Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Pramod George
PPT-1
Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

MME 4071: JET PROPULSION AND ROCKET TECHNOLOGY

 Jet Propulsion, Thrust equation, Efficiencies: Ram efficiency, thermal efficiency, propulsive efficiency,
propeller efficiency.
 Propulsive Devices: turbo jet, turbo prop engine, turbo shaft engine, Ram jet, pulse jet.
 Rocket Propulsion, Principle of rocket propulsion, thrust equation, Criteria for Rocket-Motor Performance-
specific impulse, total impulse.
 Chemical Rockets: Solid propellant rockets, types of solid propellant, burning rate, solid propellant grain
configurations.
 Liquid propellant rockets, Feed systems and injectors.
 Gaseous propellant rockets
 Developments in Rocket Technology: nuclear propulsion systems, Electrical propulsion and Hybrid rockets.

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

References

1. Zucrow, “Aircraft and Missile Propulsion”, Vol I and II, John Wiley, New York. 1958.

2. Jain J K, Gas Turbine Theory and Jet Propulsion, (7e), Khanna Publishers. New Delhi, 1972.

3. Mathur M L and R P Sharma, “Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion”, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi, 2000.

4.Yahya S M, “Fundamentals of compressible flow with aircraft and rocket propulsion”, New Age International Pvt

Ltd. New Delhi, 2004.

5. Ganesan V, “Gas Turbines”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 2005

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Propulsion
 It is the act of moving or pushing an object forward.
 It imparts a force to change the velocity of a body, affecting
both its speed and direction.
 This force is called as thrust

Jet propulsion
 It is a propulsion of a body using the momentum of rearward
discharge of a jet of fluid.
 The rearward jet creates a reaction force causing forward
propulsion of a body

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Types of Propulsion Systems

 Propeller based propulsion – Internal Combustion Engines
 Air breathing System – Vehicle carries own fuel and surrounding air is used as an
oxidizer for combustion and thrust generation
 Rocket Propulsion - Vehicle carries own fuel and oxidizer to generate thrust
 Space Propulsion – Frequent use of small pulses to generate thrust

Propeller Gas turbine Rocket Space

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Propeller based propulsion – Internal Combustion Engines

IC engines perform four basic operations

– Intake: Fuel and air must be brought into the engine
– Compression: Fuel-air mixture must be compressed
– Power: Fuel-air mixture must be ignited for the gases to provide engine power
– Exhaust: Gases must be cleared for the next cycle

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Air breathing System

 Turbo machinery based  Pure-duct based
- Turbo jet - Ram jet
- Turbo fan - Scram jet
- Turbo prop - Pulse jet

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Air breathing System – Turbo machinery based

Turbojet Engine - Aircraft
• Simplest and earliest gas turbine
• Air flows continuously through engine
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power (combustion)
SR-71 Engine
4. Exhaust
Power Exhaust

Compression
Intake

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Air breathing System – Turbo machinery based

Turbofan Engine - Aircraft
• Modern military and commercial aircraft
• Combines best of high and low speed and altitude performance
• Two airstreams
– Center core of air sent through process similar to basic turbojet
– Some air passes around this center turbojet
– Ratio of two streams is bypass ratio

Boeing 767 Engine

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Air breathing System – Turbo machinery based

Turboprop Engine - Aircraft
• Turbine engine turns propeller
• Propellers develop thrust by moving large mass of air through small
change in velocity
• Used in low speed transport aircraft and small commuter aircraft

Dr Vijay Varade, Adjunct Faculty, School of Engineering and IT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai 10
Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Air breathing System – Pure duct based

Ram jet and scram jet Engine – Aircraft and missile
• No compressor
• High pressure is produced by "ramming" external air into the combustor
using the forward speed of the vehicle
• Ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic velocities before combustion
(Propulsion suitable up to Mach 5)

• Airflow in a Scramjet is supersonic throughout the entire engine

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Air breathing System – Pure duct based

Pulse jet – Military application
• It is a lightweight form of jet propulsion
• Combustion occurs in pulses
• Have a poor compression ratio
• There are two basic types of pulsejets – valved and valveless
• impractical for other than military

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Rocket Propulsion
• Produces thrust by ejecting stored matter
• Rockets can be classified by propulsion
– Liquid
– Solid
– Gaseous
• Other classifications
– Expendable or reusable
– Number of stages
– Size of payload
– Manned or unmanned

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Rocket Propulsion
Liquid propellant Rocket
• Fuel mixed with oxidizer and burned
• Gases escape out the nozzle to generate thrust

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Rocket Propulsion
Solid propellant Rocket
• Fuel burned to generate gases
• Gases escape out the nozzle to generate thrust

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Rocket Propulsion
Gaseous propellant Rocket

• Gas propellants are occasionally used in some applications

• Largely impractical for space travel
• Next generation rocket can be powered by methane

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Space Propulsion Application en.wikipedia.org

 Launch Vehicles
 Ballistic Missiles
 Earth Orbiting Satellites
 Upper Stages
 Interplanetary Spacecraft
 Manned Spaceflight
www.army-technology.com

www.britannica.com blog.wired.com
www.psrd.hawaii.edu
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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Space Propulsion Functions

 Primary propulsion

- Launch and ascent

- Maneuvering

- Orbit transfer, station keeping, trajectory correction

 Auxiliary propulsion

- Attitude control

- Reaction control

- Momentum management

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Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology 1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion and Rocket Technology

Space Propulsion System Classification

Space propulsion systems are classified by the type of energy source used

Stored Gas Chemical Electric Advanced

• Electrothermal • Nuclear
• Electrostatic • Solar thermal
• Electrodynamic • Laser
• Antimatter

Solid Liquid Hybrid

Pressure Fed Pump Fed

Bipropellant Monopropellant

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