CHAPTER 4:

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
IN THE 17" CENTURY

A representation of humans adapting to the continuous changes brought about by science and technology
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Age of Enlightenment (18th Century)
Copernican Revolution
Darwinian Revolution
Freudian Revolution
Information Age
Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. - 3rd Century A.D.)
Middle East (17th Century)
African Revolution

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. Define paradigm shift;

2. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology;

3. Trace the history of science and technology in different eras and civilization; and

4. Enumerate scientific and technological advancement made by People and some civilizations of the
seventeenth century.
Change is hardest at the beginning, messiest in the middle and best at the end.
Robin S. Sharma

The world is in constant flux. Everything, including all the material things and ideas, may change accordingly
based on the facts which are an output of human curiosity. Seeking answers to human questions added scientific
facts, evidence, and concepts in the network of knowledge understandable by man. It means that the more
questions asked, the more knowledgeable humans become.

In order for us to enumerate and understand the major shifts in the history of science and technology, we
must be familiar with the most important scientific events that changed and shaped our society during the time
of Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud. In addition, we have to study the intellectual
changes in Mesoamerica, Middle East, and Africa.

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (18th Century)

The Age of Enlightenment is a period in Europe in the 18th century when many writers and thinkers began to
question established beliefs. These beliefs include the authority of kings or of the Church, in favor of reason and
scientific proof. The idea developed that everyone was of equal value and had equal rights.

Copernican Revolution

The theories and ideas from ancient thinkers about the natural world and the universe laid a foundation of how
we understand astronomy today. Though there is only a small number of extraordinary thinkers during the time
of antiquity, there is always a divergence of theories and ideas of philosophers during that time. The fact that
the Earth is not the center of the solar system is only one of the results of scientific revolution. Mathematics was
the common tool used by ancient astronomers to explain the motion of celestial bodies and on the latter
combined with actual observations that provided enough evidences proving that the sun is. the center of the
solar system. The remarkable contributions of Ancient astronomers to the development from Geocentric to
Heliocentric model of the Universe are listed in table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Notable contributions of ancient astronomers to the development of the universe.

Aristotle (384-322 B.C., Greek) Proved that the earth is spherical. Earth was at
the center of the universe, i.e., sun, planets the
earth. and stars were located in sphere that
revolved around

Aristarchus (310-230 B.C., Greek) The first to propose the idea that the Sun was
the center of the universe.
Hipparchus (190-120 B.C., Greek) Considered to be the greatest astronomer of
ancient times.
Measured earth's distance to the moon.-
Discovered the wobbling of the earth.

Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 A.D. Used Hipparchus observations. to develop the

Ptolemaic Greek) System which describes the
earth as the center of the universe with sun,
moon, planets and stars revolving around it in a
circular orbit.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543, Polish) Concluded that the sun and not the earth is the
center of the universe.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Italian) Supported Copernican model of the universe.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630,German) Formulated the Three Laws of Planetary

Motion.
 Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) is a biologist who was famously known for his works on evolution and
the process of natural selection. He studied Divinity in Cambridge where he met Adam Sedgwick (1785-1973)
and the naturalist John Henslow (1796-1861) who brought back his interest in biology and geology.

With the teaching of the church and the influence of Henslow, Darwin also rejected the idea of Lamarck that
acquired characteristics are inheritable. His faith altered after his five years mapping expedition with the British
Army in 1831 headed by Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865) of the ship named H.M.S Beagle. He made
observations on diversity of organisms, fossils, comparison to South American organisms, comparison among
the organisms in the Galapagos Islands and adaptation which laid the foundation to develop his theory of
evolution and natural selection.

Evolution, as explained by Darwin, occurs by means of natural selection. In addition, natural selection might
occur because of the following reasons:

a. Overproduction and variation—some species produce many offspring but not all of these young will
survive. It means not all of the offspring do not have the characteristics to survive in the environment.

b. Competition and selection—competition may or may not be direct but. The idea is always on the survival
of organism. The organisms that survived more likely reproduce which transfer their characteristics to their
offspring.

c. Environmental change—the environment will not adjust for the organism bnut. rather it is always the
organism that will change to adapt to the environment

Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) explained how human mind works and cures its mild mental illness. He call this
method psychoanalysis and its main goal is to make unconscious conscious. He also developed topographical
and structural model of the mind to basically explain the sources of human behavior.

The Topographical Model of the Mind

According to the topographical model of Freud, the mind is

divided into three regions. These are the subconscious,
preconscious, and conscious mind.

a. Conscious mind — consists of thoughts that focus on the

present state of the mind.

b. Preconscious mind — consists of what can be retrieved from

the memory.

c. Subconscious mind — consists of primitive desires, wishes

or impulse which is mediated by the preconscious mind

The Structural Model of the Mind

The structural model of Freud elaborates his topographical model which preconscious mind is then divided into
superego, ego, and id.

a. Ego-drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy the demands of id as it operates the conscious and
unconscious mind.

b. Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival instinct of man and Thanatos the death or destructive instinct of man.
c. Super-ego- operates based on the principles of morality t t drive man to become socially responsible and
behave in an acceptable manner. It basically means that super-ego drives a man to follow the rules and resolves
the conflict between the ego and the id.

Information Age
People view communication as one of the most important tools in understanding society. Communication is
defined as the act or process of using words, so, the hse, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information
or to express ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. It took a lot of time for communication to prosper
and develop to what is being used today. Along with the development of technology, impacts of distance,
location, and time were eradicated.

Most of us believe that the beginning of the Information Age is the time when computer were made
available to people since computer is the greatest tool used to access the world wide web. Information Age,
according to Alberts and Papp (1997) in their paper entitled The Information Age: An Anthology on Its Impact
and Consequences is divided into three modern information revolution: First Modern Information Revolution,
Second Modern Information Revolution and Third Modern Information Revolution.

These are the most important events during the modern information revolution:
First Modern Information Revolution (Mid-19th century)

• The invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse (1791-1872).

• Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) patented.-the first telephone.
• Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) proved the feasibility of radio communications,
i.e. sending and receiving of radio signals.

Second Modern Information Revolution (Mid-20th century)

• Lee DeForest (1873-1961) Early generation computers were made available to everyone
• . • Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1926-1931) Television as one of the best communication tools.
• Sergci Korolev (1957) Artificial satellites were built and linked the world.
• Claude E. Shannon (1916-2001) quantified information and measured it in bits.

Third Modern Information Revolution (1980's) the third modern information is labeled as "knowledge
revolution." This period is only about the development of communication-related les that improved society.

Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C.-3rd Century A.D.)

The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word mesos meaning
"in the middle." This period is characterized by the following
civilizations:

Olmecs (1500 B.C.-400 B.C.)

The top of the society are priests and nobles who lived in
ceremonial centers

. • Normal people lived in farming villages around the elites.

• Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks as portraits of rulers.

• Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone. Colosal head carved by the Olmecs from
Volcanic rocks

• The mother culture of Mesoamerica.

Mayans (300 B.C.-900 A.D.)

Developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture

and raised bed farming

. • Organized into city-state without political unity but

bounded economically.

• Developed numbering system including place value and

the concept of zero.

• Developed hieroglyphic form of writing that were used

for recording astronomical observations, rituals and
religious matter but was burnt during the invasion of
Spanish conquerors

. • Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260 days.

Aztecs (12th-15th Century)

• Built chinampas or "floating gardens" to plant

crops.

• Built empire which has a ruler with his council

consisting of nobles, priest, and military leaders.
• Developed a calendar with 365 days and a
ritual
calendar with 260 days.

• Believed that illness is a punishment fro m

the gods but still uses herbs and medicine
for treatment
Chinampas or “ Floating gardens”

Middle East (17th Century)

Middle East is a term used to describe a geographic location that extends from. Egypt to Afghanistan where
Islam arose. Islam, however, is a religion of right actions, rules, and laws that began in the 7th century and
follows the teachings of Muhammad who was believed by Muslims as the messenger of God. Islam is also an
Arabic word meaning "submission to God." Islamic rules are symbolized by five obligatory acts or the five
pillars of Islam: Witness (Shahada), Worship (Salat), Fasting (Sawm), Tithing (Zakat), and Pilgrimage (Hajj). If
the Roman Catholic Church has the "Bible," Islam, on the other hand, also has its holy book called Qur'an
(`Koran').
Seemingly different to other ancient civilizations like Europe, Islam as religion plays an important role not
only in Arab ways of living but also in the advancement of science. The pursuit of knowledge is included in the
teachings of Prophet Muhammad. These practicality of Islam and openness to embracing knowledge resulted to
some advancement in the field of geography, medicine, and mathematics.

Contributions to Geography

• Salat prayers require knowledge in geography to know the direction of the Qublah, i.e., the direction that
should be faced when Muslims pray.
• In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps including a world map that has continents, mountains, rivers
and famous cities.
• Al-Muqdishi, a geographer, also produced an accurate colored map.
• Muslims are great navigators for the expeditions of other countries. Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher
Columbus imported Muslim navigators.
Contributions to Mathematics

• Muslims invented symbols to express an unknown quantity.

• Made use of zero and decimal system.
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (early 9th century), one of the first directors of the House of Wisdom,
introduced algebra in solving equation.

Medical Contributions

• Arabs made use of human cadaver to study and understand its anatomy and physiology.
• al-Husayn ibn-Abdallah Ibn-Sind or Avicenna (ca. 970-1037) wrote an encyclopedia of medical
knowledge. This work was translated into Latin and was used as a textbook in Europe up to seventeenth
century.
• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyd al-Razi (854-925 CE) spearheaded the construction of the first
Islamic afrs (hospital).

African Revolution

Africans like other Eastern civilizations are pioneers of some advancement science and technology. They
worked 'independently without any influence of European science. Some remarkable works of Africans were in
the field of mathematics, metallurgy, architecture and engineering, astronomy, medicine, and navigation. The
remarkable contributions of Africans are the following

• Africans made use of the first method of counting.

• The modern co ncepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and used today in high schools was first
developed in Africa.
• Used advanced techniques for furnace 1800 °C that made it fuel efficient which was 200 to 400°C hotter
compared to 1600°C-furnace used by the Romans.
• Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11 interconnected rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia
which are considered as wonders of the world.
• Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people.
• Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and constellascience tions to calculate and establish an
accurate calendar.
• Pioneered some medical practices like installation of false teeth, filling of dental cavities, broken bone
setting, bone traction, vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting, and autopsy.
• Made use of plants like the bark of salix capensis as source of aspirin, kaopectate for treating diarrhea and
Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of reserpine for hypertension and snakebite.
• Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load of 80 tons

SUGGESTED READINGS/WEBSITE/VIDEOS/FILM CLIPS ------------------------------------------------------

History Spark Notes. (2017). The enlightenment (1650-1800). Available at http://www.

sparknotes.com/history/european/enlightenment/context/

Popova, M. (n.d.). Brain Pickings. Standing on ithe shoulders of giants: The story behind newton's famous
metaphor for how knowledge progresses. Retrived from https://www. brainpickings.org/2016/02/16/newton-
standing-on-the-shoulders-of-giants/

9 intellectual consequences of the 17h century scientific revolution. Retrived from http://www.
ifa.hawaii.edu/users/joseph/9.IntellectualConsequences.pdf