balz: 7oqlaoal

Name:Dhancranu. A
Assignmont-I

Reg No:aiupGo500a PHa -Microwave Measoresments

Depart ment: ECE Submitttd to DrVenka ta kish6re
Explain e mehod ot measoramant of
low and high vswR uth nmat
aingrans
Answer - VsoR Stands-ov uoltage standtnq waue Ro-iO, and is

also aermd to as
standirq uwau. Ratio (suwe)
vswR is a
lunctlen ohe ullet ton toelfiuiont
which dasoribes the power uflact ed rom the
anknna
h e as clecten Coefiiant ts givan by Then the VstoR
sdftnod by he otlown or mtla
vswR-Vmar +1
Vmiol -r

.VSuR he ratlo of-he peak ampll+ude a standing

wav to miimom
armpli-4uda o a
sanding oave.

oltag

Ampletud

Detane Fom AnTna

me vsuR (S
alays a 3aal and postue number-ov aninnass
e sallar h e usuR ts, h betker +he aninna is matched toahe
Fonsm6sion lEne and h movo pouer is dale vuad to h e onlenna
he minimon vsoR s \o. 30his ose,
no poun ts aeflecked Cvom
he anunna
 mismatdh betwean the sourco ond loas
e l dagree
Used to determna.
ohen he ualue vswR+
method mtasuaoent s ostd
car be maasured b dotted
lEne sia
for usuoR values p t o about to. 3ts value con be ad dis0cel otina
sandirg wau datactor

he. maasUvemeconsists &impl4 of odusng attanuotor togive on

aduaualt aadirg maeq sudshaNhe Canq Anu f onsat and
h n osnohe dd voitmadr to maasua h e datator Voutpu a a
matimomN on he slotted seulton and han at he naaest minimum
h e satò oF he voltage manimum to he mntmom sues h e usuwR

SusR= ma Vmn

swR =mo|3ais
Vo) Vesin)

swR VswR

ysR momin) suoR

Hhods vsed dapends

on+he ualue of UsOR i ts h
whaehar ar

low. h lood is not exacely maches tohe line, stendne uao

atem s produad
Relections tan be mcasuaad tnerms o o t t o e , tussent or pow

mtasuamat osiy voutage ts peleaaud betause it ts simplfilg.

whe çlett ion ottu h e in idan and aucleted woues

wu aiSorte eadh oi n soma plates and in ohs-+
utand o con eah oshe out
 vauR
leasuamant ok low and high

siand ing uwaut sotio (uswP) is dasined

as Tatio bttwoen malfmum
he uolLage
line
andminimomCieud sHengh alenghe
EtEr
V.SwR=S- ma
Et-Er
Emi
2-o
aclakien Loec¢Lenk, P +2D
2+22D

ohas2isuhe tmpo.dance at poist on line, 2o is haaactale+

impedan

Turale
marer
Probe
Measuasment satop

mro aul
solatr uaaiable sloteod mouable
SouaceR
altenuato setion sho
un

figu set-or for uSoR masubumen

A mcasuaanat oF louo and medivm vswR

shown nheoboiu
Letup khe equipnant as

a a s voibus volkazes o r mari mun pcu output swh on-ssR meter

Keiping modaswi+th on nOTma pcsition

ushe probe osution and tuna he probe to

proutd mintmum
Probetouplq os-o i n t a wsh adequal swr maer voadigs
Aadusk ahe atanuator satng to obtato a medium dectection t
swR meker ln uodt
5onges
sle he probe caiage alorqhe slotétd seion to ob+ainhe
maimom daclaction En s u dar adjust ehe swR mer or
atttnuaion io obtains eakly u l t a sedia nhemeter
suOR ) n noma swr Scala d=o)
Keep all h e conwaol tnobs os tE is mou h grobe S r q slotetd
seionto a uoitoage mEnimum potn+ minirmom dacletlonn n e . w
Cneker). ead he ualue o swR, whth ts tnditatecd diautly, enhe
Sanding oaue inditator

e p c he aboue stepsorm Ci eob) at defaustuqsenúesCor he

ARCCaantleads|or diCfeaunk ss liner prooe doprhs and suceds he
LoTespondiqswP
N
h e suoR s bekuwean 3-0 and to
chargehe org da sth
n e t hiahan posiion and sod he vswRonhe sain vsuR

mesuaahe distance beruweanco adjaunt atntma ond colu el

aequen or adusw asa uarN maker o qet a dip tnha
ouput, noli douonu aca RA

E era

E
igua standirqtoau

obsauaiTnS
SuwR meter a a d

Load &) Loadu Load t)

B.Heasuaenent or High oswR

Asaanqehe, equpmert.os shown inhtiquae and 3upeat he

slps lo 5 as explaieetnhemeasuaamen olos and
medivm vSP) paat a

mouehe pacle alonq'uwith alotted lne unt a mnimuom is inditatec

eust ha usoRain tentrol kuob and baiable altenuatbr b
obyain a aading 2de of novmade o usuo? meter
mcue th
probe coaaiage by adislane lsshan.du touwad
qunater no doun his sosittn td), uha he meter
aoadi
aouble'orhe minimum aoodirg set p inslip c) ie utl scals
dcetton ede o0 o-Lode norma stale.
Hmov+he probe Caaatane+owoad load loss
han dlu to a,posion
wkshe muttr ading is aqain deubled, nol+ deonhis
postion
(d),ie Luu scale Jdela ton ode o-lode normal desuala
on

eplat he s-soner ond 4erminae

by mouable shot
oasuae h disant& bet twton
D utossiv rninimum
Posi+im ot probe
rcbeTwice his distance s udud wave

Compu he swR by-ottowiy couotion

SuoR

tput

d da
Paobe posttto)
obser vations

Minimwm
mcter Ycacknq, Pobt poion lor
adeinso
doutlehmater
anadiq at minimu
Guidd AJSuOP

uoaulerh
ode vrsuR maer

Lefehand Dgh hond

Stded

a) h a nea diagaam etplanhe maoSuaament ot aquanu usErg

slotttd Tnique.

\ine Teehnique.
Ansuotr Maasuaument o faaq acstr vsing slotttd

Equipmont Daqu'aud
mierO waul souace stvon or qonn dioda
a k on mount
3olato
u Uaialla atttnuaior
slotetd stion
GTable probe
CRD
L0aug.gulde siands
9 Lool Con
lot dagaam

slotted
mLroLoaue Tscdator raquen aaule
Soute maker Ptaualr sution

CRO
euor
mount

auu ssup Cor rzaguin Haasuen

FIquanu measuaemLnt potecdwgo

set phe eautemant as shouon inhe aboucauss

asuoch oN he miroauesouace ond CRO
maimom dedlectcn
adjust+he pouo soppa voltage for
u n o h e prdse of slotted t onCor marimom dacletien h e
CRO
6 adust ihe probe dapih inhe sdotted setion to h e minima

movh probe n g oth he slotted lin,he dacletien En

CRO u stat mot i h robe to mênimom dacleuton to a
aws a d i q Nol and atord b e robepicn
Auusatly loal L sosd h posiion oall menima by mouing
the pobe alonghe sottes nsutton
etrmEnehe distane betuoeen miniana
byarie a di¢¬an
oeroen suttessiua minima aaadiGs Lo he dishance be d'.
he quida waneoeh dg =gd minina
maasu h oau qusaa inndr bwad dinension a t ou
be aaound 33-86 mmor x-band CaluulalLiki utof
woveargh dczaa
LO
Lalala uoaulsseh b(
d
 dc a oheu a= 33 86mmn

ad-d)= aCAd mintmom)

acq utnt =
Obsma+Lens

ninima miniaa DFfane Calulal

3qucnU
da ldgd) d

u
5

()ELplain he mthod o mierouwau poe maasuoAmunt usig Bolomebr

nsut pouer is dafined as ihe Quantity of ener9y dissipated or stoed

per vniF+tm2
mirooaue p a r s dtulded into -lxee CateeoTes

loupouolessshan lomuw)
aodiom pouw (fsom lomuw to low) and
pou slA han io)
AvOaa po ontapt Cs vsee o airowaues

X Duby cuele
N

Th
qeneameasuaimcat 4echoique +or avuage power is to attach
pope- tal brated sansor tohetransmicsion he port a
u h N untuoun pou s to be measuaud

butpu vomhe sunsoT (s Connected o

POW meter.
an
apPropmt a l
 ht Pe pouty to ht sensor shenurnad of and -the poug meer
Aaotd-his opaaien ts okten aufeasud to as " r o sottine"
voinq
henuYnee on he senseri
uactln tohe nou
input
auel, snds a siaral to he pouR mater ardhe nto meer suodie
s obseaud
Sunsors o x h e maasuanent ot miuowau pow con be dúvidad
n+otwo taligories
1 Dwias whose ausisantachages w+h applud powea such
as
schotte dioda dekctors bolometer motouple,
ete uNdfor low powmtasuaaement)
e u a s hose ttmpeaatuao changes, uofsh ehe appliod poue
tke coloimeter used for madiom to ha maasUrement)
powen

Pou measuaumant-Bolomeker eridae Mathod

Bole netevs aas pouer atnsors that openali by changing aasislane due o
Cchange tnempasa l
change a+empeatue usutsrom Conver+eg Re
F
nerowaudens4 into haar Lohin +he bolometri lame4
Twus a a uoo
pthiple pes o bolo malers, borrettes and
wm4orS
Aborreter is a hin wire LkeaCuse made ot platnum o
+ungsten) hat has a
pos+beempaotus (oeffitent ok
usiane

metors o senLondukors wth a

neac+ve 4empeaatuo
CoeFfitien
Themslo Bareker

Pesistante

TVnmalus
 R
MUdtaue M.

www. A
B o m e

Vac

olomkers a usually opoatedin siandaad whatstone bridge taa

olo moker mouniqs paad bn one ofhe arms of she brtdge
tko asistane
e moLwau pout V inident onhe Ldometer changes
whith mbalans he brda
he chonges inhe galuano maber uaoa measuaes he tnúdont powy
pordionali calibraton ofgalvono meter too bedone Lo 3oad

epou
sineridge edomeuer

w
Bridqe >votmetar

to
cal tbraed
ampier aadcouer
m- 11
Rolomektr

de bias

sar
nttallyhe bridge is at ts balanked n d l n undan 220 intdan
PouRr

h e iarounua pouna oppted to bodo mater ovm u chage ts asistane

LOuLsing an vnbalance
c - 2 4 o paulr ls uordad n uoutmeker which is tolit rated
to sad h e laul npul miurduaa poo
sUpposA vnday alanced tondit ton, +he de bias
voitag o bolo metay
ts Eiand Ea ts he de bias o belomeor
votage ator miero waue
Enput is appliad
The change in de bias voutage ( e - ) is dixectly Praportioral
tohe N mieoaue powt
Diad vaniages of vsing sinae bri
he change o aesstante due to misma+h at he microwaue
tnpu paat usuuts tn intorect saodiq9
heher mfstor ts sensi+Rve &ochan
qes o
a0sutte tnCalsa saadin ambient+empaatuza
These disas vantags ton be oucoma
Si mio wave doubla bridao
Doube enidge eooneter

PPY bidge measuaos he miadwaue

Upow
heous bridge Lompensatos he
eGeck or
aniatton y>) ambientempasa-tua
e
adds muroLoauPown due s ns ma ts ompons atad byhe
negativeeed ban
w initial 2eoseting o e br s dona
wih no
inpu s anad appltes
by odjus+a EE¬o
20 absente otnput sgnal e she de
he a
biosing vo Haeaaoss
sunsor
balondn
psene o opuet signal Eais he de biosinq uoiage
aassna sensor a alon
 V

wm
vala
Amiier

ermistor

ww

BoOmetav
c b i o s

KBride

A n d l i t i e r

De

votme

A n p l 4

Poux

m s l o r

itmpre

w Comenichie

Ik

inde powr
s equa to h e dharga
The
avnage npul Foua
F-ea)CE+Ea)
Poug HR AR

amposo-uoas h e voitage change by AE,he change

For any chage in
in PF pou isatven by
E-E)(G-GSAE

up
ustd
AV
Sohsuord equaen ton be
SinttU+u >> , Ap=O,
dinedy tolual a avaa PoW
 Tuodartital diautional Louper aa vsd io a uauguida to campla he
nAan and acletd pourshe outpuk of +he Jwo toupn tefound
tobe a5muw and o 15m Find h a ualues ot usuR t n h e waun quids

solusien
qiven infovma+ios
he ntident power Pr= a-5muo

he Decledked pouerrom Loas Po- L5 mw

Petle cko meter P eeclecked powr P-j00

inttdent powe PtlioD

O5m

o a5m

2u5 - Ib5
+101 14-o u S
NoLD UswP +1 O 155
-oaus
-1C

VSUR="\66

A Dectangulan wau-guids wth dimansion o3xa em epasa+s in +h

TMu oda at to
42 ererminehe chaacar+ unue impeconce
soluio
qivenotoxno+ios
nodo THu
a 3

ba
1oH
TH
TM -(odc wha Ttrinsie tmpdance

9ab ax axa
3338 Cms
aa eHaya
 DX(D

Tm -(dola

aer-P
52-26
h e thaaaeiais i e impedanca ls 15á. a6

6Eplain he double mini meghad o maasuaiq uswR

Ansu ULR sta nds tox voltage stendinq, waue padio and is also
auktsaad ko as s+anding wau Da-io (suoR). USWR is aunctio-n o
dhe sutlatien tocc¢iüedt, ohth dasca~bts h e pour anclecedromhe
aniona 3 h e seclecttorn coeCCiuien t afvan b Thenhe
wr fe dfinas b heelloot omula

Vminl

heuswR {s aluwoys a saal ond posiive nvmber for anlinnas

. hesnall er +he vsuR is,he beter-ht annna s matched to he
ransmission lEne and the mor pouwer s daltvuod to h e aninng
h msinom usiR is \o So s tase ,nopou s aupletaSrom+he
antona
scd to d a n i e h e Aogyee o mismash betuvoenhe-So unce
and load uhen he alue Vus #1
. Meshods used doande on he value ot ususR wher s high or
Lous. he load s nd etactly matdhud lo he lEne, slondina
av patern is pvoduud
 ThLrO aa two i a s uswR measuasmunt

masuan ment ol low andmediom usuR S410 toltd as

diaut uswR maoas uaement method

amaasustmant ohigh uswR S>l0 taled as deuble miaimom

mdehod omcaaaig usuoR

Double mintmum method ok miasuaing vswR

Bloc Diag om Tunable SLOR

meker
Prob

mieouaua Ssolator Uaatalle slotted sltda moyable

Sourte attnualor sukibn tuner sho
usR moasuaomanr
qus : sek-upov

Measuaemnt protacduae

satupht ipmen as dhon inhe aboueguse

3adust voaious voltagesr mavimm pout outpur sotueh n swp
mektr vepig nodastolh en roTmal poion"

adushe probe Ensutin and une he poobe+o ppide minimum

U Probe touplnq nsis+en wh odaasa swR maer asadiras
a d u s t h e attenuator suting o obiain h e daclechien ca h e

5 s d he probe tariaqe alarnqa slettad seedin to ebiain e

mation decletëedWin soR neker adus e soR muter or
ettanuin o obains eaby lu s c a l Saadisa. in-h
meter
mouohe probeong hu slotted lEne vil l a mintmum s irdal
adust h e usuon q i ^ . o r o l buob ond uaiable attnvator
VJ obiaio a Suadinq o 3 d e n o m a l de o usoR meter
movoh paobt caaaiag by a distanta lasshan dlu +owa
gtunalY noli dounks position di), wua he mneter
Sadfrqs doule ofhe mtnimon 3eding se up n i p 2
u u Vscale decleei bn ode o-lodo nosmal s cale
movehe probe comiaqeLowaad oad lashan dlu to o
eosition
m t e r i n g s again doutd noli deunlis
a i o n os d

aPeplatehes-soner ond erniat by oouable shot

D maasule +ne disjanla betuen w o

sucesesive mnimom
o n s of proberoitehs disson s gudud uoouelasg

So minimor Probeposetiun
mater
pscctin
o doule+he
merodinq
d-dGuidd
toawelnqh
aatamom a)
Dde un w? mder tad)
Lett handa
sided hordsida

byollowinq Eaualeo
pulhe s u
Ldd)
output

d robe postion
 he diseae uonstant and ettectiue diglurie Lneant
tn a

tplain
merostip lene
AnswY Meros
puale
vasymmedrial saripline ha- s noheng
but a
s an
mievostlene
plaltanenission lind hauq dielekric substalt,he efae f which
matalsed ground and ouher"(top)lae has auhiy condutig Hip
of
Corlatn ofdh tw) ond ahitLness

/ Coverplal

Conduc
w

E dielubricsvkstalr

Tround plane
auau miuo sip lne h a rsali

Someimes a tovnplali is used lor hicdng purpose but tE is tept muc

aouahanhe ground plae so as notcccet he mioostr d
Tyu on trostni, lEnes
ambeddad mioostr
nvarted miurosris
3scbstendsd miuodtrip
alottad maos+rir
chava auiotit mr

2o I n h orhd
o r= dialetu torstant dhe ambien mediom
h e h high Lrom ha ceer of h e wire to -+he
roundan
 20 n5a0h

o 1

tallgshe 2o ls batwten Fo eo o

ubrud
fnogn-tLfiu

Graune
au k luiuss in mioarip
-aypropagoion tase he sieral s s a l
beluuunha tondles

Lossus în mtero awip len

) s i l i locus
3padiaton lessus
Didu wnstart

Dieus onston s a mosuA o

Aaon orte iiany o ans-fer of
Prmiab0tJ fs nadiom is
sr
a
maosu3a h e <CCtuonty of
oagnsfortohile Londivi Jg
h e ecetian she muesu
ansher ie dhaqe
 l and
ohich is a non-maqnetic insulator -o,

ov cnpe polhtne
be measuaad.
Esa-Cinili value hat con

dielula t a n t has a anal and maginar4 fat

h e tompe
ven

olj)
eoDedactrie onstant inLraa spate _vaLume
to stoae ee>y
abtli+y of dielutrie
ot engy inuh
masuae o dispertios
mediwmn

> D i l t e tonstant also aakeasud to as pearne+t of h e madium

Can be witan as

tohe
-otans
an6 _|

and LossLarqsat

Sfetve oieleuri tonstant

h e Gffeutive dieluic unsAant eF Somtuohat lesshan
substat dialacmic tonetar also tuon as he sulaive permitivil

heCukive disleii wnsloa L o mrosep len s

calals by

ukan)1
1+120 +ooy 1-(
 whn E

he eCfeevn didulke tonstant is seam be auneiern ot

hu aaio of ht widuh o the hiah+ of +he microstrip neld)
as weil ashe disJetie tons+ans ofhe subst-rae maleial
Denwe he waue e uatinfor a Tm waue and obtain al +hefMud
tomponu s tna ukaraulan uwauequtd

nsurouquide a holoo mekalle tube of untlerm caoss sekienlor

TonS meti eletromaanelie waves by sUeecive auclectiens rom h e

nne wauls ihJube s talled oaucqut d
V
Dectangu Sasi waue quid.

tgu -Rectangulan wave quids

THe toatle of he wauegutda ax mada oideal condutor and he

medtuCutgihe watauids is tdaal dislecerit
AssUmptiGns.
he wavnguidL is
inftnitalg Long, orien+ed alnqihe 2-axis,and
ontsormleng ts ngsh
wauaguida s nstructadrom Tdsal maleials
FiCtds aa ime-haamone
propagoton oTM Loauc6 to nectanqulan waue quice
w0ut 4uarion is to be sdued -lov C toh oppropriali boundao
Lndiins o caatesian to-ordinalis he uwaue aquotiunor
Con be wT{ten os

w ueF2=D

above equasten on be soued byhe sepasien o uaiaes e

assUmig hat Gis atuen os

kia)= xe)
yt)>(&) e
he eids aa assumed to be oF sinvsoidal wih
nauae an
agula
auenty w

sobsttusing hs solution. ot and

- aa3anginqhe terms
h waudtenuatin b neS

functiono
funckion o
unino Lonstan
X ony

sinahe cqoin is +o besaisiad o 2y value of x,V,7

n ach4am in cquatios) must be tonstan+

+A -d
X d
y
dy

u Aand P a a l tonatantshe Paaneder e fs tomnenla,

atlud as modal phase CbsHa
 Aoau phenomenn Co x 2 dizet io ohidh con b prope sasra sertae
by puailng nmqatve sin tnroni ot- tenslans B ,and
a

p
nstead o neqoAve sian i h postve siqn was used he solu+iom
wil haul s u aponanial
unetlons wh woud not aupus ent
he oaua pheo nDmOAD
solutien tobse tauoions ton
b mpea appropriotely
wrten as

X=CLopAL+sioAL standi wave

y: C cop BYCy Siney tendia oaue

2: C5 e 2 -ranta.uoabe
assunehat wasauid is of iftaitke lagh,oe ton ake al
oaLravalling wave tn disutlon

F2C6 ti cop AL+ SsioaL) ( Ctopey+Cu siney)e

Doundaay onditio A:

cox-o lkods to Cd
Boundaay tondi++iom2
Eo o leads to Cz =o
The equauin of now redues lo
CsinCAx) * sin(ey) 4e
oundaay londilon 3
E2 X=a laads to

Aa zmr Az +] a

Doundoay tondi+ion us

Foy=b leads
Bb: B/
ou mand n a ntavs

Ssuostio+i or A ond , we au +h soluimoT Eas

 a

nL an qeh, he ualues o ansvese Lompenents ErtHrHrom

&udinal tomponesé Eond H

o tose o Tm mode, as H,o h e allour Lranporse Tnponnts con

be obtained rom G2 nl

ha

H
b

Hy u = m c coplmrl)siolory )EJP
b

whu,h is ranpuuse pro pagain nstan aivan by

h wu-
Lrom he obove eauation

also, we have

A m Az
Bb n nrlb
wieh Jands s

- -
obseYa4iens or
M mode

h i a t d s etis-ing tn sh disal dudric ond rnoanetieitud

pottern taiied modes oF wautguid

Aieuds
A tids compontnts vary sinveoidal to x and y dieetiens

3 ATanb verse uds ao +o 2 tt e u n m or n is o

oh tndies mond n have to be on-2aor etstane
o heTM moc

TMnmo andTM mocas annot eist

Consgusnely ihe lowst orde moda ohith ton euis+ is

medsmu moda

DQw a ncat satch ota Mw s t benchTor medanca maasuaes

atleckome-
Answur A utletometer unsists ot w o iden-ital d i s t ional touplar

connuted opposila +o eoch o

ne rg Coupea is
Loupled + o hlorpaad usaue, whaas as
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ments using saplekomuker.

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ts
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