workability test

slump test

compaction factor CR≤1

size of compressive strength cube 150mm

Characteristic strength not more than 5% result fall

Ft = fck + KS Fcube≈1.25fcylinder (dead law125)

Definition K
Concrete Ft = fck + KS
0 ∞
M25 M is mix ,25 is characteristic strength
5% 1.65
28 days FOS= 1.5
50% 0
Splitting tensile strength / flexural strength/ modulus of rupture
fcr=0.7√fckN/mm2

Shrinkage strain of concrete for RCC design ɛst =0.0003 (due to cement)
2𝑃
Cylinder split test tensile strength Fcr=
πDL

Minimum grade of concrete = M20 ( nominal cover 20mm )

Normal rainfall=M25 (30mmNominal Cover)

Heavy rainfall / coastal area / permanent submerged=M30; 45m

sea spray=M35

Tidal zone=M40 75mm ●Deformation in concrete due to sustained loading is creep

Secant modulus / static modulus of elasticity / modulus of elasticity (for concrete)

EC=5000√fck after creep ɛce=

𝐸𝑐 5000√fck
= Age of loading 𝜃
1+𝜃 1+𝜃
7 days 2.2
Test of concrete
28 days 1.6
Destructive test

(1) load test used in precast construction One year or more 1.1

(2) core cutter test road construction (corer cut road)

 Grade of concrete Individual test result
NDT
M15 Fck -3 N/mm2
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test / dynamic modulus of
elasticity M20 or Above Fck -4 N/mm2
●For test data standard deviation calculation
minimum 30 sample required

LSM

𝑓𝑦
Design stress of Steel= 1.15=0.87fy , FOS lab, factory

𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝟎.𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌
Design stress of concrete= 0.45fck, =1.65, ==0.45fck lab, lab Beam, site any loading
𝟏.𝟓 𝟏.𝟓

FOS concrete 1.5, FOS steel 1.15

Characteristic load 95% probability not being fall

Partial FOS :

Load combination Limit state of collapse Limit state of serviceability

DL LL WL/EL DL LL WL/EL

DL+LL 1.5 1.5 - 1 1 -

DL+WL/EL 1.5x0.9 - 1.5 1 - 1

DL+LL+WL/EL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1 0.8 0.8

*0.9 if DL providing stability against overturning and sliding

Maxm Strain in Concrete (Compression) [Bending 0.0035, Axial Comp. 0.002]

0.87𝑓𝑦
Maxm Strain in Steel (Tension)at the time of Failure should be>0.002+ 𝐸𝑠

For fe500=0.0042, fe415=0.0038 fe 400 =0.0037 (50-8=42,43-3=38, 40-3=47)

Xulim= 0.53d(fe250)

= 0.48d(fe415)

= 0.46d(fe500)

● LSM failure Criterion for Concrete beams &Column is Based on Maxm Principal Strain Theory

LSM Concrete for Flexure Area of Stress Block =0.36fck Xu

Section always fail due to Crushing of Concrete

UnderR/F=Tension failure/secondary Comp.failure, Xu( Depth of Neutral Axis)<Xulim(Critical Depth or
limit)

Area of Tension R/F < Area of Required Balanced R/F section

OverR/F = comp.failure/Primary Comp.Failure, Xu> Xulim

Area of Tension R/F > Area of Required Balanced R/F section

Moment of Resistance

If in Question there is nothing about Ast (no. of bar, dia) then use Balanced Section Formula:
𝑓
MR = 0.148fckbd2(fe250), MR = 0.138fckbd2(fe415), MR = 0.135fckbd2(fe500), Astlim=0.414( 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )Xulimb
𝑦

If in Question there is information like no. of bar, dia then

Step1-find Xulim, Step2- find Xu, (0.36fck Xulimb=0.87fyAst),

Step3-find types of Section: - under R/F(Xu< Xulim), Over R/F (Xu> Xulim), Balanced (Xu= Xulim)

Under R/F, MR=0.36fck Xub(d-0.42 Xu) or 0.87fyAst(d-0.42 Xu)

Over R/F , MR = fst Ast(d-0.42 Xu)

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.85
bd
≥ 𝑓𝑦
(To prevent Sudden Failure), Astmin for ( fe250=0.34%, fe415=0.20% , fe500=0.17%)

AstMax in Comp.&Tension Both= 4%of Gross Area(0.04bD)

Clear Cover at bottom= 50-16/2-12=30mm

Flange Section is more economical than rectangular.

T-Beam behave as Rec. Beam with width equal to its flange if its neutral Axis remain within flange.

Design of Beam

Simply Supported beam Leff Minm (Lc+d, b1/2+Lc+b2/2)

Minm Nominal Cover

Slab Beam Column Footing

IS456 20mm 20mm 40mm 50mm

Sp34 20mm 25mm 40mm 50mm Cantilever beam

Leff= Lc+d/2

OR Dia Bar whichever is Greater

OR Dia of Bar whichever is Greater

Longitudinal R/F: Astmin/bd≥0.85/fy & Astmax=0.046bD (Problem in Compaction)

Side R/F If web depth >750mm then provide it. Spacing≤300mm, 1% of Gross web area provided.

Horizontal R/F: (1) Dia of bar if bar are equal size

(2) Dia of Large dia bar if bar are unequal size (3) Nominal size of Coarse Aggregate+5mm

Centre to centre Spacing (fe250 300mm,fe415 180mm, fe500 150mm)

Deflection criteria

In Question see with after Erection Minm(Span/350, 20mm)

Without After Erection Span/250, In PSC Span/300

Deflection Control:

Type of beam 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 High Grade of steel produce more Deflection.

𝐷
In Beam b/d ratio range is 0.3 to 0.7
Cantilever 7
𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇
Deep beam: Consider based on 𝑫
,
Simply Supported 20
𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇
Continuous 26 𝑫
=Minm(1.15Lc , c/c distance b/w support)

𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇
<2(S.S. beam), <2.5(Continuous beam),
𝑫 𝑫
𝑉𝑢
Shear: Nominal shear τv= ; τv< τc Then Minm Shear R/F is provided. τc Design shear
𝑏𝑑

τcmax=0.63√fck(τcmax Depend on Grade of Concrete only, Based on Diagonal Compression)

𝜎𝑠 ∅ 0.87𝑓𝑦 ∅
Bond Detailing: In LSM (tension) Development length Ld= =
4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4𝜏𝑏𝑑

Permissible bond stress in deformed bar is more than 60% of Plain bar.

HYSD bar bond stress shall be increased by 60%.

(Comp.) for bar in comp. bond stress should be increased by 25%.

Lap Length: for Dia>32mm Not Desirable, Comp. lap length= Maxm (Ld, 24φ)

Bending tension Lap length= Maxm (Ld, 30φ), Direct tension lap length= Maxm (2Ld, 30φ)

Equivalent Anchorage at 90°=8φ, Standard hook or 180°= 16φ

Splicing: in RCC where BM.<1/2 of Maxm BM. of beam

 1.3𝑀 𝑀
Simply supported Ld≤( 𝑉
+L0) , At the point of inflection Ld≤( 𝑉 +L0)

1.6𝑇 𝑇 𝐷
Torsion: Veq=𝑉+ ; Meq=M+ (1 + )
𝑏 1.7 𝑏

Column: 𝝺=leff /Lateral Dimension, 𝝺x=leff,x/D, 𝝺y=leff,y/b

(Pedestal)𝝺Max≤3; (Short Column) 3<𝝺Max<12;

[ (Long Column) 𝝺Max≥12; Mux=Pul2eff,x/2000D, Muy=Pul2eff,y/2000b] perpendicular to axis

𝐿unsupported 𝑏 𝑂𝑟 𝐷
Minm Eccentricity emin= Maxm[( 500
+ 30 ), 20mm]

Longitudinal Bar: Minm R/F=0.08% of gross area; Maxm R/F= 6% of gross area

Minm dia of bar=12mm Minm Nominal Cover= Maxm (40mm, Dia of Bar)

Minm 4 bar for Rec.Section; Minm 6 bar for Circular & Helical Section.

Maxm spacing along periphery=300mm

Spiral/Helical R/F: Load bearing capacity 5% more than lateral ties.;

Concrete is subjected to tri-axial compression.

𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑔

Condition for spiral R/F 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒
≥ 𝑓 (𝐴 − 1)
𝑦 𝑐

Effective Longer span 𝐿𝑦 𝐿𝑦

Slab: one way slab aspect ratio = Effective 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 =𝐿 >2; Two way slab 𝐿𝑥
≤2
𝑥

Flat slab: Minm thickness 125mm; used in shorter storey height, Cheaper from work, Better lighting
facilities; Drops are provided to resist Shear; Enlarge head of supporting Column is called Capital.
𝐷
Solid/main slab: Dia≯ 8 ; Minm R/F=0.15%of gross area(Mild steel); Always provided in Bottom;

Minm R/F=0.12%of gross area (HYSD); Maxm spacing of main bar Minm (3d,300mm)

Maxm spacing of Secondary/distributed bar Minm (5d,300mm)

Horizontal distance=B/W primary bar

Vertical Distance=B/W Secondary bar

Deflection Control: Deflection in RCC slab or beam is limited to 0.4% of span.

Support Fe250(Mild) Fe415(HYSD)

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
BM Coff. For Continuous RCC Slab is
S.S. 35 Depth> 0.8X35=28 Depth >
35 28 based on Yield line theory.

Continuous 40 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 Shrinkage in Concrete slab Cause

Depth > 40
0.8X40=32 Depth > 32
Tension Crack.

Footing:

Minm slab thickness in footing is150mm. Minm Nominal cover is 50mm.

𝐴2 𝐴2
Maxm bearing strength 0.45fck√ ; √ ≯2
𝐴1 𝐴1

8𝑃ℎ
PSC Analysis: Wp= upword
𝐿2

PSC: in Pretension Minm grade of concrete is M40; in Posttension Minm grade of concrete is M30:

Grade of Spacing B/W bar Shrinkage Loss

Concrete

Pre tension M40 ≥Maxm (3×Dia of bar, Nominal size+5mm 3× 10−4 × 𝐸𝑠

CA)

Post tension M30 ≥Maxm (40mm, Nominal size+5mm CA) 2×10−2

×Es ( T age
log( 𝑇+2)
of concrete in days)
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
Maxm Deflection 300
; in Pre tension loss due to Relaxation range 1 to 8%.

Staircase: for comfortable ascend on stair the no. of step in each Flight should be ≤ 12.

The Recommanded impose load on staircase in Residential Building as IS875 is 3KN/mm2.

Retaining wall: Uneconomical if Height>8mm

Thickness of slab ≥ 150mm

1
Disturbing force Pa=2 𝑘𝑎 𝛾𝑠 𝐻 2 : Pa ∝ 𝐻 2

𝐻
Disturbing Moment= Pa× 3 ; Disturbing Moment ∝ 𝐻 3

FOS for overturning and sliding≤ 1.4

 𝐻
Total active earth pressure act above the base of retaining wall at 3 .

𝐻 𝐻
Clear spacing B/W counterfort lies B/w 3
𝑡𝑜 2
.

Contraction and Expansion Joint should be provided at the interval of 30m.