1.  “To my fellow children”  a poem about the love of one's native language written in Tagalog.

 Jose Rizal wrote it in 1869 at the age of eight.  The poem was widely taught in Philippine
schools to point out Rizal's precociousness and early development of his nationalistic ideals.
2. “My first inspiration”  first poem written by Dr. Jose Rizal during his third academic year in
Ateneo de Municipal.  He wrote the poem in 1874, before he turned 14.  He was delighted to
see his mother, Doña Teodora Alonso, released from prison that same year so he dedicated the
poem to her.  He also dedicated this poem to his mother’s birthday.
3. “Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light”  Rizal wrote this poem in the year 1876 at
the age of fifteen.  It was written in Ateneo de Municipal in Manila.  The poem was written
during the Spanish Government.
4. “The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education”  Poem he wrote to show the
important relationship between religion and education.  During the summer of April 1876,
before entering his fifth year in Ateneo Municipal in June, Jose Rizal previous to turning fifteen
wrote this poem along with Por La Educación Recibe Lustre La Patria.
5. Al Nino Jesus › “To the Child Jesus” › written in Spanish by Jose Rizal in 1875 at the age of 14
during his stay Ateneo De Municipal.  A La Virgen Maria › “To the Virgin Mary” › It was written
during Rizal's academic stay in Ateneo Municipal de Manila on 3 December 1876.
6. Among the poems he wrote, in 1875 were the ff:  Felicitacion (Felicitation)  El Embarque
Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to Magellan’s Fleet)  Y Es Español:
Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He Is Spanish Elcano, the First to
Circumnavigate the World)  El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo,
Terror of Jolo)
7. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo › “In Memory of My Town” › Which was also another tender poem
about the town where he was born.  El Cuativerio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prisioni de
Boabdil › “The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil” ›
This martial poem describes the defeat and capture of Boabdil, last Moorish sultan of Granada.
8. “In Memory of My Town”  Rizal wrote it in 1876 when he was 15 years old while a student in
the Ateneo de Manila.  This poem is about the Calamba, the place where he was born, which
he loved very dearly.
9. El Heroismo de Colon › “The Heroism of Columbus” › This poem praises Columbus for his
adventurous spirit and his success as an explorer.  Colon y Juan II › “Columbus and John II” ›
This poem relates how the King of Portugal, John II missed fame and riches by his failure to
finance the expedition of Columbus to the New World.  Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha ›
“A Farewell Dialogue by the Students” › This is a virtual farewell poem of Rizal written during his
last days in Ateneo.
10. 1. It was the first Spanish poem written by a Filipino, which gained recognition among known
Spanish authors, 2. It contained for the first time, the nationalistic sentiment insinuating that the
Filipinos, and not the foreigners were the “fair hope of the Fatherland.”
11. 1879, which was declaimed by Manuel Fernandez, an Atenean on the occasion of the Ateneo’s
patroness.  1880, for the Album of the Society of Sculptures.
12. 1881, the Ateneo rector whom he considered a very good and helpful friend.  “Love of
Country”  He wrote while he was in Barcelona.  Described as a nationalistic essay wherein a
pen name Laong Laan was used.  This article was published in two texts, one in Tagalog and
one in Spanish.
 13. “Travels”  Inspired by the encouragement given by the publisher  “Review of Madrid”  The
latter which was returned for the newspaper had ceased publication for financial reasons.
14. It was two years later in Madrid, Spain that Rizal renewed his writing activity. He joined the
Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippines Circle) and was requested to write a poem which
he personally declaimed during the New Year’s Eve reception held on Dec. 31, 1882. The title of
the sad poem was: “They Ask Me for Verses”

15.  “To the Flowers of Heidelberg”  Wrote in April 22, 1886.  Describing such beautiful spring
flowers.  While viewing the cool banks of the Neckar River, he was fascinated by the blooming forget-
me-nots along its banks and so impressed was he that he wrote this poem.

16.  It is a poem inside his first novel, Noli Me Tangere, which is also a popular piece of poetry. While
an exile in Dapitan, Rizal wrote a poem about Talisay.

17.  He wrote this poem for Josephine.  It was written when he received a letter from Governor
Blanco on July 1, 1896, that his volunteer application for medical service in Cuba was accepted.

18.  Rizal wrote this poem for Lipa in 1888 in commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city) by
virtue of the Becerra Law in 1888, which was unique and far different from the others in the sense that it
prepared other members of a group to join the hymn.

19.  “My Last Farewell”  The most famous of the poems of Rizal.  His last one, a masterpiece, written
on the eve of his execution.  Originally, the poem was without a title and was not signed.  The title
was given by Father Mario Dacanay, a Filipino priest-patriot.  It was published for the first time in La
Independencia, a newspaper of Gen. Antonio Luna on Sept. 25, 1898, almost one year and a half after
Rizal’s execution.  Currently, there are twenty-eight translations of the poem, but that made by Charles
E. Darbyshire.

To the young woman of malolos

1. Anna Carmela Lavin TO THE YOUNG WOMAN OF MALOLOS

2. BACKGROUND On December 12, 1888, a group of twenty young women of Malolos petitioned
Governor-General Weyler for permission to open a “night school” so that they might study Spanish
under Teodoro Sandiko. Fr. Felipe Garcia, the Spanish parish priest, objected to the proposal. Therefore
the governor-general turned down the petition. However, the young women, in defiance of the friar’s
wrath, bravely continued their agitation for the school – a thing unheard of in the Philippines in those
times. They finally succeeded in obtaining government approval to their project on the condition that
Señora Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher.

3. BACKGROUND 3 conditions 1. Morning school 2. Women will pay for their expenses 3. Under Senora
Guadalupe Reyes
4. 20 WOMEN IN MALOLOS 1. Elisea Tantoco Reyes (1873-1969), 2. Juana Tantoco Reyes (1874-1900), 3.
Leoncia Santos Reyes (1864-1948), 4. Olympia San Agustin Reyes (1876-1910), 5. Rufina T. Reyes (1869-
1909), 6. Eugenia Mendoza Tanchangco (1871- 1969), 7. Aurea Mendoza Tanchangco (1872-1958), 8.
Basilia Villariño Tantoco (1865-1925), 9. Teresa Tiongson Tantoco (1867-1942), 10. Maria Tiongson
Tantoco (1869-1912), 11. Anastacia Maclang Tiongson (1874- 1940), 12. Basilia Reyes Tiongson (ca 1860-
ca 1900), 13. Paz Reyes Tiongson (ca 1862-ca 1889), 14. Aleja Reyes Tiongson (ca 1864-ca 1900), 15.
Mercedes Reyes Tiongson (1870-1928), 16. Agapita Reyes Tiongson (1872-1937), 17. Filomena Oliveros
Tiongson (ca 1867- 1934), 18. Cecilia Oliveros Tiongson (ca 1867-1934), 19. Feliciana Oliveros Tiongson
(1869-1938) 20. Alberta Santos Uitangcoy (1865-1953)

5. 5 LESSONS OF THE LITERARY TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS 1. Woman as a symbol of
freedom 2. The teachings of the PRIEST VS the teachings of GOD 3. Role of woman in the family 4.
Qualities of mothers have to posses 5. Advice to the unmarried Filipinos

6. 1. WOMAN AS A SYMBOL OF FREEDOM • “women have agreeable manners beautiful ways, and
modest demeanor, but there was in all admixture of servitude and deference to the words of their so
called “spiritual brothers” due to excessive kindness, modesty, or perhaps ignorance”

7. 1. WOMAN AS A SYMBOL OF FREEDOM • “no longer does the Filipina stand with her head bowed nor
does she spend time on her knees because she is quickened by hope in the future”

8. 2. THE TEACHING OF THE PRIEST VS. THE TEACHINGS OF GOD “ You know that the will of God is
different from that of the priest.” • Rizal pointed out 2 things in the teachings of the priest 1.
Religiousness 2. Saintliness

9. RELIGIOUSNESS “ it does not consist of long periods spent on your knees, nor in endless prayers, big
rosaries and grimy scapulries but spotless conduct, firm intention and upright judgment”

10. SAINTLINESS “bring up a child in the image of a true God”

11. 3. ROLE OF A WOMAN IN THE FAMILY CHILDREN “ a tree that grows in the mud is unsubstantial and
good only for firewood” o To empower themselves oTo teach reality to their children o To have a
spartan heart

12. HUSBAND “ treat well and inspire them to perform husband’s duty to the family very well” 3 things a
women should instill into their husband 1. Activity and industry 2. Noble behavior 3. Worthy sentiments
4. QUALITIES OF MOTHERS HAVE TO POSSES

13. a. Unmarried men o Choose a girl who has firm character and lofty ideas b. Unmarried women o
Noble and honored name o Manly heart o High spirits not contented with endangering slaves 5. ADVICE
TO THE UNMARRIED FILIPINOS

1. BACKGROUND “To the Young Women of Malolos” is an essay written by Jose Rizal while he was in
London upon the request of Marcelo H. Del Pilar December 12, 1888, a group of 20 young women of
Malolos petitioned Governor-General Weyler for permission to open a night school so that they might
study Spanish under Teodoro Sandiko
2. Fr. Felipe Garcia objected their plan so, the governor- general turned down the petition. However, the
women still continued their petition of the school and they succeeded in obtaining government approval
in a condition that Señorita Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher. Del Pilar (who was in Barcelona)
wrote to Rizal (who was in London) on February 17, 1889, requesting to send a letter in Tagalog to the
brave women of Malolos. Rizal sent the letter to Del Pilar on February 22, 1889 for transmittal to
Malolos

3. Summary Rizal pays homage to 20 women of Malolos who desire to educate themselves In this way,
Rizal sees in these women a ray of hope in restoring the Filipino women’s dignity and worth Rizal
emphasizes the importance of Filipino mothers Rizal refers to different women in society: mothers,
daughters, wives and even the unmarried ones.

4. Responsibilities of Filipino mothers to their children There are many points mentioned in this portion
of Rizal’s letter, but the central idea is: Whatever the mother shows to her children is what the children
will also become

5. Rizal’s advice to unmarried men and women Appearance and looks can be very deceiving Three things
that young women should look for a man she intends to be her husband: A noble and honored name A
manly heart A high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves

6. Analysis “To the Women of Malolos” centers around five salient points (Zaide & Zaide, 1999): 1.
Filipino mothers should teach their children about the love of God, country and fellowmen 2. Filipino
mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers, to offer their sons in defense of their
country

7. 3. Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and honor 4. Filipino women should
educate themselves aside from retaining their good racial values 5. Faith is not merely reciting prayers
and wearing religious pictures. It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners.

8. Relevance in today’s society There are often times that mothers forget their roles to their children
because of the overriding idea of having to earn enough money to help the father sustain the family’s
needs Activism of the Feminist groups in our country (e.g. Gabriella)

Rizal's letter to the women of malolos

1. Rizal’s Letter to the Women of Malolos Dr. Jose Rizal

2. The Women of Malolos

3. Elisea T. Reyes (1873-1969) Anastacia M. Tiongson (1874-1940) Juana T. Reyes (1874-1900) Basilia R.
Tiongson (ca. 1860-ca. 1900) Leoncia S. Reyes (1864-1948) Paz R. Tiongson (ca. 1862-1889) Olympia S.A.
Reyes (1876-1910) Aleja R. Tiongson (ca.1865-ca.1900) Rufina T. Reyes (1869-1909) Mercedes R.
Tiongson (1869-1928) Eugenia M. Tanchangco (1871-1969) Agapita R. Tiongson (1870-1937) Aurea M.
Tanchangco (1872-1958) Filomena O. Tiongson (ca. 1865-1930) Basilia V. Tantoco (1865-1925) Cecilia O.
Tiongson (ca. 1867-1934) Teresa T. Tantoco (1867-1942) Feliciana O. Tiongson (1869-1938) Maria T.
Tantoco (1869-1912) Alberta S. Uitangcoy (1865-1953)

4. Symbol: The yellow roses symbolist a Love, Purity, and Peace to the Women of Malolos . They also
show that education is important to each person .. and all Filipinos have a hidden talent and ability to
raise the living

5. BACKGROUND “To the Young Women of Malolos” is an essay written by Jose Rizal while he was in
London upon the request of Marcelo H. Del Pilar December 12, 1888, a group of 20 young women of
Malolos petitioned Governor-General Weyler for permission to open a night school so that they might
study Spanish under Teodoro Sandiko

6. Fr. Felipe Garcia objected their plan so, the governorgeneral turned down the petition. However, the
women still continued their petition of the school and they succeeded in obtaining government approval
in a condition that Señorita Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher. Del Pilar (who was in Barcelona)
wrote to Rizal (who was in London) on February 17, 1889, requesting to send a letter in Tagalog to the
brave women of Malolos. Rizal sent the letter to Del Pilar on February 22, 1889 for transmittal to
Malolos

7. Summary Rizal pays homage to 20 women of Malolos who desire to educate themselves In this way,
Rizal sees in these women a ray of hope in restoring the Filipino women’s dignity and worth Rizal
emphasizes the importance of Filipino mothers Rizal refers to different women in society: mothers,
daughters, wives and even the unmarried ones.

8. Responsibilities of Filipino mothers to their children There are many points mentioned in this portion
of Rizal’s letter, but the central idea is: Whatever the mother shows to her children is what the children
will also become

9. Rizal’s advice to unmarried men and women Appearance and looks can be very deceiving Three things
that young women should look for a man she intends to be her husband: A noble and honored name A
manly heart A high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves

10. Analysis “To the Women of Malolos” centers around five salient points (Zaide & Zaide, 1999): 1.
Filipino mothers should teach their children about the love of God, country and fellowmen 2. Filipino
mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers, to offer their sons in defense of their
country

3. Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and honor 4. Filipino women should educate
themselves aside from retaining their good racial values 5. Faith is not merely reciting prayers and
wearing religious pictures. It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners.

12. Relevance in today’s society There are often times that mothers forget their roles to their children
because of the overriding idea of having to earn enough money to help the father sustain the family’s
needs Activism of the Feminist groups in our country (e.g. Gabriella)

13. Source: http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/ 08/to-young-women-of-malolos-

summaryand.html
1. 1. Textual Analysis of Noli Me Tangere The Author and the Novel’s style, Title, Cover, Preface,
Theme, Characters, Plot, Point of Conflict and Denouement
2. 2. The author and the novel’s style Technique refers to the method and devices that the author
uses; style refers to language.
3. 3.  The Noli me tángere can be regarded as a historical novel, as it has mostly fictional characters
but also historical persons like Father Burgos who lived in actual places within a social system that
was then typical of a colonized land.  Admittedly, Rizal exaggerated a bit, as in his portrayal of
characters like the friars Damaso, Salvi, and Sibyla; the two women who were preoccupied with
prayers and novenas, and, the Espadañas but, on the whole, the novel follows the basic rules of
realism.
4. 4.  Humor worked best where a more serious presentation of the general practices of religion
during that time (and even up to present time) would have given the novel a darker and
pessimistic tone.  Rizal’s description of the lavish fiesta showed the comic antics at church and
the ridiculous expense for one day of festivities.
5. 5. Title
6. 6. Noli me tángere  Literally translated, the Latin words “noli me tángere” means, “touch me not”
 Taken from John 20:17 when Mary Magdalene holds on to Jesus and he tells her not to touch
him. John 20:17 Jesus said to her: “Stop clinging to me. For I have not yet ascended to the Father .
But be on your way to my brothers and say to them, ‘I am ascending to my Father and to your
Father and to my God and your God.”
7. 7. Cover
8. 8. CROSS- sufferings POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES- honor and fidelity SILHOUETTE OF
A FILIPINA- Maria Clara BURNING TORCH- rage and passion SUNFLOWERS- enlightenment
BAMBOO STALKS THAT WERE CUT DOWN BUT GREW BACK- resilience A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH
HAIRY FEET- priests using religion in a dirty way CHAINS- slavery WHIPS- cruelties HELMET OF THE
GUARDIA CIVILarrogance of those in authority
9. 9. At the top, all that is best in Philippine life: woman, symbolizing constancy, religious faith
symbolized by the tombstone, with a laurel (courage) and the flower of the pomelo, worn by bride
and groom at a wedding and symbolizing purity. The words partly covered by the title are the
secret, inner dedication by Rizal to his parents, the complete text being probably: ‘A mis P(adres.)
al escribir e(sta obra he estado) pensando continuamente e(n vosotros que me) habeis infundido
los (primeros pensamientos) y las primeras ideas; a (vosotros os dedi)co este manuscrito de me
(joventud com p)rueba de amor. Berlin, (21 de Febrero de) 1887. To the left of the title, the flower
mirasol, representing youth seeking the sun. The author's name, meaning the green of renewal,
mounting up into the green of the most enduring of all Philippine trees, the bamboo. At the
bottom, all that is worst in Philippine life: the helmet of the Civil Guard, the whip and instruments
of torture, and the foot of a friar.
10. 10. Preface  In the preface of his novel Rizal promises “to reproduce the condition (of the country)
faithfully, without discrimination”. He wants to sacrifice “to truth everything”.  Rizal wrote in his
dedication page in the Noli me tángere, “I will strive to reproduce thy condition faithfully, without
discriminations; I will raise a part of the veil that covers the evil…”  He clearly stated his intention
of giving an accurate picture of the conditions in the Philippines at the time, and this gives the
reader a good idea what the main theme would be.
11. 11. Theme Theme as an element of fiction is the idea that runs through the whole novel, repeated
again and again in various forms and ways.
12. 12.  The theme of ‘Noli me Tangere’ comes from the Gospel of John. John tells that when Jesus
showed himself after the Resurrection, it was first to Mary Magdalene.  Jesus called her and she
turned round and saw him. But Jesus did not want her to touch him. He said literally to her, “Do
not cling to me, because I have not yet ascended to the Father.  But go to the brothers and tell
them: I am ascending to my father and your Father, my God and your God.”
13. 13.  The ‘Noli me Tangere’ or ‘Touch me not’ is a symbol of the need for distance.  The ‘Noli me
Tangere’ is a similar theme of longing and unfulfilment.  There is no more tragic love and of
course no greater love than of two beings unable to reach each other, since such a love eternally
remains unblemished.  Rizal's book persistently unmasks contemporary Spaniards in the
Philippines of every kind.  He exposes corruption and brutality of the civil guards which drive
good men to crime and banditry.
14. 14.  He focuses on an administration crawling with self-seekers, out to make their fortune at the
expense of the Filipinos, so that the few officials who are honest and sincere are unable to
overcome the treacherous workings of the system, and their efforts to help the country often end
up in frustration or in self-ruin.  The Noli is Rizal's exposé of corrupt friars who have made the
Catholic religion an instrument for enriching and perpetuating themselves in power by seeking to
mire ignorant Filipinos in fanaticism and superstition.  According to Rizal, instead of teaching
Filipinos true Catholicism, they control the government by opposing all progress and persecuting
members of the ilustrado unless they make themselves their servile flatterers.
15. 15. Rizal does not, however, spare his fellow countrymen.      The superstitious and
hypocritical fanaticism of many who consider themselves religious people; the ignorance,
corruption, and brutality of the Filipino civil guards; the passion for gambling unchecked by the
thought of duty and responsibility; the servility of the wealthy Filipino towards friars and
government officials; the ridiculous efforts of Filipinos to dissociate themselves from their
fellowmen or to lord it over them--all these are ridiculed and disclosed.
16. 16.  Rizal nevertheless balances the national portrait by highlighting the virtues and good
qualities of his unspoiled countryman:       the modesty and devotion of the Filipina, the
unstinting hospitality of the Filipino family, the devotion of parents to their children and children
to their parents, the deep sense of gratitude, and the solid common sense of the untutored
peasant. It calls on the Filipino to recover his self-confidence, to appreciate his own worth, to
return to the heritage of his ancestors, and to assert himself as the equal of the Spaniard. It insists
on the need of education, of dedication to the country, and of absorbing aspects of foreign
cultures that would enhance the native traditions."
17. 17. Characters Major characters
18. 18.  Ibarra (Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin) Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra,
he studied in Europe for seven years. Ibarra is also María Clara's fiancé. Upon his return, Ibarra
requested the local government of San Diego to construct a public school to promote education in
the town.  María Clara (María Clara de los Santos y Alba) She was raised by Capitán Tiago, San
Diego's cabeza de barangay and is the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego. In
the later parts of the novel, María Clara's identity was revealed as an illegitimate daughter of
Father Dámaso, former parish curate of the town, and Doña Pía Alba, wife of Capitán Tiago. In the
end she entered local covenant for nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara.
19. 19.   Capitán Tiago (Don Santiago de los Santos) is a Filipino businessman and the cabeza de
barangay or head of barangay of the town of San Diego. He is also the known father of María Clara.
He is also said to be a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish government and was considered as a
Spanish by colonialists. Capitán Tiago never attended school, so he became a domestic helper of a
 Dominican friar who taught him informal education. He married Pía Alba from Santa Cruz. Padre
Dámaso (Dámaso Verdolagas) is a Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is
best known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest
during his stay in the town. He is the real father of María Clara and an enemy of Crisóstomo's
father, Rafael Ibarra. Later, he and María Clara had bitter arguments whether she would marry
Alfonso Linares or go to a convent. At the end of the novel, he is again re-assigned to a distant town
and is found dead one day.
20. 20.  Elías is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías made his first appearance as a pilot during a
picnic of Ibarra and María Clara and her friends. He wants to revolutionize the country and to be
freed from Spanish oppression.  Filosofo Tacio(Pilosopo Tasyo) Seeking for reforms from the
government, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar from
hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping "that the future generations may be able to decipher it" and
realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors. His full name is only known as Don
Anastacio. The educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as Filosofo Tacio (Tacio the Sage)
while others called him as Tacio el Loco (Insane Tacio) due to his exceptional talent for reasoning.
21. 21. Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio represent a Filipino family persecuted by the
Spanish authorities.    Narcisa or Sisa is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispín. Described
as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she can not protect them from
the beatings of her husband, Pedro. Crispín is Sisa's 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly
accused of stealing money from the church. After failing to force Crispín to return the money he
allegedly stole, Father Salví and the head sacristan killed him. Basilio is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An
acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his younger
brother and falling of his mother into insanity.
22. 22. Other characters
23. 23.     Padre Hernando de la Sibyla – a Dominican friar. He is described as short and has fair
skin. He is instructed by an old priest in his order to watch Crisóstomo Ibarra. Padre Bernardo Salví
– the Franciscan curate of San Diego, secretly harboring lust for María Clara. He is described to be
very thin and sickly. It is also hinted that his last name, "Salvi" is the shorter form of "Salvi"
meaning Salvation, or "Salvi" is short for "Salvaje" meaning bad hinting to the fact that he is
willing to kill an innocent child, Crispin, just to get his money back, though there was not enough
evidence that it was Crispin who has stolen his 2 onzas. El Alférez or Alperes – chief of the Guardia
Civil. Mortal enemy of the priests for power in San Diego and husband of Doña Consolacion. Doña
Consolacíon – wife of the Alférez, nicknamed as la musa de los guardias civiles (The muse of the
Civil Guards) or la Alféreza, was a former laundrywoman who passes herself as a Peninsular; best
remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa.
24. 24.       Doña Victorina (Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña) is an ambitious Filipina
who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy make-up. Don
Tiburcio de Espadaña – Spanish Quack Doctor who is limp and submissive to his wife, Doña
Victorina. Teniente Guevara - a close friend of Don Rafael Ibarra. He reveals to Crisóstomo how Don
Rafael Ibarra's death came about. Alfonso Linares – A distant nephew of Tiburcio de Espanada, the
would-be fiancé of María Clara. Although he presented himself as a practitioner of law, it was later
revealed that he, just like Don Tiburcio, is a fraud. He later died due to given medications of Don
Tiburcio. Tía Isabel - Capitán Tiago's cousin, who raised Maria Clara. Governor General
(Gobernador Heneral) – Unnamed person in the novel, he is the most powerful official in the
Philippines. He has great disdains against the friars and corrupt officials, and sympathizes Ibarra.
25. 25.  Don Filipo Lino – vice mayor of the town of San Diego, leader of the liberals.  Padre Manuel
Martín - he is the linguistic curate of a nearby town, who says the sermon during San Diego's fiesta.
 Don Rafael Ibarra - father of Crisóstomo Ibarra. Though he is the richest man in San Diego, he is
 also the most virtuous and generous.  Dona Pía Alba - wife of Capitan Tiago and mother of María
Clara. She died giving birth to her. In reality, she was raped by Dámaso so she could bear a child.
26. 26. Non-recurring characters These characters were mentioned in the novel, appeared once,
mentioned many times or have no major contribution to the storyline.
27. 27.     Don Pedro Eibarramendia - the great-grandfather of Crisóstomo Ibarra who came from
the Basque area of Spain. He started the misfortunes of Elias' family. His descendants abbreviated
their surname to Ibarra. He died of unknown reasons, but was seen as a decaying corpse on a
Balite Tree. Don Saturnino Ibarra - the son of Don Pedro, father of Don Rafael and grandfather of
Crisóstomo Ibarra. He was the one who developed the town of San Diego. He was described as a
cruel man but was very clever. Salomé - Elías' sweetheart. She lives in a little house by the lake,
and though Elías would like to marry her, he tells her that it would do her or their children no good
to be related to a fugitive like himself. Sinang - Maria Clara's friend. Because Crisóstomo Ibarra
offered half of the school he was building to Sinang, he gained Capitan Basilio's support.
28. 28.        Iday, Andeng and Victoria - Maria Clara's other friends. Capitán Basilio - Sinang's
father, leader of the conservatives. Pedro – the abusive husband of Sisa who loves cockfighting.
Tandáng Pablo – The leader of the tulisanes (bandits), whose family was destroyed because of the
Spaniards. El hombre amarillo (apparently means "yellowish person", named as Taong Madilaw) -
One of Crisostomo Ibarra's would-be assassins. He is not named in the novel, and only described
as such. In the novel, he carved the cornerstone for Ibarra's school. Instead of killing Ibarra, he was
killed by his cornerstone. Lucas - the brother of the taong madilaw. He planned a revolution
against the government with Ibarra as the leader after he was turned down by Ibarra. He was said
to have a scar on his left cheek. He would later be killed by the Sakristan Mayor. Bruno and Tarsilo
– a pair of brothers whose father was killed by the Spaniards.
29. 29.  Ñor Juan (Ñol Juan) - appointed as foreman of the school to be built by Ibarra  Capitana
Tika - Sinang's mother and wife of Capitan Basilio.  Albino - a former seminarian who joined the
picnic with Ibarra and María Clara. Was later captured during the revolution.  Capitana María
Elena - a nationalist woman who defends Ibarra of the memory of his father.  Capitán Tinong and
Capitán Valentín - other known people from the town of San Diego.  Sacristán Mayor - The one
who governs the altar boys and killed Crispín for his accusation.
30. 30. Plot
31. 31.  The plot revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, mixed-race heir of a wealthy clan, returning
home after seven years in Europe and filled with ideas on how to better the lot of his countrymen.
Striving for reforms, he is confronted by an abusive ecclesiastical hierarchy and a Spanish civil
administration by turns indifferent and cruel.  The death of Ibarra’s father, Don Rafael, prior to his
homecoming, and the refusal of a Catholic burial by Padre Damaso, the parish priest, provokes
Ibarra into hitting the priest, for which Ibarra is excommunicated. The decree is rescinded,
however, when the governor general intervenes.
32. 32.  The friar and his successor, Padre Salvi, embody the rotten state of the clergy. Their tangled
feelings—one paternal, the other carnal—for Maria Clara, Ibarra’s sweetheart and rich Capitan
Tiago’s beautiful daughter, steel their determination to spoil Ibarra’s plans for a school.  The
town philosopher Tasio wryly notes similar past attempts have failed, and his sage commentary
makes clear that all colonial masters fear that an enlightened people will throw off the yoke of
oppression.
33. 33.  Using satire brilliantly, Rizal creates other memorable characters whose lives manifest the
poisonous effects of religious and colonial oppression.  Capitan Tiago; the social climber Doña
Victorina de Espadaña and her toothless Spanish husband;  the Guardia Civil head and his
harridan of a wife; the sorority of devout women;  the disaffected peasants forced to become
outlaws: in sum, a microcosm of Philippine society.  In the afflictions that plague them, Rizal
 paints a harrowing picture of his beloved but suffering country in a work that speaks eloquently
not just to Filipinos but to all who have endured or witnessed oppression.
34. 34. Point of conflict
35. 35.     Ibarra debates with the mysterious Elias, with whose life his is intertwined. The
privileged Ibarra favors peaceful means, while Elias, who has suffered injustice at the hands of the
authorities, believes violence is the only option. Ibarra’s enemies, particularly Salvi, implicate him
in a fake insurrection, though the evidence against him is weak. Then Maria Clara betrays him to
protect a dark family secret, public exposure of which would be ruinous. Ibarra escapes from
prison with Elias’s help and confronts her. She explains why, Ibarra forgives her, and he and Elias
flee to the lake. But chased by the Guardia Civil, one dies while the other survives. Convinced
Ibarra’s dead, Maria Clara enters the nunnery, refusing a marriage arranged by Padre Damaso. Her
unhappy fate and that of the more memorable Sisa, driven mad by the fate of her sons, symbolize
the country’s condition, at once beautiful and miserable.
36. 36. Crisostomo Ibarra  As the protagonist of the novel, Crisostomo Ibarra is the character in
whose character the main conflict resides. It is easy enough to identify the external conflicts: Ibarra
versus the society of his time -- its values and its prejudices; Ibarra versus Father Damaso and,
indirectly, with the other friars; Ibarra versus Kapitan Tiago whose very strong sense of self-
preservation puts him in direct conflict with the love between Maria Clara and Ibarra.
37. 37. Maria clara  Maria Clara did not really resolve the conflicts within her; she chose to escape, by
entering the convent as a nun.  Rightly or wrongly, Maria Clara has been held as the ideal Filipina
which, perhaps, is the reason why many Filipinas prefer to be or pretend to prefer being a Maria
Clara type with all its dubious virtues.  Many had used the convent as an escape from a world that
could not give them happiness or the fulfilment they crave.
38. 38. Other confilicts  Other conflicts, mostly internal reside in other characters such as Sisa, Doña
Victorina, Doña Consolacion, and Elias. However, the more internal conflict within Ibarra is the
more interesting one, as it expresses the dilemma of present-day Filipinos: the conflict between
traditional values and one’s personal values that had been developed through time.
39. 39. Denouement the final part of a play, film, etc. in which matters are explained or resolved.
40. 40.  Interestingly, Maria Clara’s escapism was revealed in the Epilogue when two patrolmen who
sought shelter from a storm under the eaves near the nunnery.  They saw “a white figure standing
almost on the ridge of the roof with arms and face raised toward the sky as if praying to it”. She
escaped a problem through religion that was itself a part of that problem.  Ibarra’s enemies,
particularly Salvi, implicate him in a fake insurrection, though the evidence against him is weak.
Then Maria Clara betrays him to protect a dark family secret, public exposure of which would be
ruinous. Ibarra escapes from prison with Elias’s help and confronts her.
41. 41.  She explains why, Ibarra forgives her, and he and Elias flee to the lake. But chased by the
Guardia Civil, one dies while the other survives.  Convinced Ibarra’s dead, Maria Clara enters the
nunnery, refusing a marriage arranged by Padre Damaso.  Her unhappy fate and that of the more
memorable Sisa, driven mad by the fate of her sons, symbolize the country’s condition, at once
beautiful and miserable.
Second novel written by Jose Rizal Sequel to Noli Me Tangere Written in Spanish Consists 38 chapters

3. The Title The Reign of Greed (in English)

4. Rizal had to define the word filibustero to his German friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, who did not
understand his use of the word in Noli Me Tangere. In a letter, Rizal explained: “The word filibustero is
little known in the Philippines. The masses do not know it yet. I heard it for the first time in 1872 when
the tragic executions took place. “
5. “I still remember the panic that this word created. Our father forbade us to utter it, as well as the
word Cavite, Burgos, etc. The Manila newspapers and the Spaniards apply this word to one whom they
want to make a revolutionary suspect."

6. “The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the reach of the word. It does not have the
meaning of freebooters; it rather means a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged or well, a
presumptuous man.”

7. 5 Characters who are in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

8. Crisostomo Ibarra  Spanish Mestizo  Young man who studied in Europe for seven years  Fiance of
Maria Clara  Believed in the importance of education to the youth  Has liberal mind  Outspoken 
Idealist Simoun  A disguised Crisostomo Ibarra  infamous wealthy jeweler  Referred to as the Brown
Cardinal as his influence over the Captain- General is undeniable  A tall, dark man with white hair and a
thin black beard  Wears European clothing  Speaks a strange mix of English and South American
accents  Poses himself as a supporter of Spanish government when in fact, he is against them  Still in
love with Maria Clara  Mission: To get revenge from the injustice he received from the Spanish
government through instigating revolution

9. Basilio  oldest son of Sisa  A 10-year old boy  Has a brother named Crispin  one of the young
sacristans of San Diego  Protective of both his mother and brother  Despises his father immensely for
making their life miserable Basilio  A 23-year old medical student  Taken in by Kapitan Tiago  Was
able to study in San Juan de Letran  Wears an all black outfit  Respectable  Persevering and studious
 Introspective  Calm and composed

10.  a short, fat man with clear complexion  looks young  chewing of tobacco and buyo are his vices 
one of the affluent landlords of Binondo  owns businesses (e.g. opium monopoly)  considers himself
one of the Spaniards and never one from the natives  Adopted and sent Basilio to school  Wallows in
loneliness due to the loss of his daughter, Maria Clara, who entered the convent  Gambler  Got
addicted to opium Kapitan Tiago

11.  replaced Padre Damaso as San Diego’s parish priest  described as having poor health, sickly 
secretly pining for Maria Clara  planned the structure of the school which nearly cost the life of Ibarra 
still the slender, unhappy friar  manages the convent of Sta. Clara  sent a letter containing the story of
the death of Maria Clara Padre Salvi

12.  a young, good looking and graceful Dominican priest with an air of maturity  curate of Binondo 
former professor at Colegio de San Juan de Letran  has thin, refined lips that would plainly show
disdain when needed  weighs his words and speaks little  good in resolving different views  often
cool and intelligent  nothing much changed in his personality  became rector of the University of
Santo Tomas Padre Sibyla

13. Why Crisostomo Ibarra came back to San Diego and changed his name to rescue his sweetheart,
Maria Clara, from the nunnery  to instigate a revolution as a way of exacting revenge and righting the
wrongs of the Spaniards

14. Main Theme ideal means of achieving social reform

15. A romantic novel A book of the heart A book of feeling It has freshness, color, humor and
intelligence Contains 64 chapters A political novel A work of the head A book of thought It has
bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow Contains 38 chapters Noli and El Fili compared

16. Reason why change the plot and theme

17. Reason why change the plot and theme  El Filibusterismo was written about four years after Noli
Me Tangere. In it, Rizal reveals a more mature and less hopeful outlook regarding the political and social
situation in the Philippines.  The frustrations he had experienced in his efforts toward social reform in
those years account for the book's graver tone.

18. Rizal himself considered El Filibusterismo to be a better, more profound novel than Noli Me
Tangere. His biographer, Retana, agrees that as a political novel, it is superior.

19. Upon completing El Filibusterismo Rizal wrote to Blumentritt: "I have not written in it any idea of
vengeance against my enemies, but only for the good of those who suffer, for the rights of Tagalogs...."

20. El Filibusterismo serves as an inspiration to the Filipino people. It brings a profound effect on
Philippine society in terms of views about national identity, the Catholic faith and its influence on
Filipino's choice, and the government's issues of corruption, abuse, and discrimination, and on a larger
scale, the issues related to the effect of colonization on people's lives and the cause for independence.
The book awakened the Filipinos in the past and is still awakening the Filipinos of today, to fight for
what we believe is right. We may not be the victor always in every battle but the most important is, we
continue to fight until our very last breath, just like Rizal.

21. THE END