 3.77 1.0  sin 754t  1.89sin 754t W .
2
T
1
PL   p  t  dt  0
T 0

c)
p  t   v  t  i  t   12 1.0sin 377t   12sin 377t W .
T
1
p  t  dt  0
T 0
Pdc 

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2-8) Resistor:
v  t   i  t  R  8  24sin 2 60t V .
p  t   v  t  i  t    8  24sin 2 60t  2  6sin 2 60t 
 16  96sin 2 60t  144sin 2 2 60t W .
1  
T 1/60 1/60 1/60
1
P  p 
t dt   16 dt   96sin 2 60t dt   144sin 2 2 60t 
T 0 1/ 60  0 0 0 
 16  72  88 W .
Inductor: PL  0.
dc source: Pdc  I avgVdc   2  6   12 W .
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2-9) a) With the heater on,

P
Vm I m
 1500 W .  I m 
1500  2   12.5 2
2 120 2
  
p  t   Vm I m sin 2t  120 2 12.5 2 sin 2t  3000sin 2t
max  p  t    3000 W .
b) P = 1500(5/12) = 625 W.
c) W = PT = (625 W)(12 s) = 7500 J. (or 1500(5) = 7500 W.)
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2-10)
t
1 1
iL  t    vL  t  dt 
0.1 0
90 d   900t 0  t  4 ms.
L
iL  4 ms    900  4 10   3.6 A.
3

a)
1 1
W  Li 2   0.1 3.6   0.648 J .
2

2 2

b) All stored energy is absorbed by R: WR = 0.648 J.

c)
WR 0.648
PR    16.2 W .
T 40 ms
PS  PR  16.2 W .

d) No change in power supplied by the source: 16.2 W.

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2-11)
a)
1 2 2W 2 1.2 
W Li , or i    15.49 A.
2 L 0.010
t t
1 1
i t    v    d  
0.010 0
14 d   1400t A.
L0
15.49  1400ton
ton  11.1 ms
b) Energy stored in L must be transferred to the resistor in (20 - 11.1) = 8.9 ms. Allowing five
time constants,
L 8.9 ms L 10 mH
   1.7 ms.; R   5.62 
R 5 1.7 ms 1.7 ms
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2-12)
a) i(t) = 1800t for 0 < t < 4 ms
i(4 ms) = 7.2 A.; WLpeak = 1.296 J.

b)
10A

5A Inductor current
SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10A

Source current
0A

-10A
-I(Vcc)
1.0KW
Ind. inst. power
0W

-1.0KW
W(L1)
1.0KW
Source inst. power (supplied)
0W

-1.0KW
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-W(Vcc)
Time
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2-13)
a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor current.
b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 20 ms.
diL  t 
vL  12 V .  L
dt
diL vL 12
   160 A/s
dt L 0.075
at t  20 ms, iL  160  0.02   3.2 A.

Switch open, zener on:

vL  12  20  8 V .
diL vL 8
   106.7 A/s
dt L 0.075
t to return to zero :
i 3.2
t    30 ms
106.7 106.7
Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 20 + 30 = 50 ms.
iL = 0 for 50 ms < t < 70 ms.

c)
40mW

Inductor inst. power

0W

-40mW
W(L1)
80mW

Zener inst. power

40mW

SEL>>
0W
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms
W(D1)
Time
 d)
PL  0.
1 1
 0.03 64   13.73 W .
T
1
PZ   pZ  t  dt  
T 0 0.07  2 
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2-14) a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor current.
b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 15 ms.
diL t 
vL  20 V .  L
dt
diL vL 20
   400 A/s
dt L 0.050
at t  15 ms, iL   400  0.015   6.0 A.

Switch open, zener on:

vL  20  30  10 V.
diL vL 10
   200 A/s
dt L 0.050
t to return to zero :
i 6.0
t    30 ms
200 200
Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 15 + 30 = 45 ms.
iL = 0 for 45 ms < t < 75 ms.

c)
200W

Inductor inst. power

0W

-200W
W(L1)
200W

Zener inst. power

100W

SEL>>
0W
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms
W(D1)
Time
 d)
PL  0.
1 1
 0.03180   36 W .
T
1
PZ   pZ  t  dt  
T0 0.075  2 
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2-15) Examples are square wave (Vrms = Vm) and a triangular wave (Vrms = Vm/√3).
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Phase conductors: P  I R  12  0.5   72 W .

2 2
2-16)

   0.5  216 W .
2
Neutral conductor: PN  I R  12 3
2

Ptotal  3  72   216  432 W .

PN 72
RN    0.167 
 
2 2
IN 12 3
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2-17) Re: Prob. 2-4

Vrms  Vm D  10 0.7  8.37 V .
I rms  I m D  4 0.5  2.83 A.
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2-18) Re: Prob. 2-5

 14 
Vrms  Vm D  10    8.36 V .
 20 
0.006 0.01 0.02
1
I rms   7 2 dt    5 dt  4 dt  27.7  5.26 A.
2 2

0.02 0 0.006 0.01

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2-19)
2 2
 5   3 
Vrms  22       4.58 V .
 2  2
2 2
 2   1.1 
I rms  1.5  
2
    2.2 A.
 2  2

V I
P  V0 I 0   m m cos  n  n 
n 1 2
 5  2   3  1.1 
  2.0 1.5      cos  20      cos  115   7.0 W .
 2  2   2  2 
Note that  cos(4 60t  45) is cos  4 60t  135 
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2-20)
dc : V0  3 100   300 V .
1  2 60 : Y1  1/R  jC  0.01  j 0.0189
I1 40
V1    187  62.1
Y1  0.01  j 0.0189 
2  4 60 : Y2  1/R  jC  0.01  j 0.0377
I2 60
V2    153  75.1
Y2  0.01  j 0.0377 

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos  n  n 
n 1 2

 300  5  
187  4  cos 153 6  cos
 62.1    75.1 
2 2
 1500  175  118  1793 W .

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2-21) dc Source:
 50  12 
Pdc  Vdc I avg  12   114 W .
 4 

Resistor:
 P  I rms
2
R
I rms  I 02  I1,2rms  I 2,2 rms
I 0  9.5 A.
30
I1   3.51 A.
4  j  4 60  0.01
10
I2   0.641 A.
4  j  8 60  0.01
2 2
 3.51   0.641 
I rms  9.5   2
    9.83 A.
 2   2 
PR  I rms
2
R  386 W .
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2-22)
P  I rms
2
R
V0 6
I0    0.375 A.
R 16
5
I1   0.269 A.
16  j  2 60  0.025 
3
I2   0.0923 A.
16  j  6 60  0.025 
2 2
 0.269   0.0923 
I rms  0.375   2
    0.426 A.
 2   2 
I rms  0.623 A.; P  I rms R   0.426  16   2.9 W .
2 2

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2-23)

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos  n  n 
n 1 2
n Vn In Pn ∑Pn
0 20 5 100 100
1 20 5 50 150
2 10 1.25 6.25 156.25
3 6.67 0.556 1.85 158.1
4 5 0.3125 0.781 158.9
Power including terms through n = 4 is 158.9 watts.
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2-24)

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos  n  n 
n 1 2
n Vn In θn - ϕn° Pn
0 50.0000 10.0 0 500.0
1 50.0000 10.0 26.6 223.6
2 25.0000 2.5 45.0 22.1
3 16.6667 1.11 56.3 5.1
4 12.5000 0.625 63.4 1.7
Through n = 4, ∑Pn = 753 W.
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2-25)

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos  n  n 
n 1 2
V V 50  36
I 0  0 dc   0.7 A
R 20
P0, R  I 02 R   0.7  20  9.8 W (dc component only )
2

PVdc  I 0Vdc   0.7  36   25.2 W

PL  0
Resistor Average Power
n Vn Zn In angle Pn
0 50.00 20.00 0.7 0.00 9.8
1 127.32 25.43 5.01 0.67 250.66
2 63.66 37.24 1.71 1.00 29.22
3 42.44 51.16 0.83 1.17 6.87
4 31.83 65.94 0.48 1.26 2.33
5 25.46 81.05 0.31 1.32 0.99
PR = ∑ Pn ≈ 300 W.
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2-26) a) THD = 5% → I9 = (0.05)(10) = 0.5 A.

b) THD = 10% → I9 = (0.10)(10) = 1 A.
c) THD = 20% → I9 = (0.20)(10) = 2 A.
d) THD = 40% → I9 = (0.40)(10) = 4 A.

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2-27) a)
 170  10 
P   Pn     cos  30   0  0  736 W .
 2  2 
 b)
2 2 2
 10   6   3 
I rms         8.51 A.
 2  2  2
 170 
S  Vrms I rms    8.51  1024 VA.
 2
P 736
pf    0.719
S 1024
c)
I1,rms 10/ 2
DF    0.831
I rms 8.51

d)
2 2
 6   3 
   
 2  2
THDI   0.67  67%
10/ 2
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2-28) a)
 170  12 
P   Pn     cos  40   0  0  781 W .
 2  2 
b)
2 2 2
 12   5   4 
I rms         9.62 A.
 2  2  2
 170 
S  Vrms I rms    9.62  1156 VA.
 2
P 781
pf    0.68
S 1156
c)
I1,rms 12/ 2
DF    0.88
I rms 9.62
d)
2 2
 5   4 
   
 2  2
THDI   0.53  53%
12/ 2
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2-29)
 8 4
I1,rms   5.66 A.; I 2,rms   2.82 A.;
2 2
I rms  5.662  2.822  6.32 A.; I peak  10.38 ( graphically)

a) P  V1,rms I1,rms cos 1  1    240  5.66  cos  0   1358 W .

P P 1358
b) pf     0.895  89.5%
S Vrms I rms  240  6.32 

I 2,rms 2.82
c) THDI    0.446  44.6%
I rms 6.32

I1,rms 5.66
d) DF    89.6%
I rms 6.32

I peak 10.38
e) crest factor    1.64
I rms 6.32
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2-30)
12 9
I1,rms   8.49 A.; I 2,rms   6.36 A.;
2 2
I rms  8.492  6.362  10.6 A.; I peak  18.3 A. ( graphically)

a) P  V1,rms I1,rms cos 1  n    240 10.6  cos  0   2036 W .

P P 2036
b) pf     0.80  80%
S Vrms I rms  240 10.6 

I 2,rms 6.36
c) THDI    0.60  60%
I rms 10.6

I1,rms 8.49
d) DF    80%
I rms 10.6

I peak 18.3
e) crest factor    1.72
I rms 10.6
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2-31)
5V: I = 0 (capacitor is an open circuit)

1 1
25cos(1000t ): Z  R  j L  j  2  j1000(.001)  j  2  j0
C 1000 1000 106
25
I cos(1000t )  12.5cos(1000t ) A
2
10cos(2000t ): Z  2  j1.5 
10
I10   4  37 A.
2  j1.5
2 2
 12.5   4 
I rms       9.28 A
 2   2

PR  I rms
2
R  9.282  2   172.3 W

PL  0

PC  0

Psource  172.3 W

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2-32) PSpice shows that average power is 60 W and energy is 1.2 J. Use VPULSE and IPULSE
for the sources.
 Energy
2.0 (20.000m,1.2000)

0
S(W(I1))
400W
Avg Power (20.000m,60.000)

0W
Inst Power

-400W
W(I1) AVG(W(I1))
20

SEL>>
-20
0s 4ms 8ms 12ms 16ms 20ms
I(I1) V(V1:+)
Time

_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-33) Average power for the resistor is approximately 1000 W. For the inductor and dc source,
the average power is zero (slightly different because of numerical solution).

2.0KW
Average Power

(16.670m,0.9998K)
Resistor
1.0KW

Inductor
(16.670m,-30.131u)
0W
(16.670m,189.361u)
Vdc

-1.0KW
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
AVG(W(R1)) AVG(W(L1)) AVG(W(V1))
Time
 2.0KW
Instantaneous Power

Resistor

1.0KW

Inductor

0W

Vdc

-1.0KW
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
W(R1) W(L1) W(V1)
Time

_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-34)
Rms voltage is 8.3666 V. Rms current is 5.2631 A.

10V

Voltage
(20.000m,8.3666)
5V

0V
V(V1:+) RMS(V(V1:+))
10A
(20.000m,5.2631)

Current
0A

SEL>>
-10A
0s 4ms 8ms 12ms 16ms 20ms
I(I1:+) RMS(I(I1))
Time

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2-35) See Problem 2-10.

 0W

(40.022m,-16.200)
Source Power
-100W

SEL>>
-200W
AVG(W(V1))
4.0

Inductor

2.0
(4.0000m,648.007m)
Resistor
(40.021m,647.946

0
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms
I(L1) S(W(L1)) S(W(R1))
Time

The inductor peak energy is 649 mJ, matching the resistor absorbed energy. The source power is
-16.2 W absorbed, meaning 16.2 W supplied.

b) If the diode and switch parameters are changed, the inductor peak energy is 635 mJ, and the
resistor absorbed energy is 620 mJ. The difference is absorbed by the switch and diode.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-36)

The inductor current reaches a maximum value of 3.4 A with the resistances in the circuit: I =
75/(20+1+1) = 3.4 A.
4.0A

2.0A Inductor Current

SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
4.0A

Source Current

0A

-4.0A
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-I(V1)
Time
Quantity Probe Expression Result
Inductor resistor average AVG(W(R1)) 77.1 W
power
Switch average power AVG(W(S1)) 3.86 W each
Diode average power AVG(W(D1)) 81 mW each
Source average power AVG(W(Vcc)) -85.0 W
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2-37)
a) Power absorbed by the inductor is zero. Power absorbed by the Zener diode is 13.8 W.

4.0A

2.0A
Inductor Current

0A
I(L1)
4.0A

2.0A Zener Diode Current

SEL>>
0A
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms
-I(D1)
Time

b) Power in the inductor is zero, but power in the 1.5Ω resistor is 1.76 W. Power absorbed by the
Zener diode is 6.35 W. Power absorbed by the switch is 333 mW.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3-38)
See Problem 3-37 for the circuit diagram.
a) Power absorbed by the Zener diode is 36.1 W. Power absorbed by the inductor is zero.

10A

5A
Inductor Current

SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10A

5A Zener Diode Current

0A
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms
-I(D1)
Time
b) Power in the inductor is zero, but power in the 1.5Ω resistor is 4.4 W. Power absorbed by the
Zener diode is 14.2 W. Power absorbed by the switch is 784 mW.
2-39)

40A

Total Current

20A

0A

-20A
0s 4ms 8ms 12ms 16ms 20ms
I(I1) I(I2) I(I3) I(I4) -I(V1)
Time

Quantity Probe Expression Result

Power AVG(W(V1)) 650 W
rms current RMS(I(V1)) 14 A
Apparent power S RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1)) 990 VA
Power factor AVG(W(V1)) / (RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1))) 0.66

_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-40)

DESIRED QUANTITY ORIGINAL RESULT NEW VALUES

Inductor Current max = 4.5 A. 4.39 A
Energy Stored in Inductor max = 2.025 J 1.93 L
Average Switch Power 0.010 W. 0.66 W
Average Source Power (absorbed) -20.3 W. -19.9 W
Average Diode Power 0.464 W.
AVG(W(D1)) .449 W 0.464 W.
Average Inductor Power 0 0
Average Inductor Voltage 0 0
Average Resistor Power 19.9 W. 18.8 W
Energy Absorbed by Resistor 1.99 J. 1.88 J
Energy Absorbed by Diode .046 J. .045 J
Energy Absorbed by Inductor 0 0
rms Resistor Current 0.998 A. 0.970 A

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2-41) Use the part VPULSE or IPULSE (shown). Here, the period is 100 ms, and the rise times
chosen are 20 ms, 50 ms, and 80 ms. The fall times are the period minus the rise times. Each rms
value is 0.57735, which is identical to 1/√3.
 1.0A

(100.000m,577.350m)

0A

-1.0A
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-I(R1) RMS(I(R1))
Time
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS

2/20/10

3-1)

V0 Vm 170 / 
a) I 0     3.60 A.
R R 15
V V 170
b) I rms  rms  m   5.66 A.
R 2 R 2(15)
c) P  I 2 R  5.662 (15)  480 W .
 170 
d ) S  Vrms I rms    (5.66)  679 VA.
 2
P 480 W
e) pf    0.707  70.7%
S 679 VA

3-2)

V0
a ) I 0  12 A.; I 0   V0  I 0 R  (12)(20)  240 V .
R
Vm
Vo  ; Vm  Vo  240   754 V .

754
Vrms   533 V .
2
N1 240
  0.45
N 2 533
N2 12
b) I o   I o   26.7 A.
N1 0.45
3-3)

P P V V V
a) pf   ; I rms  s ,rms ; VR ,rms  m ; Vs ,rms  m
S Vs ,rms I rms R 2 2
 Vm 
2  / R
pf 
V /R
R , rms
  2  
2

1
Vs ,rms I rms  Vm  Vm  2 2
  2  / R
 2  
b) Displacement pf  cos(1   )  cos(0)  1
V1 1 Vm 1
I1   0; pf  cos(1  1 ) DF ;  DF 
R R 2 2

3-4) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V
a) i (t )  sin(t   )  m (sin  )e t /
Z Z
Z  R 2  ( L) 2  122  (377(0.012))2  12.8 
 L  1  377(0.012) 
  tan 1    tan    0.361 rad
 R   12 
 L 377(0.012)
    0.377
R 12
i (t )  13.2sin(t  0.361)  4.67e t /0.377 :   3.50 rad  201
b) I avg  4.36 A. (numerical integration)
c) I rms  6.70 A. (numerical integration) P  I rms
2
R  (6.70) 2 (12)  538 W .
P 538
d ) pf    0.67
S (120)(6.70)
3-5) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V
a ) i (t )  sin(t   )  m (sin  )e t /
Z Z
Z  R 2  ( L) 2  102  (377(0.015))2  11.5 
 L  1  377(0.015) 
  tan 1    tan    0.515 rad
 R   10 
 L 377(0.015)
    0.565
R 10
i (t )  14.8sin(t  0.515)  7.27e t /0.565 :   3.657 rad  209.5
b) I avg  5.05 A. (numerical integration)
c) I rms  7.65 A. (numerical integration) P  I rms
2
R  (7.65) 2 (10)  584 W .
P 584
d ) pf    0.637  63.7%
S (120)(7.65)

3-6) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V
a ) i (t )  sin(t   )  m (sin  )e t /
Z Z
Z  R 2  ( L) 2  152  (377(0.08)) 2  33.7 
 L  1  377(0.08) 
  tan 1    tan    1.11 rad
 R   15 
 L 377(0.08)
    2.01
R 15
i (t )  10.1sin(t  1.11)  9.02e t /2.01 :   4.35 rad  250
b) I avg  4.87 A. (numerical integration)
c) I rms  6.84 A. (numerical integration) P  I rms
2
R  (6.84) 2 (15)  701 W .
P 701
d ) pf    0.427  42.7%
S (240)(6.84)
3-7) Using an ideal diode model, R = 48 Ω for an average current of 2 A.
8.0A

Current
Iavg = 2 A for R = 48 ohms
4.0A

(16.700m,2.0030)

Average Current

0A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
I(R1) AVG(I(L1))
Time
3-8) Using Eqs. 3-22 and 3-23,

Vm V
a) i (t )  sin(t   )  dc  Ae t /
Z R
 V V 
A    m sin(   )  dc  e /
 Z R 
Z  R 2  ( L) 2  102  (377(.075) 2  30.0 
 L  1  377(.075) 
  tan 1    tan    1.23 rad
 R   10 
 L 377(0.075)
    2.83
R 10
V 100
  sin 1 dc   0.299 rad  17.1
Vm 240 2
i (t )  11.3sin(t  1.23)  10  21.2e t /2.83 ;   3.94 rad  226
I avg  3.13 A. (numerical integration), Pdc  Vdc I avg  (100)(3.13)  313 W .
b) I rms  4.81 A. (numerical integration) PR  I rms
2
R  (4.81) 2 (10)  231 W .
P 313  231
c) pf    0.472  47.2%
S (240)(4.81)
3-9) Using Eqs. 3-22 and 3-23,

Vm V
a) i (t )  sin(t   )  dc  Ae t /
Z R
 V V 
A    m sin(   )  dc  e /
 Z R 
Z  R 2  ( L) 2  122  (377(0.12) 2  46.8 
 L  1  377(0.12) 
  tan 1    tan    1.31 rad
 R   12 
 L 377(0.12)
    3.77
R 12
V 48
  sin 1 dc   0.287 rad  16.4
Vm 120 2
i (t )  3.63sin(t  1.31)  4.0  7.66e t /3.77 ;   4.06 rad  233
I avg  1.124 A. (numerical integration), Pdc  Vdc I avg  (48)(1.124)  54.0 W .
b) I rms  1.70 A. (numerical integration) PR  I rms
2
R  (1.70) 2 (12)  34.5 W .
P 54.0  34.5
c) pf    0.435  43.5%
S (120)(1.70)

3-10) Using Eq. 3-33,

Vm V
i (t )  (cos   cos t )  dc (  t )
L L
V   48 
  sin 1  dc   sin 1    0.287 rad .
 Vm   120 2 
i (t )  4.68  4.50 cos(t )  1.23t A.;   4.483 rad  257
1 
2 
Io  i (t )d (t )  2.00 A.; Pdc  I oVdc  2.00(48)  96 W .
3-11)

300W

200W
L = 0.25 H

100W

0W
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
AVG(W(Vdc))
Time
3-12) L ≈ 0.14 H for 50 W (51 W).

100W

(16.670m,51.156)
50W

L = 0.14 H

0W
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
AVG(W(Vdc))
Time
3-13) Using Eq. 3-34,

a)

Vm 120 2 V0 54
V0    54.0 V .; I 0    4.50 A.
  R 12

b)

n Vn Zn In
0 54.02 12.00 4.50
1 84.85 25.6 3.31
2 36.01 46.8 0.77
4 7.20 91.3 0.08
The terms beyond n = 1 are insignificant.

3-14)

Run a transient response long enough to achieve steady-state results (e.g., 1000ms). The peak-to-
peak load current is approximately 1.48 A, somewhat larger than the 1.35 A obtained using only
the first harmonic. (The inductance should be slightly larger, about 0.7 H, to compensate for the
approximation of the calculation.)
3-15)
a)

Vm 50
I0    3.98 A.
 R 4
V Vm / 2 25
I1  1    0.05I 0  0.199 A.
Z1 R 2  ( L) 2 R 2  ( L) 2
25
R 2  ( L) 2  9  ( L) 2   125    L
0.199
125
L  0.33 H
2 60

b) A PSpice simulation using an ideal diode model gives 0.443 A p-p in the steady state. This
compares with 2(I1)=2(0.199)=0.398 A p-p.
3-16)

Vm 170
a ) V0    54.1 V
 
V0  Vdc 54.1  24
I0    3.01 A.
R 10
io  1 A.  2 I1  I1  0.5 A.
Vm 170
V1    85 V
2 2
V 85
Z1  1   170   R 2  ( L) 2   L
I1 0.5
170
L  450 mH .
377
b) Pdc  I avgVdc  (3.01)(24)  72.2 W .

c) PR  I rms
2
R; I rms  I 2
n , rms  (3.01) 2  (0.5 / 2) 2  3.12 A.
PR  (3.12) 2 (10)  97.4 W .

3-17) a) τ = RC = 10310-3=1 s; τ/T = 60. With τ >> T, the exponential decay is very small
and the output voltage has little variation.
b) Exact equations:

   tan 1 ( RC )     tan 1 (377)    1.5573 rad  90.15

Vm sin   200sin(90.15)  199.9993
sin   sin  e  (2   )/ RC  0    1.391 rad  79.72
Vo  Vm (1  sin  )  3.21 V .

c) Approximation of Eq. 3-51:

Vm 200
Vo    3.33 V .
fRC (60)(103 )(103 )
3-18) a) R = 100 Ω: τ = RC (100)10-3 = 0.1 s; τ/T = 6.

   tan 1 ( RC )     tan 1 (37.7)    1.5973 rad  91.52

Vm sin   200sin(91.52)  199.93
sin   sin  e  (2   )/ RC )  0    1.0338 rad  59.23
Vo  Vm (1  sin  )  28.16 V . (exact )
Vm 200
Vo    33.3 V . (approximation)
fRC (60)(100)(103 )

b) R = 10 Ω: τ = RC (10)10-3 = 0.01 s; τ/T = .6.

   tan 1 ( RC )     tan 1 (3.77)    1.830 rad  104.9

Vm sin   200sin(104.9)  193.3
sin   sin  e  (2   )/ RC )  0    0.2883 rad  16.5
Vo  Vm (1  sin  )  143.2 V . (exact )
Vm 200
Vo    333 V . (approximation)
fRC (60)(10)(103 )

In (a) with τ/T=6, the approximation is much more reasonable than (b) where τ/T=0.6.

3-19) a) With C = 4000 µF, RC = 4 s., and the approximation of Eq. 3-51 should be reasonable.

Vm 120 2
Vo    0.707 V .
fRC (60)(4)

b) With C = 20 µF, RC = 0.02, which is on the order of one source period. Therefore,
the approximation will not be reasonable and exact equations must be used.

   tan 1 ( RC )     tan 1 ((377)(1000)(20(10) 6 )    1.703 rad  97.6)

  0.5324 rad  30.5 (numerically from Eq. 3  43)
Vo  Vm  Vm sin   83.6 V .
3-20) a) With C = 4000 µF, RC = 2 s., and the approximation of Eq. 3-51 should be reasonable.

Vm 120 2
Vo    1.41 V .
fRC (60)(2.0)

b) With C = 20 µF, RC = 0.01, which is on the order of one source period. Therefore,
the approximation will not be reasonable and exact equations must be used.

   tan 1 ( RC )     tan 1 ((377)(500)(20(10) 6 )    1.83 rad  104.9)

  0.2883 rad  16.5 (numerically from Eq. 3  43)
Vo  Vm  Vm sin   121 V .

3-21) From Eq. 3-51

Vm 120 2
C   1,886  F
fRVo 60(750)(2)
 Vo  1  2 
  sin 1 1    sin 1    1.417 rad  81.2
 Vm   120 2 
 sin  
I D , peak  Vm  C cos     18.7 A.
 R 
V
I D ,avg  m  0.226 A.
R

3-22) Assuming Vo is constant and equal to Vm,

Vo2 Vm2 V 2 (120 2) 2

P   R m   576 
R R P 50

From Eq. 3-51

Vm 120 2
C   3, 270  F
fRVo 60(576)(1.5)
 Vo  1  1.5 
  sin 1 1    sin 1    1.438 rad  82.4
 Vm   120 2 
 sin  
I D , peak  Vm  C cos     28.1 A.
 R 
V
I D ,avg  m  0.295 A.
R
3-23) Using the definition of power factor and Vrms from Eq. 3-53,
2 2
P Vrms /R Vrms /R V
pf     rms
S (Vs ,rms )( I s ,rms ) (Vs ,rms )(Vrms / R) Vs ,rms
Vm  sin 2
1 
 2  2  1 1    sin 2  1    sin 2
Vm / 2 2  2 2 2 4

3-24)

Vm 120 2
a ) Vo  (1  cos  )  (1  cos 45)  46.1 V .
2 2
V2 V  sin 2
b) P  rms ; Vrms  m 1  
R 2  2
120 2 0.785 sin(2(0.785))
 1   80.9 V .
2  2
80.92
P  65.5 W .
100
 80.9  P 65.5
c) S  Vs ,rms I rms  (120)    97.1 VA; pf    0.674  67.4%
 100  S 97.1

3-25)

Vm
a) vo  I o R  (2.5)(30)  75 V  (1  cos  )
2
 2 Vo   2 (75) 
  cos 1   1  cos 1   1  65.5 or 1.143 rad
 Vm   240 2 
Vo2,rms
b) P 
R
Vm  sin 2 240 2 1.143 sin(2(1.143))
Vo ,rms  1   1   147.6 V .
2  2 2  2
147.62
P  726 W .
30
 147.6  P 726
c) S  Vs ,rms I rms  (240)    1181 VA; pf    0.615  61.5%
 30  S 1181
3-26)

a) i (t )  5.42sin(t  0.646)  1.33e t /0.754 A.

  25  0.524 rad ,   3.79 rad  217 (numerically )

1
2 
b) I o  i (t )d (t )  1.80 A.


1 2
2 
c) I rms  i (t )d (t )  2.80 A.; Po  PR  I rms
2
R  (2.80) 2 25  193 W .

3-27)

a) i (t )  3.46sin(t  0.615)  6.38e t /0.707 A.

  60  1.047 rad ,   3.748 rad  215 (numerically)

1
2 
b) I o  i (t )d (t )  0.893 A.


1 2
2 
c) I rms  i (t )d (t )  1.50 A.; Po  PR  I rms
2
R  (1.50) 2 40  90.3 W .

3-28) α ≈ 46°. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and use Ron =
0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 46 degrees results in approximately 2 A in the load.
3-29) α ≈ 60.5°. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and use Ron
= 0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 60.5 degrees results in approximately 1.8 A in the load.
3-30) From Eq. 3-61,

a) i (t )  4.29sin(t  1.263)  4.0  7.43e t /3.142 A., 0.873  t  3.95 rad

1
2 
Io  i (t )d (t )  1.04 A., Pdc  I oVdc  (1.04)(48)  50.1 W .


1 2
b) I rms   i (t )d (t )  1.67 A.; PR  I rms R  (1.67) 212  33.5 W .
2

2 
P 50.1  33.5
c) pf    0.417  41.7%
S (120)(1.67)

3-31) From Eq. 3-61,

a) i (t )  2.95sin(t  0.515)  0.96  3.44e t /0.565 A., 1.047  t  3.32 rad

1
2 
Io  i (t )d (t )  0.454 A., Pdc  I oVdc  (0.454)(96)  43.6 W .


1 2
  i (t )d (t )  0.830 A.; PR  I rms R  (0.830) 2100  69.0 W .
2
b) I rms
2 
P 43.6  69.0
c) pf    0.565  56.5%
S (240)(0.830)
3-32) α ≈ 75°. Alpha = 75 degrees gives 35 W in the dc voltage source. An Ron = 0.01 for the
switch and n = 0.001 for the diode (ideal model).
3-33) From Eq. 3-61,

a ) i (t )  5.99sin(t  1.50)  24.0  29.3e t /14.1 A., 0.873  t  4.24 rad

1
2 
Io  i (t )d (t )  1.91 A., Pdc  I oVdc  (1.91)(48)  91.6 W .


1 2
  i (t )d (t )  2.93 A.; PR  I rms R  (2.93) 2 2  17.1 W .
2
b) I rms
2 

3-34) α ≈ 81°

3-35)

di (t )
L  Vm sin t  Vdc
dt
di (t ) 1
 [Vm sin t  Vdc ] or
dt L
di (t ) 1
 [Vm sin t  Vdc ]
d (t )  L
t
1
 L  m
i (t )  (V sin t  Vdc )d (t )

Vm V
 (cos   cos t )  dc (  t )
L L
i (t )  4.34  7.58cos t  1.82t A., 1.309  t  4.249

1
2 
Io  i (t )d (t )  1.91 A.
3-36)

v0 = vs when S1 on, v0=0 when D2 on


V 1 V
I o  o , Vo 
R 
2 
Vm sin(t )d (t )  m (1  cos  )
2
Vm
 Io  (1  cos  )
2 R

3-37)

 I X 
u  cos 1 1  L s  ; X s   Ls  377(1.5)(10) 3  0.566 
 Vm 
 5(0.452) 
u  cos 1 1    10.47
 120 2 
Vm  X L X s  120 2  5(.566) 
Vo  1   1    53.57 V .
  2Vm    2 2(120) 
V
(compared to m  54.0 V .)


PSpice:

Use a current source for the constant load current:

D1 to D2
D2 to D1

3-38) u = 20°. Run the simulation long enough for steady-state results. From the Probe output,
the commutation angle from D1 to D2 is about 20 degrees, and from D2 to D1 is about
18 degrees. Note that the time axis is changed to angle in degrees here.
3-39) Run the simulation long enough for steady-state results. From the Probe output, the
commutation angle from D1 to D2 is about 16.5 degrees, and from D2 to D1 is about
14.7 degrees. Note that the time axis is changed to angle in degrees here.
3-40) At ωt = π, D2 turns on, D1 is on because of the current in LS (see Fig. 3-17).

diD1 did 1
KVL; vLS  Vm sin t  Ls   LS
dt d (t )
t
diD1 V
 m
d t   Ls  sin(t )d (t )  i

D1 ( )

Vm
at t    u , iD1  0  [1  cos(  u )]  I L
 Ls
Vm V
cos(  u )   cos u  0  (1  cos u )  I L   m cos u  I L
 Ls  Ls
 I X 
 u  cos 1 1  L s 
 Vm 
3-41) At ωt = α,
t
1 V
is (t )  
 Ls 
Vm sin(t )d (t )  0  m [cos   cos t ]
 Ls
Vm
iD 2 ( wt )  I L  is  I L  [cos   cos t ]
 Ls
Vm
iD 2 (  u )  0  I L  [cos   cos(  u )]
 Ls
I L Ls
   cos   cos(  u )
Vm
 I X 
u  cos 1 cos   L s   
 Vm 

3-42) A good solution is to use a controlled half-wave rectifier with an inductor in series with the
48-V source and resistance (Fig. 3-15). The switch will change the delay angle of the
SCR to produce the two required power levels. The values of the delay angle depend on
the value selected for the inductor. This solution avoids adding resistance, thereby
avoiding introducing power losses.

3-43) Several circuit can accomplish this objective, including the half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-2a
and half-wave rectifier with a freewheeling diode of Fig. 3-7, each with resistance added.
Another solution is to use the controlled half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-14a but with no
resistance. The analysis of that circuit is like that of Fig. 3-6 but without Vdc. The
resulting value of α is 75°, obtain from a PSpice simulation. That solution is good
because no resistance is needed, and losses are not introduced.

3-44 and 3-45) The controlled half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-15 (without the resistance) can be
used to satisfy the design specification. The value of the delay angle depends on the value
selected for the inductor.
 CHAPTER 4 SOLUTIONS
2/17/10

4-1) Load:

2Vm Vo 2 2(120) / 
Vo  ; Io   6.0 A.
 R 18
V 120 2 9.43
I o , peak  m   9.43 A.; I o ,rms   6.67 A.
R 18 2

Each diode:

I o 6.0 I
I D ,avg    3.0 A.; I D , peak  I o, peak  9.43 A.; I D, rms  o ,rms  4.71 A.
2 2 2

4-2)

2Vm 2 120  2 Vo 108

bridge : Vo    108 V .; I o 
  4.32 A.
  R 25
PIV  Vm  120 2  170 V .
Center tapped : Vm  120 2, I o  4.32 A.; PIV  2Vm  2(120) 2  340 V .

4-3)

V0 2Vm 200
 I0 
  4.24 A.
R  R  15
2V  1 1  Vn
Vn  m    ; Z n  R  (no L) ; I n 
2 2

  n 1 n 1  Zn
V2  42.4, V4  8.49, ; Z 2  47.7 , Z 4  91.7 
42.4 V
I2   0.890 A., I 4  4  0.0925 A.
47.7 Z4
2
 0.890  (0.0925) 2
I rms   I  4.24  
2
n
2
   4.29 A.
 2  2
1 I
I D  I 0  2.12 A.; I D ,rms  o ,rms  3.03 A.
2 2
I s  0; I s ,rms  I o ,rms  4.29 A.
4-4)

V0 2Vm 340
I0    10.8 A.
R  R  10
2V  1 1  Vn
Vn  m    ; Z n  R  (no L) ; I n 
2 2

  n 1 n 1  Zn
V2  72.2, V4  14.4, ; Z 2  21.3 , Z 4  39.0 
72.2 V
I2   3.38 A., I 4  4  0.37 A.
21.3 Z4
2
 3.38  (0.37) 2
I rms   I  10.8  
2
n
2
   11.1 A.
 2  2
1 I
I D  I 0  5.4 A.; I D ,rms  o ,rms  7.84 A.
2 2
I s  0; I s ,rms  I o ,rms  11.1 A.

4-5)

a) Average load current : R  15 L  30 mH

Vo 2Vm /  2(120) 2 /  108
Io      7.20 A.
R R 15 15

b) Power is determined from the Fourier series. Using Eq. 4-4 and 4-5.

n Vn, V. Zn. Ω In, A.

2 72.0 27.1 2.65
4 14.4 47.7 0.302

2 2
 2.65   0.32 
I rms  7.20  
2
    7.45 A.; P  I rms R  (7.45) 25  832 W .
2 2

 2   2 
P 832
I s ,rms  I o ,rms  7.45 A.; pf    0.93
S (120)(7.45)
4-6

a) Average load current : R  12 L  20 mH

Vo 2Vm /  2(120) 2 /  108
Io      9.0 A.
R R 12 12

b) Power is determined from the Fourier series. Using Eq. 4-4 and 4-5.

n Vn, V. Zn. Ω In, A.

2 72.0 19.3 3.74
4 14.4 32.5 0.444

2 2
 3.74   0.444 
I rms  9.0  
2
    9.39 A.; P  I rms R  (9.39) 12  1, 058 W .
2 2

 2   2 
P 1058
I s ,rms  I o ,rms  9.39 A.; pf    0.94
S (120)(9.39)

4-7)

Vo 2Vm 2 2(40)
a) I o     9.0 A.
R R 4
I V 40
b) I rms  m  o ,rms   10 A.
2 R 4
c) I s ,avg  0
N   40 
d ) I s ,rms  I o ,rms  2   10    1.67 A.
 N1   240 
4-8) Load:

2Vm
Vo  I o R  (10)(15)  150 V 

Vo 150
Vm    2.36 V .
2 2
V 236
Vo ,rms  m   166.6 V . on each sec. tap, 333.2 V . overall
2 2
N V 120
120 V . source : 1  1   0.36:1 or 1:2.78
N 2 V2 333.2
N1 240
240 V . source :   0.72:1 or 1:1.39
N 2 333.2

4-9)

2Vm
V  I o R  (5)(10)  50 V . 

Vo 50
Vm    78.5 V .
2 2
V 78.5
Vo ,rms  m   55.5 V . on each sec. tap, 111 V . overall
2 2
N V 120
120 V . source : 1  1   1.08:1
N 2 V2 111
N1 240
240 V . source :   2.16:1
N 2 111

4-10)

Vo 2Vm
a) I o  10 A. 

R R
2V 2(120) 2
R m   10.8  total
 Io  10
Rx  10.8  4  6.8 
b) V2  72 Z 2  151
V2 72
I2    0.4764
Z 2 151
I o  2 I 2  2(0.4764)  0.953 A.
4-11)

2Vm 2(120) 2
 Vdc  48
V V
a) I o  o dc      20.0 A.
R R 3
Pdc  I oVdc  (20.0)(48)  961 W .

b) Fourier Series

n Vn, V. Zn. Ω In, A.

2 72.2 11.7 6.16
4 14.4 22.8 0.631

2 2
 6.16   0.631 
I rms  20.0  
2
    20.5 A.
 2   2 
PR  I rms
2
R  (20.5) 2 (3)  1, 259 W .
 170  P 961  1259
c) S  Vrms I rms    (20.5)  2460 VA; pf  S  2460  .90
 2
d ) I o  2 I 2  6.16  12.32 A.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4-12

2Vm 2(340)
 Vdc  96
Vo  Vdc
a) I o       24.1 A.
R R 5
Pdc  I oVdc  (24.1)(96)  2,313 W .

b) Fourier Series

n Vn, V. Zn. Ω In, A.

2 144.3 30.6 4.72
4 28.9 60.5 0.477
 2 2
 4.72   0.477 
I rms  24.1  
2
    24.3 A.
 2   2 
PR  I rms
2
R  (24.1) 2 (5)  1,958 W .
 340  P 2313  1958
c) S  Vrms I rms    (24.3)  5,848 VA; pf  S   .90
 2 5848
d ) I o  2 I 2  4.72  9.44 A.

4-13) I 0  7.03 A. from PSpice

4-14) a) Continuous current; P=474 W.

b) Discontinuous current; P=805 W.

4-15

2Vm 2(120 2)
 Vdc  24
Vo  Vdc
a) I o       21.0 A.
R R 4
Pdc  I oVdc  (21.0)(24)  504 W .

b) Fourier Series

n Vn, V. Zn. Ω In, A.

2 72.0 30.4 2.37
4 14.4 60.5 0.238

2 2
 2.37   0.238 
I rms  212       21.1 A.
 2   2 
PR  I rms
2
R  (21.1) 2 (4)  1, 777 W .
P 504  1777
c) S  Vrms I rms  120  (21.1)  2,529 VA; pf    .90
S 2529
4-16

2Vm 2(120 2)
 Vdc  36
Vo  Vdc
a) I o       14.4 A.
R R 5
Pdc  I oVdc  (14.4)(36)  519 W .

b) Fourier Series

n Vn, V. Zn. Ω In, A.

2 72.0 45.5 1.58
4 14.4 90.6 0.159

2 2
 1.58   0.159 
I rms  14.42       14.45 A.
 2   2 
PR  I rms
2
R  (14.45) 2 (5)  1, 044 W .
P 519  1044
c) S  Vrms I rms  120  (14.45)  1, 734 VA; pf    .90
S 1734

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4-17)

26.5A

100uH

20.0A

40mH

10.0A

0A
150ms 152ms 154ms 156ms 158ms 160ms 162ms 164ms 166ms 168ms 170ms 172ms 174ms
I(L1)
Time
The current with the 100 μH inductor is discontinuous.

4-18)

Vm
V  ; Vo  Vm 120 2  169.7 V .; 0.01Vo  1.7 V .
2 fRC
Vm 169.7
C   4160  F .
2 fRVo 2(60)(200)(1.7)
I o Vo 169.7
ID     0.43 A.
2 2 R 2(200)
I D , peak : from Eq. 4  11,
 Vo  1  1.7 
  sin 1 1    sin 1    81.9
 Vm   169.7 
 sin  
From Eq. 3  48, I D , peak  Vm  C cos   
 R 
 sin 81.9 
 120 2  377(8.32)(10) 3 cos81.9    38.5 A.
 200 

4-19)

Vo 100
Req    200 ; Vm  100  Vo ; Vo  1 V .
I o 0.5
Vm 100
C   4167  F .
2 fRC Vo 2(60)(200)(1)
Io
ID   0.2 A.
2
 V 
From Eq. 4  11,   sin 1 1  o   sin 1 (0.99)  81.9
 Vo 
 sin  
From Eq. 3  48, I D , peak  Vm   C cos   
 R 
 sin 81.9 
 100  377(4167)(10) 6 cos81.9    22.6 A.
 200 

4-20) C ≈ 3333/2 = 1667 µF. Peak diode currents are the same. Fullwave circuit has
advantages of zero average source current, smaller capacitor, and average diode current ½ that
for the halfwave. The halfwave circuit has fewer diodes, and has only one diode voltage drop
rather than two.

4-21)

3 L 3(377)(.01)
a) R  7  :   1.62
R 7
> 1  continuous current
2Vm
Vo   108 V .


3 L 3(377)(.01)
b) R  20  :   0.57
R 20
From Fig . 4  8, Vo  0.7Vm  0.7(120) 2  119 V .
V   119 
(1) Eq. 4  18 :   sin 1  o   sin 1    0.777 rad .
 Vm   120 2 
1
(2) Eq. 4  20 : I L (t )  [V (cos   cos t )  Vo (t   )] < 1 
L m
iL (  )  0  Vm (cos   cos  )  Vo (    )
 120 2(cos(.777)  cos  )  119(   .777)    3.216 rad .

1
(3) I L 
  i (t )d (t )  6.14 A.

L

(4) Vo  I L R  (6.14)(20)  122.9 V .  119 V .

Calculated Vo is slightly larger than initial estimate. Try Vo=120 V.:

(1) Vo  120 V . From Eq. 4  18,   0.785

(2) From Eq. 4  20,
i (  )  0  120 2[cos(.785)  cos  ]  120(   .785)    3.197 rad .

1
(3) I L 
  i(t )d (t )  5.895 A.
(4) Vo  I L R  (5.895)(20)  117.9 V .  120

Therefore, 119 < Vo < 120 V. (Vo=119.6 with more iterations.)

c) PSpice results:

127

R=20

R=7
100

50

R=7

R=20
0
559ms 560ms 561ms 562ms 563ms 564ms 565ms 566ms 567ms 568ms 569ms 570ms
V(OUT+,OUT-) I(L1)
Time

R = 7 results in continuous current with Vo = 108 V. R = 20 results in discontinuous current with Vo =

120 V. The simulation was done with C = 10,000 μF.

4-22) PSpice results with a 0.5 Ω resistance in series with the inductance: For Rload = 5 Ω,
Vo=56.6 V. (compared to 63.7 volts with an ideal inductor); for Rload = 50 Ω, Vo=82.7 V.
(compared to 84.1 volts with an ideal inductor).

4-23)

Vm 120 2
a) I o  (1  cos  )  (1  cos 45)  4.61 A.
R  20
V 1  sin  120 2 1 45( /180) sin 90
b) I rms  m       5.72 A.
R 2 2 4 20 2 2 4
c) I s ,rms  I o ,rms  5.72 A.
d ) P  I rms
2
R  (5.72) 2 20  655 W .; S  Vrms I rms  (120)(5.72)  686 VA.
P 655
pf    0.954
S 686
4-24)

Vm 1  sin 2
I rms   
R 2 2 4
V 
S  Vrms I rms   m  ; P  I rms
2
R
 2
Vm 1  sin 2
2  
2 2 4
2
P I R 2 I rms R R
pf   rms
 
S  Vm  Vm Vm
  I rms
 2
1  sin 2  sin 2
 2    1 
2 2 4  2

4-25) a) α = 15° : Check for continuous current. First period:

Vm
i (t )  sin((t )   )  Ae t /  10.84sin(t  0.646)  5.75e t /.754
Z
i (  )  0    217;   180  37    continuous current
Or
L 377(0.050)
  tan 1  tan 1  37    continuous current
R 25
2V V 208.7
Vo  m cos   208.7 V .; I o  o   8.35 A.
 R 25

b) α = 75° Check for continuous current. First period:

  37 from part a,   75 discontinuous current

Vm
i (t )  sin((t )   )  Ae t /  10.84sin(t  0.646)  37.9e t /0.754
Z
i (  )  0    216 ;   180  36    discontinuous current

1
Io 
 
 i(t )d (t )  2.32 A.
4-26)a) α = 20°: Check for continuous current. First period:

Vm
i (t )  sin((t )   )  Ae t /  4.12sin(t  0.756)  2.36e t /0.943
Z
i (  )  0    224,   180  42    continuous current
L 377(0.075)
  tan 1  tan 1  43    continuous current
R 30
2V V 101.5
Vo  m cos   101.5 V .; I o  o   3.38 A.
 R 30

b) α = 80°: Check for continuous current. First period:

Vm
i (t )  sin((t )   )  Ae t /  4.12sin(t  0.756)  10.8e t /0.943
Z
i (  )  0    221;   180  41    discontinuous current
L
  tan 1  37    discontinuous current
R

1
I o   i (t )d t   0.838 A.
 

4-27) The source current is a square wave of ±Io.

Vo 2Vm
P  I rms
2
R  I o2 R; I o  
pf R R
2 2
 2V   2V  1
P m  R m 
 R     R
Vm  2Vm  2Vm2
S  Vs ,rms I s ,rms  Vs ,rms I o    
2  R  R
2
 2Vm  1
P    R 2 2
pf   
S 2Vm2 
R
4-28)

I o  4.5 A.  Vo  I o R  4.5(20)  90 V .

I o  8 A.  Vo  I o R  8(20)  160 V .
Vm 160
Eq. 4  23 : Vo  (1  cos  ): forVo  160 V . and   0, Vm   251 V .
 2
V    90 
forVm  251 and Vo  90,   cos 1  o  1  cos 1   1  82.7
 Vm   251 
Vm' 120 2
turns ratio    0.68 :1 or 1:148
Vm 251

Note that the turns ratio could be lower (higher secondary voltage) and α adjusted accordingly.

4-29)

Vo  I o R  10(5)  50 V .; from Eq. 4  30,

 Vo   50 
  cos 1  1
  cos    62.5
 m
2V 2 2 120  
 
 L  1  377(.1) 
check for continuous current : tan 1    tan    82.4
 R   5 
62.5  82.4  continuous
V2  132 V . Z 2  75.6  I 2  1.75 A.
I o  2(1.75)  3.5 A.
4-30)

2Vm 2 2(240)
Vo  cos   cos105  56 V .
 
100  56
Io   4.4 A.; Pdc  I oVdc  (4.4)(100)  440 W .
10
Pac  Pbridge  I oVo  (4.4)(56)  246 W .
PR  Pdc  Pac  440  246  194 W .
V2
From Fig . 4  12,  0.83 for   105
Vm
V2  0.83 Vm  0.83 2(240)  281 V .
Z 2  R  j 2 L  10  j 2(377)(.8)  603  R
V2 281
I2    0.47 A.; I o  2 I 2  0.94 A. p  p
Z 2 603
4-31)

Vo  Vdc
a) I o 
R
 V V  1
Pbridge (absorbed )  I o (Vo )   o dc  (Vo )     (Vo2  VoVdc )
 R  R
Vo  VoVdc  Pbr R  0
2

Vo2  100Vo  2000(0.8)  0

Vo  20 V or  80 V .
2000 2000
with Vo  20, I o   100 A.; with Vo  80, I o   25 A.
20 80
choose Vo  80 V . to minimize losses
 Vo  1  80 
 =cos 1    cos  137.8
 2Vm   2 2(120 
V2
b) at   137.8, from Fig. 4  12,  0.65  V2  0.65 2(120)  110 V .
Vm
I o  (.1) I o  (.1)(25)  2.5 A.
I o
I2   1.25 A.
2
V 110
Z2  2   88   R  j 2o L  2o L
I 2 1.25
Z2 88
L   0.117 H  117 mH
2o 2(377)

Choose L somewhat larger, say 120 mH, to allow for approximations.

4-32) In Fig. 4-14, Pac = Pbridge = -VoIo = 1000 W. Using Vdc = -96 V gives this solution:

Kirchhoff ' s voltage law gives  Vo  (1) I o  96  0

1000
Vo 
Io

1000
 I o  96  0
Io

I o2  96 I o  1000  0

I o  84.11 or 11.89 A. Use11.89 A.

then Vo  84.11V .

 Vo   84.11 
  cos 1  1
  cos    141.1
 2 120  2 
 2Vm  

From Fig .4  14,

V2
Vm
 0.64 gives  
V2  0.64 120 2  109 V .

1.189
I o  2 I 2  0.10  I o   1.189 A. I2   0.595 A
2
V2 109
Z2    183  R  j L  1  j L
I 2 0.595

183 183
 L  183 L   0.48 H .
 377

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-33)

a ) Pdc  5000 W . absorbed  I oVdc  5000

5000
Io   33.3 A.
150
Vo  150  0.6 I o  150  0.6(33.3)  130 V .
2Vm V    130 
Vo  cos     cos 1  o   cos 1    127
  2Vm   2 2(240) 
b) Pbridge  I o (Vo )  (33.3)(130)  4329 W .
V2
c) From Fig . 4  12, at 127,  0.73  V2  0.73(240) 2  248 V .
Vm
I o
I o  0.1I o  0.1(33.3) A.; I 2   1.67 A.
2
V2 248
Z2    149   2o L
I 2 1.67
149
L  0.197 H  200 mH
2(377)

4-34)

3Vm 3 2(480)
a ) Vo    648 V .
 
Vo 648
Io    12.96 A.
R 50
V 480 2  2
b) io (t )  m sin t  sin t  13.6sin t for  t 
R 50 3 3
2 /3
1
I rms 
 /3 
 /3
(13.6sin t ) 2 d (t )  12.98 A.

2
I s ,rms  (12.98)  10.6 A.
3
c) P  I rms
2
R  (12.98) 2 50  8419 W .
S  3VI  3(480)(10.6)  8808 VA
P 8419
pf    0.956
S 8808
4-35)

3Vm 3 2(240) Vo 324

a) Vo    324 V .; I o    4.05 A.
  R 80
6Vm
b) V6   0.055Vm  0.055 2(240)  18.5 V .
 (62  1)
Z 6  R  80
V6 18.5
I6    0.23 A.
Z6 80
2
 0.23 
I rms  I o2  I 6 rms  4.052     4.06 A.
 2 
I 4.04
c) I D  o   2.02 A.
2 2
I 4.05
d ) I D ,rms  o ,rms   2.87 A.
2 2
I o ,rms 2 4.06 2
e) I s ,rms    3.31 A.
3 3
f) PI 2
o , rms R  (4.06) 2 80  1315 W .; S  3VI  3(240)(3.31)  1376 VA
P 1315
pf    0.956
S 1376
4-36)

3Vm 3 2(480) Vo 649

a) Vo    649 V .; I o    6.49 A.
  R 100
6Vm
b) V6   0.055Vm  0.055 2(480)  37.1 V .
 (62  1)
Z 6  R  j 6o L  100  j 6(377)(.015)  100  j 37.9  106 
V6 37.1
I6    0.35 A.
Z 6 106
2
 0.35 
I rms  I  I 6 rms  6.49  
2
o
2
  6.49 A.
 2 
I 6.49
c) I D  o   3.25 A.
2 2
I 6.49
d ) I D ,rms  o ,rms   4.59 A.
2 2
I o ,rms 2 6.49 2
e) I s ,rms    5.3 A.
3 3
f) PI 2
o , rms R  (6.49) 2100  4212 W .; S  3VI  3(480)(5.3)  4406 VA
P 4212
pf    0.956
S 4406

4-37)

There are no differences between the calculations in Problem 4.36 and the PSpice results. The
power absorbed by each diode ia approximately 1.9 W.

4-38)Equation (4-46) gives values of of I1 = 28.6 A, I5 = 5.71 A, I7 = 4.08 A, I11 = 2.60 A, and I13
= 2.20 A. All compare well with the PSpice results. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is
27.2% when including harmonics through n = 13.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-39)

a ) Vo  I o R  (25)(120)  3000 V .
  Vo  1   3000 
  cos 1    cos    57.7
 3Vm   3 2(4160) 
V6
b) From Fig. 4  21,  0.28  V6  0.28 2(4160)  1640 V .
Vm
V12
 0.135  V12  794 V .
Vm
V18
 0.09  V18  525 V .
Vm

c)

50A

0A Load

-50A
I(R)

40A
S1

0A
I(S1)
80A

S4
SEL>>
0A
I(S4)
50A
Ia
0A

-50A
65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms
-I(VAN)
Time
4-40)

a ) Vo  I o R  (10)(50)  500 V .
  Vo  1   500 
  cos 1    cos    39.5
 3Vm   3 2(480) 
V6
b) From Fig. 4  21,  0.21  V6  0.21 2(480)  143 V .
Vm
V12
 0.1  V12  68 V .
Vm
V18
 0.07  V18  48 V .
Vm

c)

20A

SEL>> Load
-20A
I(R)

S1
10A

0A
I(S1)

10A S4

0A
I(S4)

10A
0A Ia

-10A

65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms

-I(VAN)
Time

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-41)

3Vm 3 2(480)
a) Vo  cos   cos 35  531 V .
 
Vo 531
Io    10.6 A.
R 50
V
b) 6  0.19  V6  0.19 2(480)  130 V .
Vm
Z 6  R  j 60 L  50  j 6(377)(0.05)  124 
V6 130
I6    1.05 A.
Z 6 124
2 2
 I   1.05 
I o ,rms  i   6   10.62  
2
o   10.65 A.
 2  2 
 2  2
I s ,rms    I o ,rms   10.65  8.6 A.
 3  3

4-42)

3Vm 3 2(480)
a ) Vo  cos   cos 50  417 V .
 
Vo 417
Io    41.7 A.
R 10
V
b) 6  0.25  V6  0.25 2(480)  170 V .
Vm
Z 6  R  j 60 L  10  j 6(377)(0.01)  24.7 
V6 170
I6    6.9 A.
Z 6 24.7
2 2
 I   6.9 
I o ,rms  i   6   41.7 2  
2
o   42.3 A.
 2  2
 2  2
I s ,rms    I o ,rms  
  41.7  34 A.
 3  3
4-43)

a ) Vo  I o R  (20)(20)  400 V .

 V    400 
a  cos 1  o   cos 1    52
 3Vm   3 2(480) 
V
b) From Fig . 4  21, 6  0.25  V6  0.25( 2)(480)  170 V .
Vm
2 2 2
 I 6   I12   I18 
       0.02 I o or I 62  I122  I182  0.02 2 I o
 2  2  2
Z 6  R  j 6 L
V6
 I 6  0.02 I o  0.02(20)  0.4 A.
Z6
V6 170
Z6    425   R  j 6 L  20  j 6(377) L
I 6 0.4
6(377) L  425
425
L  0.188 H
6(377)
L  190 mH

4-44)

 Vo   280 
  cos 1  1
  cos    149.8
 3 2  280  
 3Vm  

300V  280V
Io   40 A
0.5
Pdc  Vdc I o   300  40   12,000 W supplied

PR  I o2 R  402  0.5   800 W absorbed

PBridge  Pac   280  40   11, 200 W absorbed

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-45)

 1.5(10)6 W . 
Pbridge  1.5 MW .; Vo     1500 V .
 1000 A. 
 V    (1500) 
  cos 1  o   cos 1    105.5
 3Vm   3 2(4160) 
 2
I s ,rms   1000  816 A.
 3 

4-46)

100,000
With Pac  Pbridge  100 kW absorbed, - Vo I o  100,000 or Vo 
Io

Kirchhoff's voltage law gives - Vo   I o   0.1   1000V  0

100,000
Substituting for Vo ,   0.1I o  1000  0
Io

0.1I o2  1000 I o  100,000  0 yields the two roots Io  9,890 A or 101 A

Choose Io  101 A because this solution results in lower I o2 losses.

Vo  1000V  I o  0.1   1000   0.1101  989.9 V

3Vm
Vo  cos  , where Vm  2 12,500  N 2 / N1  


 Vo   989.9 
  cos 1    cos 1
 
 3Vm   3 2 12,500  N 2 / N1   
   
N 2 / N1  1 will theoretically work, but  = 93.36, but the harmonic content will be large.

A better solution would be to choose N 2 / N1 to be perhaps 1/10 (step-down). Then  = 125.9

 V6
From Fig. 4-21,  0.3
Vm

Vm  2 12,500  N 2 / N1    2 12,500 / 10   1768 V

V6  0.3Vm  0.3 1768   530V

I o  2 I 6  0.5I o  0.5 101  5.05 A  I 6  2.525 A

V6 530
Z6    210   R  j L  0.1  j 377 L  377 L
I 6 2.525

210
L  0.56 H
377

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4-47)

a) Vo1 
3Vm, L  L
cos(1 ) 

3 230 2  cos(45)  329.5 kV
 

Vo 2 
3Vm, L  L
cos( 2 ) 

3 230 2  cos(134.4)  326 kV
 
Vo1  Vo 2 329.5kV  326kV
Io    231 A
R 15
P1  Vo1 I o  76.17 MW

P2  Vo 2 I o  75.37 MW

b) Pline  I o2 R  800 kW

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-48)

3Vm
a ) Vm  230 2 kV ; Vo  cos( )


Vo,max 
3Vm


3 230 2   325.3 kV
 
V  
Let Vo 2  300 kV (arbitrarily ); Then  2  cos 1  o 2   164.98
 3Vm 
P2 80MW
Io    267 A (linecurrent )
Vo 2 300kW

Vo1  I o R  Vo 2  267(12)  (300kV )  303.2 kV

Pline  I o2 R  853 kW

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4-49)

3Vm
a) Vm  345 2 kV ; Vo  cos( )


Vo,max 
3Vm


3 345 2   465.9 kV
 
V  
Let Vo 2  425kV (arbitrarily ); Then  2  cos 1  o 2   155.8
 3Vm 
P2 300MW
Io    706 A (linecurrent )
Vo 2 425kW

Vo1  I o R  Vo 2  706(20)  (425kV )  439.1kV

Pline  I o2 R  9.97 MW

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-50)

8 A.  I o  12 A.
 2V 
Vo   m  cos   I o R; Vo1  8(8)  64 V .; Vo 2  12(8)  96 V .
  
 64 
120  volt source : 1  cos 1    53.7
 2 2(120) 
V
From Fig . 4  12, 2  0.73  V2  124 V .
Vm
 96 
 2  cos 1    27.3
 2 2(120) 
V
From Fig . 4  12, 2  0.54  V2  92 V .
Vm
V2 124
using V2  124 V . for 1 and I o  2.5 A., Z 2    99 
I 2 2.5 / 2
Z2 99
Z 2  R  j 20 L  L    0.13 H
20 2(377)
For the 240  volt source,
 64 
1  cos 1    72.8
 2 2(240) 
V
From Fig . 4  12, 2  0.83  V2  280 V .
Vm
 96 
 2  cos 1    63.6
 2 2  240  
 
V
From Fig . 4  12, 2  0.78  V2  265 V .
Vm
V2 280
using V2  280 V . for 1 and I o  2.5 A., Z 2    224 
I 2 2.5 / 2
Z2 244
Z 2  R  j 20 L  20 L  L    0.3 H
20 2(377)
The 120-volt source requires a smaller filter inductor.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-51)

Io =15A in a 20- resistor. Io = 0.1(Io ) = 1.5 A.

First solution using the single-phase 480-V source with a controlled bridge rectifier:

 Vo 
  cos 1    46
 2Vm 
I o  2 I 2  I 2  1.5 / 2  0.75 A

From Fig. 4-12, V2 /Vm  0.71  V2  0.71 2  480   482V

V2 482
Z2    643   R  jn L  20  j 2  377  L
I 2 0.75

642
2  377  L  643  L   851 mH
2  377 

Second solution using the three-phase 480-V source with a controlled 6-pulse bridge rectifier:

 Vo   300 
  cos 1  1
  cos    62.4
 3V  3 2  480  
 m, L  L   
I o  2 I 6  I 6  1.5 / 2  0.75 A

From Fig. 4-12, V6 /Vm  0.28  V6  0.28 2  480   190V

V6 190
Z6    253   R  jn L  20  j  6  377 L
I 6 0.75

253
6  377  L  253  L   112 mH
6  377 

Uncontrolled rectifiers with additional resistances added can also satisfy the specifications.
However, adding resistance would increase power loss and decrease efficiency.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 CHAPTER 5 SOLUTIONS
3/9/10

5-1)

Vm  sin(2 )  sin(2 )
a) Vo, rms  1   Vrms 1  
2  2  2
Vo,rms 431
Vm  480 2   60  Vo ,rms  431 V ; I o ,rms    8.61 A
R 50
Vo2,rms 4312
b) P   3708 W
R 50
P P 3708
c) pf     0.897
S Vrms I rms  480   8.61

Vm 480 2
d ) I avg , SCR   1  cos     1  cos 60  3.24 A
2 R 2  50 

I o ,rms 8.61
I rms ,SCR    6.1 A
2 2

 480
e) I1, rms  0.84    8.0 A
 50 
2
I rms  I1,2rms 8.612  8.02
THDI    0.38  38%
I1, rms 8.0

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-2)
Vm  sin(2 )  sin(2 )
a) Vo,rms  1   Vrms 1  
2  2  2
Vo , rms 114.4
Vm  120 2   45  Vo, rms  114.4 V ; I o, rms    5.72 A
R 20
Vo2,rms 114.42
b) P   655 W
R 20
P P 655
c) pf     0.953
S Vrms I rms  120   5.72 

Vm 120 2
d ) I avg , SCR   1  cos     1  cos 45   2.30 A
2 R 2  20 

I o, rms 5.72
I rms , SCR    4.05 A
2 2

 120
e) I1,rms  0.92    5.53 A
 20
2
I rms  I1,2rms 5.72 2  5.532
THDI    0.26  26%
I1,rms 5.53

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-3)
Vo2.rms
P  Vo.rms  PR   800   35   167.3 V
R
167.3
from Fig . 5.2,  0.7    92
240
Vo, rms 167.3
I o, rms    4.78 A
R 35
I o, rms 4.78
I SCR ,rms    3.38 A
2 2
P 800
pf    0.70  70%
S 120  4.78 

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-4)
120
With the 240-Vsource, Vo ,rms  120V ;  0.5 ; a  115 from Fig.5.2
240
 sin(2 )
or solving Eq.5-3, 120  240 1    0    1.99 rad  114
 2

240 V source : Vo, peak  2  240  sin  114   310 V

120 V source : Vo, peak  Vm  2  120   170V

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-5)
For P  200 W , Vo ,rms  PR  200  40   89.4 V

Using Eq. 5-3,

 sin(2 )
89.4  120 1    0    1.48 rad  85
 2
P P 200
pf     0.75  75%.
S Vrms I rms  120   89.4 / 40 

For P  400 W , Vo ,rms  PR  400  40   126 V

Since 126 V > 120 V of the source, 400 W is not possible.

1202
The maximum power available is  360 W. The pf is 1.0 for 360 W.
40

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-6)
Using the circuit of Fig. 5-1a,

For P  750W , Vo,rms  PR  750  32   154.9 V

Using Eq. 5-3,

 sin(2 )
154.9  240 1    0    1.703 rad  97.6
 2

For P  1500 W , Vo , rms  PR  1500  32   219 V

 sin(2 )
219  240 1    0  0.986 rad  56.5
 2
Io 219 / 32
Maximum SCR currents are for 1500 W: I SCR ,rms    4.84 A
2 2

Vm 2  240 
I SRC ,avg 
2 R
 1  cos   
2  32 
 1  cos  56.5    2.62 A
Vmax  2(240)  340 V

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-7)

Using the circuit of Fig. 5-1a,

For R  20, Vo,rms  PR  1200  20   154.9 V

Using Eq. 5-3,

 sin(2 )
154.9  240 1    0    1.703 rad  97.6
 2

For R  40, Vo ,rms  PR  1200  40   219 V

 sin(2 )
219  240 1    0  0.986 rad  56.5
 2
Io 154.9 / 20
Maximum SCR currents are for R = 20 : I SCR ,rms    5.48 A
2 2

Vm 2  240 
I SRC , avg 
2 R
 1  cos   
2  20 
 1  cos  97.6   2.34 A
Vmax  2(240)  340 V
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-8)
V 2 1202
R   144 
P 100

a ) P  75 W : Vrms   144   75   103.9V

From Fig.5-3,   1.16 rad  66.2

b) P  25 W : Vrms   144   25   60 V

From Fig.5-3,   1.99 rad  114

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-9) S1 is on from α to π, and D2 is on from π to 2π.

vo  t   Vm sin t for   t  2

1  sin  2 
2
1
  V sin t  d  t   Vm
2
Vo,rms  m  
2 2 4 8

Vm  sin  2 
 1 
2 2 4
Vm V
0     Vo ,rms  m
2 2

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-10)
vo (t )  Vm sin t for 1  t   and for    2  t  2

1  
 2

  Vm sin t  d  t     Vm sin t  2 d  t 
2
Vo.rms 
2  
 1   2 

1 1   2 sin  21   sin  2 2 

 Vm  
2 4 8

Vm 1   2 sin  21   sin  2 2 

Vo.rms  1  
2 2 4

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-11) a) Using Eq. 5-9,
Z  21.3 ;   0.561 rad ;   0.628

i  t   7.98sin  t  0.561  19.25e t /0.628 A

  60  1.047 rad ,   3.696 rad  212

b) I rms  4.87 A

4.87
c) I rms , SCR   3.44 A
2

R   4.87   18   427 W
2 2
d ) P  I rms

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-12) Using Eq. 5-9,

Z  26.7 ;   0.601 rad ;   0.685

i  t   6.36sin  t  0.601  6.10et /0.685 A

  50  0.873 rad ,   3.738 rad  214

b) I rms  4.18 A

4.18
c ) I rms , SCR   2.95 A
2

R   4.18   22   384 W
2 2
d ) P  I rms
_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-13) Using Eq. 5-9,

Z  15.0 ;   0.646 rad ;   0.754

i  t   11.3sin  t  0.646   158e t /0.754 A

  115  2.01 rad ,   3.681 rad  211

I rms  2.95 A

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-14) Using Eq. 5-9,

Z  14.2 ;   0.561 rad ;   0.6.28

i  t   11.98sin   t  0.561  54.1e t /0.628 A

  70  1.222 rad ,   3.691 rad  212

I rms  6.69 A

R   6.69   12   537 W
2 2
P  I rms

PSpice: P = AVG(W(R)) in Probe gives 523 W (read at the end of the trace). The difference
between PSpice and the theoretical output is because of the nonideal SCR model in PSpice. The
PSpice result will be more realistic. The THD is 22.4% from the PSpice output file using Fourier
terms through n = 9.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-15) Use the PSpice circuit of Example 5-3. The .STEP PARAM command is quite useful for
determining α. (a) α ≈ 81° for 400 W. (b) α ≈ 46° for 700 W.

SINGLE-PHASE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER (voltcont.cir)

*** OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS V(3), OUTPUT CURRENT IS I(R) ***
**************** INPUT PARAMETERS *********************
.PARAM VS = 120 ; source rms voltage
.PARAM ALPHA = 81 ; delay angle in degrees
.STEP PARAM ALPHA 10 90 20 ; try several values of alpha. Modify the range for more precision
.PARAM R = 15 ; load resistance
.PARAM L = 15mH ; load inductance
.PARAM F = 60 ; frequency

.PARAM TALPHA = {ALPHA/(360*F)} ; converts angle to time delay

.PARAM PW = {0.5/F} ; pulse width for switch control
***************** CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION *********************
VS 1 0 SIN(0 {VS*SQRT(2)} {F})
S1 1 2 11 0 SMOD
D1 2 3 DMOD ; forward SCR
S2 3 5 0 11 SMOD
D2 5 1 DMOD ; reverse SCR
R 3 4 {R}
L 4 0 {L}
**************** MODELS AND COMMANDS ********************
.MODEL DMOD D(n=0.01)
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH (RON=.01)
VCONTROL 11 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA} 0 0 {PW} {1/F}) ;control for both switches
.TRAN .1MS 50MS 0MS 1u UIC ; one period of output
.FOUR 60 I(R) ; Fourier Analysis to get THD
.PROBE
.END

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-16) Modify the PSpice circuit file of Example 5-3. Use the .STEP PARAM command (see Prob. 5-15)
for determining α. (a) α ≈ 80° for 600 W. (b) α ≈ 57° for 1000 W.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-17) The single-phase voltage controller of Fig. 5-4a is suitable for this application. Equation (5-9)
applies for each half-period of the input sine wave. For 250 W delivered to the load, each half period
must deliver 125 W. Therefore, the rms value of the current in Eq. (5-9) must be 2.28 A, found by using
I2R = 125. A closed-form solution is not possible, but trial-and-error numerical techniques give α ≈ 74°. A
similar but perhaps easier method is to use PSpice simulations using the PSpice A/D circuit file in
Example 5-3. Modifying the diode model to .MODEL DMOD D(n=.01) to represent an ideal diode, and
with trial-and-error values of α, gives α ≈ 74°.

The average and rms currents are determined from a numerical integration of the current expression from
Eq. (5-9) or from a PSpice simulation. ISCR,avg = 1.3 A, ISCR,rms = 2.3 A. The maximum voltage across the
switches is 120√2sin(74°) = 163 V.

5-18) The PSpice circuit file is shown below. The total average load power is three times the power in
one of the phase resistors. Enter 3*AVG(W(RA)) in Probe. The results are (a) 6.45 kW for 20°, (b) 2.79
kW for 80°, and (c) 433 W for 115°. Note that the .STEP PARAM command can be used to run the three
simulations at once.
THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER -- R-L LOAD (3phvc.cir)
*SOURCE AND LOAD ARE Y-CONNECTED (UNGROUNDED)
********************** INPUT PARAMETERS ****************************
.PARAM Vs=480 ; rms line-to-line voltage
.PARAM ALPHA=20 ; delay angle in degrees
.STEP PARAM ALPHA LIST 20 80 115
.PARAM R=35 ; load resistance (y-connected)
.PARAM L = 1p ; load inductance
.PARAM F=60 ; source frequency
********************** COMPUTED PARAMETERS **************************
.PARAM Vm={Vs*SQRT(2)/SQRT(3)} ; convert to peak line-neutral volts
.PARAM DLAY={1/(6*F)} ; switching interval is 1/6 period
.PARAM PW={.5/F} TALPHA={ALPHA/(F*360)}
.PARAM TRF=10US ; rise and fall time for pulse switch control
*********************** THREE-PHASE SOURCE **************************
VAN 1 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60)
VBN 2 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -120)
VCN 3 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -240)
***************************** SWITCHES ********************************
S1 1 8 18 0 SMOD ; A-phase
D1 8 4 DMOD
S4 4 9 19 0 SMOD
D4 9 1 DMOD

S3 2 10 20 0 SMOD ; B-phase
D3 10 5 DMOD
S6 5 11 21 0 SMOD
D6 11 2 DMOD

S5 3 12 22 0 SMOD ; C-phase
D5 12 6 DMOD
S2 6 13 23 0 SMOD
D2 13 3 DMOD
***************************** LOAD **********************************
RA 4 4A {R} ; van = v(4,7)
LA 4A 7 {L}

RB 5 5A {R} ; vbn = v(5,7)

LB 5A 7 {L}

RC 6 6A {R} ; vcn = v(6,7)

LC 6A 7 {L}
************************* SWITCH CONTROL *****************************
V1 18 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V4 19 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+3*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V3 20 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+2*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V6 21 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+5*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V5 22 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+4*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V2 23 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
************************ MODELS AND COMMANDS *************************
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01)
.MODEL DMOD D
.TRAN .1MS 50MS 16.67ms 10US UIC
.FOUR 60 I(RA) ; Fourier analysis of line current
.PROBE
.OPTIONS NOPAGE ITL5=0
.END

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-19) The PSpice input file from Example 5-4 is used for this simulation. In Probe, enter the expression
3*AVG(W(RA)) to get the total three-phase average power in the load, resulting in 368 W. Switch S 1
conducts when the current in phase A is positive, and S4 conducts when the current is negative.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-20) The smallest value of α is 120°. The conduction angel must be less than for equal to 60°. The
extinction angle is 180°, so α is 120° or greater.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-21)
THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER -- R-L LOAD
*MODIFIED FOR A DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
*SOURCE IS Y-CONNECTED (UNGROUNDED)
********************** INPUT PARAMETERS ****************************
.PARAM Vs=480 ; rms line-to-line voltage
.PARAM ALPHA=45 ; delay angle in degrees
.PARAM R=25 ; load resistance (y-connected)
.PARAM L = 1p ; load inductance
.PARAM F=60 ; source frequency
********************** COMPUTED PARAMETERS **************************
.PARAM Vm={Vs*SQRT(2)/SQRT(3)} ; convert to peak line-neutral volts
.PARAM DLAY={1/(6*F)} ; switching interval is 1/6 period
.PARAM PW={.5/F} TALPHA={ALPHA/(F*360)}
.PARAM TRF=10US ; rise and fall time for pulse switch control
*********************** THREE-PHASE SOURCE **************************
VAN 1 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60)
VBN 2 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -120)
VCN 3 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -240)
***************************** SWITCHES ********************************
S1 1 8 18 0 SMOD ; A-phase
D1 8 4 DMOD
S4 4 9 19 0 SMOD
D4 9 1 DMOD

S3 2 10 20 0 SMOD ; B-phase
D3 10 5 DMOD
S6 5 11 21 0 SMOD
D6 11 2 DMOD

S5 3 12 22 0 SMOD ; C-phase
D5 12 6 DMOD
S2 6 13 23 0 SMOD
D2 13 3 DMOD
***************************** LOAD **********************************
RA 4 4A {R} ;
LA 4A 2 {L}

RB 5 5A {R} ;
LB 5A 3 {L}

RC 6 6A {R} ;
LC 6A 1 {L}
************************* SWITCH CONTROL *****************************
V1 18 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V4 19 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+3*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V3 20 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+2*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V6 21 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+5*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V5 22 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+4*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V2 23 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
************************ MODELS AND COMMANDS *************************
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01)
.MODEL DMOD D
.TRAN .1MS 50MS 16.67ms 10US UIC
.FOUR 60 I(RA) ; Fourier analysis of line current
.PROBE
.OPTIONS NOPAGE ITL5=0
.END

40A

Ia

0A

SEL>>
-40A
I(RA)
50A

Source A current

0A

-50A
15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
- I(VAN)
Time

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-22) The PSpice circuit file modification must include a very large resistor (e.g., one megaohm)
connected between the neutral of the load to ground to prevent a “floating node” error because of the
series capacitor. The steady-state phase A current has two pulses for each of the switches, assuming that
the gate signal to the SCRs is continuously applied during the conduction interval. The rms current is
approximately 5.52 A. The total average power for all three phases is approximately 1.28 kW. The THD
for the load current is computed as 140% for harmonics through n = 9 in the .FOUR command. However,
the current waveform is rich in higher-order harmonics and the THD is approximately 300% for n = 100.
It should be noted that this load is not conducive for use with the voltage controller because the load
voltage will get extremely large (over 5 kV) because of stored charge on the capacitor.
 40A
S1 S1
(1.0000,5.5229)

0A

Phase A current
SEL>> S4 S4
-40A
I(RA) RMS(I(RA))
2.0KW
(1.0000,1.2811K)

1.0KW

Total average power

0W
0.980s 0.984s 0.988s 0.992s 0.996s 1.000s
AVG(W(RA))*3
Time
_____________________________________________________________________________________

5-23) With the S1-S4 switch path open, the equivalent circuit is as shown. The current in phase A is zero,
so the voltage across the phase-A resistor is zero. The voltage at the negative of V 14 is then Vn, and the
voltage at the positive of V14 is Va. The voltage across the phase B resistor is half of the voltage from
phase B to phase C, resulting in

Vb  Vc Vb  Vc
Vn  Vb  
2 2
Therefore,
Vb  Vc
V14  Va  Vn  Va 
2
 CHAPTER 6 SOLUTIONS
5/17/10
6-1)
Po  Vo I o  Vo I s ; Ps  Vs I s

Po Vo I o Vo
  
Ps Vs I s Vs

6-2)
P 100
Io    3.33 A.
Vo 30
Po 100
a) Ps  Vs I o  (100)(3.33)  333 W .;     30%
Ps 333
b) PQ  VCE I o  (70)(3.33)  233 W .
1 yr.=8760 Hr.; W = (233)(8760)=2044 kW-Hr,
c) e.g., @10 cents/kW-Hr, cost = $204.40/yr.

6-3)
a) Vo  Vs D  (100)(0.6)  60 V .
b) Vo ,rms  Vm D  (100) 0.6  77.5 V (see Example 2-4)
Vo2,rms77.52
c) P    600 W .
R 10
d ) Results are not dependent on frequency.

6-4)
a) Vo  Vs D  (24)(0.65)  15.6 V .
Vo 15.6
b) I L  I R    1.56 A.
R 10
V 15.6 1
iL  o (1  D)T  6
(1  0.65)  2.18 A.
L 25(10) 100, 000
i 2.18
I L ,max  I L  L  1.56   2.65 A.
2 2
i 2.18
I L ,min  I L  L  1.56   0.47 A.
2 2
 Vo (1  D) 15.6(1  0.65)
c) Vo    0.182
8LCf 2
8(25)(10) 6 (15)(10) 6 (100, 000) 2
Vo
or  1.17%
Vo

6-5)
a ) Vo  Vs D  9 V .
b) I L  1.8 A.; iL  2.4 A.
iL
I L ,max  I L   3.0 A.
2
i
I L ,min  I L  L  0.6 A.
2
Vo
c)  0.44%
Vo

6-6)
Vo
a) D   0.5
Vs
Po 125
b) I L  I R    5 A.
Vo 25
iL V
I L ,max  6.25 A.   1.25; iL  2.5 A.  o (1  D)T
2 L
V 25 1
L  o (1  D)T  (1  .5)  50  H .
iL 2.5 100, 000
Vo 1 D
c)   5%  .005 
Vo 8LCf 2
1 D 1  .5
C   25  F .
 Vo  2 8(.005)(50)(10)6 (100, 000)2
8  Lf
 Vo 
6-7)
Vo 1.5
a) D    0.25
Vs 6
2
V 1.5  0.5625 / 2 
b) average : I L  I R  o   0.5 A. rms : I L ,rms  0.5  
2
  0.526 A.
R 3  3 
iL  0.5625
 1 1 D  1 1  .25 
peak : I L,max  Vo     1.5   6   0.781 A.
 R 2 Lf   3 2(5)(10) (400,000) 
 1 1 D 
I L,min  Vo     0.219 A.
 R 2 Lf 
VI 1.5(0.5)
c) Ps  Po  Vs I s  Vo I R  I s  o R   0.125 A.
Vs 6
d ) I D ,max  I L,max  0.781 A.
I D  I o  I s  0.5  0.125  0.375 A.

6-8)
Po 25
Io  I L    1.25 A.
Vo 30
Vo 20
D   0.667
Vs 30
iL
I L ,min  (0.25)(1.25)  0.31 A.  I L 
2
iL  ( I L  I L ,min )2  (1.25  0.31)2  1.88 A.
Vo
iL  (1  D)T
L
V 1 20 1
L  o (1  D)  1  .667   89  H
iL f 1.88 40000
6-9)
(1  D) R
Lmin 
2f
Vo 20 20
D ; Dmax   0.4; Dmin   0.33
Vs 50 60
Po 75 125
IL  IR  ; I R ,min   3.75 A.; I R ,max  6.25 A.
Vo 20 20
Vo 202 202
R  ; Rmax   5.33 ; Rmin   3.20 
P 75 125
(1  Dmin ) Rmax (1  .33)(5.33)
Lmin    17.76  H
2f 2(100, 000)

6-10)
(1  D)( R)
Lmin  f  200 kHz
2f

Vo=5 V

Vs, V D I, A. R, Ω Lmin, µH

10 0.5 0.5 10 12.5

10 0.5 1.0 5 6.25
16.7 (worst case, D = 1/3, R =
1/3
15 0.5 10 10)
15 1/3 1.0 5 8.33

(1  Dmin ) Rmax
L
2f

 1
 1   (10)

3
Lmin  16.67  H
2(200 k )
6-11) Example design:
Vo 15
D   0.3125
Vs 48

Let f  100 kHz ( for example)

V   15 
Let iL  40% of I L  0.40  o   0.40  8   0.75 A
R   

L
Vs  Vo  D   48  15 0.3125  137.5  H
 iL  f  0.75100,000
1 D 1  0.3125
C   12.5  F
 Vo  8 150 106 (0.005)100,000
8L  f
 Vo 

Other values of L and C are valid if the inductor current is continuous with margin.

6-12) (Based on the example design in 6-11)

Vmax, switch = Vs = 48 V
Vmax, diode = Vs = 48 V
Imax, switch = ILmax = 1.5 + 0.75/2 = 1.875 A
Vo Io 15 1.875 
Iavg, switch =   0.586 A
Vs 48
DT
1
Irms, switch  i  1.06 A (numerically)
2
L (t)d t
T 0

Imax,diode = ILmax = 1.875 A

Iavg,diode =IL- Iavg,switch = 1.875 – 0.586 = 1.289 A

T
1
Irms,diode  
T DT
i 2L (t)d t  1.56 A (numerically)
6-13) Example design:

Vo 15
D   0.625
Vs 24

Let f  400 kHz ( for example)

Let iL  40% of I L  0.40  2   0.8 A

L
Vs  Vo  D   24  15 0.625  17.6  H
 iL  f  0.8 400,000
1 D 1  0.625
C   1.67  F
 Vo  8 17.6 106 (0.01)400,000
8L  f
 Vo 

6-14) Example design:

Vo 12
D   0.667
Vs 18

Let f  200 kHz ( for example)

Po 10W
I L  Io    0.833 A
Vo 12V

Let iL  40% of I L  0.40  0.833  0.333 A

L
Vs  Vo  D  18  12  0.667  60  H
 iL  f  0.333 200,000
1 D 1  0.667
C   3.5  F
 Vo  6  0.1 
8L   f 8  60 10  12  200,000
 Vo   

Other values of L and C are valid if the inductor current is continuous with margin.
6-15)

n  1  V1  30.27
Using ac circuit analysis, Vo1  0.048 V  2(0.048)  0.096 V p  p
0.096 0.096
  0.48%
Vo 20
Vo
Using Eq. 6 -16,  0.469%
Vo

The output voltage is mainly the dc term and the first ac term.

6-16)
a ) rC  0.5 , iL  2.88 A  iC
Vo ,ESR  iC rC  2.88(0.5)  1.44 V .
Vo 1.44
  8%
Vo 18
Vo
b)  0.5%
Vo
Vo 0.005(18)
Vo  Vo ,ESR  iC rC  rC    0.031 
iC 2.88
50(10) 6 50(10) 6 50(10) 6
rC   C   1600  F .
C rC 0.031
6-17)

Vs 20
a ) Vo    50 V .
1  D 1  .6
Vs 20
b) I L    10 A.
(1  D ) R (1  .6) 2 (12.5)
2

Vs V DT 20 20(.6) / (200,000)
I max   s    13 A.
(1  D ) R
2
2L (1  .6) (12.5)
2
2(10)(10) 6
Vs V DT
I min   s  7.0 A.
(1  D ) R
2
2L
Vo D 0.6
c)    0.6%
Vo RCf 12.5(40)(10) 6 (200,000)
Vo 50
d ) I D  Io    4.0 A.
R 12.5

6-18)

Inductor current: (see Example 2-8)

2 2
 I / 2   4.61/ 2 
I L ,rms  I L2   L   102     10.09 A.
 3   3 

Capacitor current: (define t=0 at peak current)

 1/2
 1  10  s 25  s

          4.97 A.
5 2 2
I C ,rms ( 4.61(10) t 8.3) dt ( 4) dt
 25(10)  0 
6
10  s 

6-19)

Vs V 5
Vo   D  1  s  1   0.667
1 D Vo 15
Vo2 152
R  9 
25 25
Vs 5
IL    5 A.
(1  D) R (1  .667) 2 (9)
2

I L ,min  0.5(5)  2.5 A.  I L  5 A.

Vs DT 5(.667) / 300
I L    2.22  H
I L 5
D 0.667
From Eq. 6  27, C    24.7  F .
 Vo  9(.01)(300, 000)
R  f
 Vo 
6-20) Example design:

Vs 12
D 1  1   0.333
Vo 18

Vo2 182
R   16.2 
P 20
Vs 12
IL    1.67 A
1  D  2
R 1  .3332 16.2
Let f  200 kHz

Let iL  40% of I L  0.4 1.67   0.667 A

Vs D 12  0.333
L   30  H
 iL  f (0.667)200,000
 Lmin for continuous current  6  H 

D 0.333
C   20.6  F
 V  16.2  0.005  200,000
R o  f
 Vo 

6-21)
0.6
Using C  48  F , R  50 , ton  0.6T   24  s
25000
vo (t )  Vo ,max e  t / RC
vo (24  s )  Vo ,max e 24/[(50)(48)]  Vo ,max  0.99005
Vo ,max  vo (24  s )  Vo  Vo,max  0.99005Vo,max  0.01Vo,max
Vo
 0.01  1%
Vo
6-22)

6-23)
 D   0.6 
a ) Vo  Vs    12   18 V .
1  D  1  0.6 
Vs D 12(.6)
b) Eq. 6  31: I L    4.5 A.
R(1  D) 2
(10)(1  .6) 2
Vs D V DT 12(.6) / 200, 000
I L ,max   s  4.5   6.3 A.
R(1  D) 2
2L 2(10)(10) 6
Vs D V DT
I L ,min   s  2.7 A.
R(1  D) 2
2L
Vo D 0.6
c)    0.015  1.5%
Vo RCf 10(20)(10) 6 (200, 000)
6-24)

Inductor current: (see Example 2-8)

2 2
 I / 2   3.6 / 2 
I L,rms  I   L   4.52  
2
L   4.62 A.
 3   3 

Capacitor current: For convenience, redefine t = 0 at the peak current. The current is then
expressed as

 
iC  t   4.5  1.8 106 t A for 0  t  2 s

 1.8 A for 2 s  t  5 s

T
 5 106   5 s
1 2 1 1
T 0
I rms  i (t )dt T 
f 200, 000

1/2
 1  2s 5s

 
2


  
6
I C ,rms   4.5  1.8 10  dt  ( 1.8) 2
dt   2.30 A.
 5(10)  0 
6
2s 
6-25)

Vo 36
a ) From Eq. 6-48, D    0.6
Vs  Vo 24  36
Vs D 24(.6)
IL    9 A.  I L ,min  0.4(9)  3.6 A.
R(1  D) 10(1  .6) 2
2

I L  2(9  3.6)  10.8 A.

Vs DT 24(.6)
From Eq. 6-28, L    13.3  H
I L 10.8(100, 000)

D 0.6
b) From Eq. 6-36, C    120 F
 Vo  10(0.005)(100, 000)
R f
 Vo 

6-26) Example design:

Vo 50
Using Eq. (6-48), D =   0.556
Vs  Vo 40  50

P 75
Using Eq. (6-49), IL    3.375 A.
Vs D 40  0.556 

Vo2 502
R   33.3 
P 75
Letting f = 100 kHz (designer's choice),

1  D 2 R 1  0.556 2 33.3
Lmin    32.9  H
2f 2 100, 000 

Choose L at least 25% larger than L min (41  H). A common practice is to select L such that
i L = 40% of I L  0.40  3.375   1.35 A. Using Eq. (6-45),

Vs D 40  0.556 
L   165  H
iL f 1.35 100, 000 

D 0.556
Using Eq. (6-54), C    16.7  F
 V  33.3  0.01100, 000 
R o  f
 Vo 
6-27) Example design:

Vo 15
Using Eq. (6-48), D = , D  0.556 for the 12-V source,
Vs  Vo 12  15

15
and D   0.455 for the 18-V source.
18  15

1  D 2 R
Using Lmin  , the worst case is for D = 0.455 for the 18-V source.
2f
1  0.4552 15
Letting f = 100 kHz (designer's choice), Lmin   22.3  H
2 100, 000 

Choose L at least 25% larger than Lmin (28  H).

Alternatively, a common practice is to select L such that i L = 40% of I L .

Vo2 152
Il    1.83 A
Vs RD 18 15  0.455 

iL  0.40 1.83  0.73 A. Using Eq. (6-45),

Vs D 18  0.455 
L   112  H (100  H will be fine)
iL f 0.73 100, 000 

D
Using Eq. (6-54), C  , so base C on D = 0.556, (12-V source):
 V 
R o  f
 Vo 
0.556
C  37  F
15  0.01100, 000 
6-28) Using the equations
Vo
D
Vs  Vo

Vo2
R
P

Lmin 
1  D 2 R
2f
P
IL 
Vs D

D
C
 V 
R o  f
 Vo 

and using f = 100 kHz (designer’s choice), results are shown in the table.

Vs, (V) P (W) D R (Ω) Lmin (µH) IL (A) C (µF)

10 10 0.545 14.4 14.9 1.83 37.9
10 15 0.545 9.6 9.9 2.75 56.8
14 10 0.462 14.4 20.9 1.55 32.1
14 15 0.462 9.6 13.9 2.32 48.1

The value of L should be based on Vs = 14 V and P = 10 W, where Lmin = 20.9 µH. Select the
value of L at least 25% larger than Lmin (26.1 µF). Using another common criterion of ΔiL = 40%
of IL, again for 14 V and 10 W, L = 104 µH.

The value of C is 56.8 µF for the worst case of Vs = 10 V and P = 10 W.

6-29)
 D   0.6 
Vo  Vs    12   18 V .
1  D  1  0.6 
P V 2 R 27
I L2  o  o   1.5 A.
Vo Vo 18
Po 27
I L1    2.25 A.
Vs 12
Vs D 12(.6)
iL1    0.14 A.
200 10  (250,000)
6
Lf
Vs D
iL 2   0.29 A.
L2 f

6-30)
1 1
D   0.333
V 20
1 s 1
Vo 10
I L 2  I o  1 A.
Vo  10 
I L1  I L 2    (1)  0.5 A.
Vs  20 
VD VD 20(0.333)
iL1  s  L1  s   1.33 mH
L1 f iL1 f 0.10(.5)(100,000)
Vs D VD 20(0.333)
i L 2   L2  s   0.667 mH
L2 f iL 2 f 0.10(1)(100,000)
6-31) Example design:

Vo D 30
   1.2  D  0.5455
Vs 1  D 25

Po 60 VD 25  0.5445 
I L2    2.0 A;  iL 2  0.4(2.0)  0.4 A  L2  s   341  F
Vo 30 iL 2 f 0.4 100,000 

Ps 60 Vs D 25  0.5445 
I L1    2.4 A;  iL1  0.4(2.4)  0.48 A  L1    284  F
Vs 25 iL1 f 0.48 100,000 

Let f = 100 kHz (designer's choice).

1 D 1  0.5455
C2    1.67  F
 Vo 
  8 L2 f
2  0.01  
8 341 10 6
 100,000  2

 Vo 
VC1  Vs  Vo  25   30   55 V  vC1  0.05  55   2.75 V

Using R = Vo2 / P   30  / 60  15 ,

2

Vo D 30  0.5455 
C1    3.97  F
Rf vC1 15 100,000  2.75
6-32)
Vo 12
D   0.706
Vo  Vs 12  5

Vo 2 122
I L1    7.2A
Vs R 5(4)

Vs D (5)(0.706)
i L1    3.53A
L1f 10(10)-6 (100,000)

3.53
I L1,max  7.2   8.96A
2
3.53
I L1,min  7.2   5.44A
2
Vo 12
I L2    3A
R 4
Vs D (5)(0.706)
i L1    1.765A
L2f 20(10)-6 (100,000)

1.765
I L2,max  3   3.88A
2
1.765
I L2,min  3   2.12A
2
6-33)

Vs D 3.3(.7)
Vo    7.7V
1  D 1  .7
Vo 2 7.7 2
I L1    3.6A
Vs R 3.3(5)

Vs D (3.3)(0.7)
i L1    1.925A
L1f 4(10)-6 (300,000)

1.925
I L1,max  3.6   4.56A
2
1.925
I L1,min  3.6   2.64A
2
Vo 7.7
I L2    1.54A
R 5
Vs D (3.3)(0.7)
i L1    0.77A
L 2 f 10(10)-6 (300,000)

0.77
I L2,max  1.54   1.925A
2
0.77
I L2,min  1.54   1.155A
2
Vo D (7.7)(.7)
VC1  VC2    0.0719V
RCf 5(50)(10)6 (300,000)

6-34) Equation (6-69) for the average voltage across the capacitor C1 applies:

VC1  Vs .

When the switch is closed, the voltage across L2 for the interval DT is

v L2  v C1

Assuming that the voltage across C1 remains constant at its average value of Vs

vL2  VC1  Vs (switch closed)

When the switch is open in the interval (1 - D)T,

vL2  Vo (switch open)

Since the average voltage across an inductor is zero for periodic operation,

v L2, sw closed   DT    v L2, sw open  1  D  T  0

Vs  DT   Vo 1  D  T  0
resulting in

 D 
Vo  Vs  
1 D 

6-35)

Vo 2 62
I L1  Is    1.2A
Vs R (15)(2)

Vo 6
D   0.286
Vo  Vs 6  15

Vs D (15)(0.286)
L1    35.7H
( i L1 )f 0.4(1.2)250,000

Vo 6
I L2  I o    3A
R 2
Vs D (15)(0.286)
L2    14.3H
( i L2 )f 0.4(3)250,000

VC2  Vo  6

Vo D D 0.286
VC2  Vo  or C2    28.6F
RC2f  Vo  2(.02)250,000
R f
 Vo 
C1  C2  28.6F
6-36)
Vo 2.7
D   0.231
Vo  Vs 2.7  9

2.7
R  2.7
1
Vo 2 2.72
I L1    0.30A
Vs R 9(2.7)

Vs D 9(0.231)
L1    57.7H
 i L1  f 0.4(0.30)300,000
I L2  I o  1A

Vs D 9(0.231)
L2    14.2H
 i L2  f 0.4(1)300,000

6-37)
iC  I L ,max  2.7 A.
VO , ESR  iC rC  (2.7)(0.6)  1.62 V .
VO , ESR 1.62
  0.054  5.4%
VO 30
Worst case : VO  VO ,C  VO , ESR  0.3  1.63  1.92 V .  6.4%

6-38)
Switch closed : vL  Vs  VQ
Switch open : vL  VO  VD
avg (vL )  0 : (Vs  VQ ) DT  (VO  VD )(1  D)T  0
 D 
 VO  VD  (Vs  VQ )  
 1 D 
6-39)
(1  D) R L 2 f 97.5(10) 6 (2)(40000)
a ) Lmin   Rmax    12.5 
2f 1 D 1  .375
b) For R=20 Ω, current is discontinuous:
   
   
2D 2(0.375)
Vo  Vs    48    21.4 V .
 8L   8(97.5)(10) 6 
 D D   0.375  (0.375) 
2
 
2

 RT   20 / 40000 
 18  Vo  21.4 V .
(1  D) R (1  0.375)(20)
c) Lf min    6.25
2 2
6.25 6.25
Increase Lf min : e.g., Lmin   157  H or f min   64.1 kHz
40000 97.5 mH

6-40)
2 Lf 2(120)(10) 6 (25000)
a ) Rmax    62.5  for continuous current
D(1  D) 2 0.6(1).6) 2
b) For R=100 Ω, the current is discontinuous:
 2 D 2 RT 
 1 1 
Vo  Vs  L 
 2 
 
 
 2(.6) 2 (100) / 25000 
 1 1 
120(10) 6
Vo  12    36 V .
 2 
 
 
 
 30  Vo  36 for 25  R  100
4.8 4.8
c) Lf min  4.8  L   192  H or f   40 kHz.
25000 120(10) 6
6-41) Discontinuous current for the buck-boost converter: Let DT be the time that the switch is
closed and D1T be the time that the switch is open and the current in the inductor is positive. For
a lossless converter, the output power is the same as the input power.

I D
Ps  Vs I s  Vs  max 
 2 
V DT
I max  s
L
2 2
V DT
Ps  s
2L
2
V
Po  o
R
Vs D T Vo2
2 2

2L R
Vo RT
D
Vs 2L

6-42) When switches “1” are closed, C1 and C2 are connected in series, each having Vs/2 volts.
When the “1” switches are opened and the “2” switches are closed, Vo = Vs of the source plus
Vs/2 of C1, making Vo = 1.5Vs.

6-43)
20W

p(t) for the MOSFET

10W

0W

(1.000m,405.19m)
Average P = 405 mW

-10W
0.990ms 0.992ms 0.994ms 0.996ms 0.998ms 1.000ms
W(M1) AVG(W(M1))
Time
6-44) Simulate the buck converter of Example 6-1 using PSpice. (a) Use an ideal switch and ideal
diode. Determine the output ripple voltage. Compare your PSpice results with the analytic results
in Example 6-1. (b) Determine the steady-state output voltage and voltage ripple using a switch
with an on resistance of 2 Ω and the default diode model

Using Ron =0.01 for the switch and n=0.01 for the diode, the p-p ripple voltage is 93.83 mV.
93.83/20 = 0.469%, agreeing precisely with the analytical results.

With Ron = 2 ohms, the p-p ripple is 90 mV, with a reduced average value.
6-45)
Note that for each converter topology, the average voltage across each inductor is zero,
and the average current in each capacitor is zero.

Buck Converter:
Show from Eqs. (6-9) and (6-17)
Is
Vo  Vs D and Io 
D

From the averaged circuit of Fig. 6.33b,

Is
I L  Io  i c and Is  Di c  Io 
D
Vap  Vs and Vo  DVap  Vo  DVs

Boost Converter:
Show from Eqs. (6-27) and (6-28) that
Vs
Vo  and Io  Is 1  D 
1 D

From the averaged circuit of Fig. 6.33c,

Vs
DVap  Vs  Vo and Vap  Vo  Vo 
1 D
Io  ic  Dic  ic  D  1 and Is  i c  Io  Is 1  D 
Buck-Boost Converter:
Show from Eqs. (6-47) and (6-49) and preceding equations that
 D 
Vo  Vs   and Is  I L D
1 D 

From the averaged circuit of Fig. 6.33d,

IL  ic and Is  Dic  Is  I L D

 D 
Vap  Vs  Vo and Vo  DVap  Vo  Vs  
1 D 

Ćuk Converter:
Show from Eqs. (6-59) and (6-61) that
IL1 D  D 
 and Vo  Vs  
IL2 1  D 1 D 
From the averaged circuit,

 D 
Vap  Vs  Vo and DVap  Vo  Vo  Vs  
1 D 
I L1 D
i c  Di c  I L2 and I L1  Di c  
I L2 1  D