Final Report Stage 2 UPDATED 2

A Project Stage-II Report On
CFD Analysis of Hydrodynamic

Journal Bearing Using Bio-Lubricant
By
Mr. Mahek Shankesh Gadiya (B150210831)

Mr. Shubham Sunil Jadhav (B150210842)
Mr. Ajay Sunil Jakhade (B150210845)
Mr. Gaurav Pandhrinath Chaure (B150210819)
Guide
Prof. S S Khasbage
Department of Mechanical Engineering

All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society’s
College of Engineering, Pune-1.
[2020-21]
Savitribai Phule Pune University 2020-2021
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Mahek Gadiya (17ME036), Mr. Shubham Jadhav
(17ME045), Mr. Ajay Jakhade (17ME201) and Mr. Gaurav Chaure (16ME020)
has successfully completed the Project Stage-I entitled “CFD analysis of
Hydrodynamic journal bearing using Bio lubricant” under my supervision, in the
partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering - Mechanical Engineering of Savitribai
Phule Pune University.2
Date:
Place: Pune
Dr. S. S. Khasbage Dr. S. J. Navale

Guide Project Coordinator
Dr. B. D. Bachchhav
Head of Department External Examiner
Seal
All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society’s College of Engineering, Pune, B.E. Mechanical
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this review would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, without their
constant guidance and encouragement would have made the efforts go in vain. We
consider ourselves privileged to express gratitude and respect towards all those who
guided us through the completion of this Project Stage-I.
We convey thanks to our project guide Prof. S. S Khasbage of Mechanical

Engineering Department for providing encouragement, constant support and guidance
which was of great help to complete this first stage successfully.
Last but not the least we appreciate the opportunity given to us by our head of
department Dr. B. D. Bachchhav and our principal Dr. D. S. Bormane as well as all
teaching and non-teaching staff of mechanical department who were directly or
indirectly involved with our project.
Mr. MAHEK GADIYA
Mr. SHUBHAM JADHAV
Mr. AJAY JAKHADE
Mr. GAURAV CHAURE
2
TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr. No Title Page No.
Completion Certificate…………...…….……………… 01
Acknowledgement……………...…….………………… 02
List of Figures………………………….......................... 06
List of Tables…………………………............................. 09
Nomenclature……………………………….……..….... 11
Abstract……………………………………………........ 12
1 Introduction ……………………………………….., 13
1.1 Selection of Bio Lubricant ……………………., 14
1.2 Hydrodynamic Bearing ……………………. 15
1.3 Basics Objective of Lubrication………………… 16
1.4 CFD Analysis ………………………………….. 16
2 Literature Review…………………………................... 18
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Problem Statement……………………………… 24
2.3 Objectives……………………………………….. 24
2.4 Scope of Project………………………………… 25
2.5 Methodology……………………………………. 25
2.5.1 Project Plan (Gantt Chart)…………….. 26
3 Bio-Lubricant………………………………………….. 28
3
3.1 Bio-Lubricant………………………………….... 28
3.2 Source of Bio lubricant ………………………… 29
3.3 Properties of Bio lubricant……………………… 29
3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio lubricants … 32
3.5 Benefits of Bio lubricants……………………….. 32
3.6 Applications of Bio lubricants ………………….. 33
4 Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing……………………….. 34
4.1 Tribological Approach for Bearing Performance Enhancement 35
4.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication……………………… 35
4.3 Journal Bearing Dimension…………………… 36
4.4 Advantages………………………………………. 37
4.5 Application……………………………………… 38
5 Theoretical Calculation………………………………... 38
5.1 Theoretical Calculation…………………………... 38
6 CFD Analysis……………………………………………. 42
6.1 Introduction………………………………………. 43
6.2 Assumptions……………………………………... 43
6.3 Steps to Performed CFD Analysis………………. 43
6.4 Analytical Study Using Ansys Fluent Software... 44
6.4.1 Fluid Structural Interaction……………… 46
4
6.4.2 Meshing...………………………………… 47
6.5 Results…………………………………………….. 54
6.6 Uses Of CFD Analysis…………………………… 58
6.7 Application………………………………………... 58
7 Result and Discussion………………. …………………... 59
7.1 Theoretical Calculation Result ……………………. 59
7.2 Graphs for Theoretical Results……………………. 61
7.3 Analytical Results………………………………...... 63
7.4 Graph for Analytical (CFD) Results……………….. 65
7.5 Graph of Theoretical vs Analytical Results………... 67
7.6 Percentage Error in Analytical Result…………….. 69
7.7 Comparison of Results…………………………….. 73
8 Conclusion and Future Scope…………………………….. 76
8.1 Conclusion…………………………………………. 76
8.2 Future Trends………………………………………. 77
9 References………………………………………………… 78
9.1 Reference………………………………………….. 78
5
LIST OF FIGURES
Sr No. Figure No. Title of Figure Page No.
1 1.2 Journal Bearing 15
2 3.5 Major Benefits Achieved Used for Industrial Purpose 30

From Bio-Lubricants.
3 4.0 A Typical Journal Bearing 31
4 4.2 Bearing Under Lubrication 32
5 4.3 Schematic of The Load Carrying In The Lubrication 33

Interface
6 6.4.0 CAD Geometry of Journal Bearing 41
7 6.4.1 Schematic of Fluid Structural Interaction Module 42
8 6.4.2 Meshing of Fluent Geometry of Journal Bearing 43
9 6.4.3 Hexahedral Fluent Mesh 46
10 6.4.4 Detail Information of Mesh Layer 46
11 6.4.5 Geometry and Mesh of Fluid Domain
12 6.4.6 Model Tree for Name Selection
13 6.5.1 Results for Pressure Contours With Sunflower Oil at

Eccentricity Ratio e=0.2 (Laminar Modal)
14 6.5.2 Results for Pressure Contours With Sunflower Oil at

Eccentricity Ratio e=0.2 (K-e)
15 6.5.3 Results for Pressure Contours With ISOVG 32 Oil at
6
Eccentricity Ratio e=0.2 (Laminar Modal)
16 6.5.4 Results for Pressure Contours With ISOVG 32 Oil at

Eccentricity Ratio e=0.2 (K-e)
17 7.2.1 Journal speed vs Maximum Pressure (Theoretical) For 57

Sunflower
18 7.2.2 Journal speed vs Maximum Pressure (Theoretical) For 57

ISOVG 32
19 7.2.3 Journal Speed vs Sommerfeld Number for 58

Sunflower oil
20 7.2.4 Journal Speed vs Sommerfeld Number for 58

ISOVG 32
21 7.4.1 Journal Speed vs Maximum pressure (CFD) for 61

sunflower oil (Laminar Modal)

sunflower oil (k - e Modal)

ISOVG 32 (Laminar Modal)

ISOVG 32 (K- e Modal)
25 7.5.1 Journal Speed vs Maximum pressure ( Theoretical & CFD ) 63

for sunflower oil (Laminar Modal)

for sunflower oil (K- ϵ Modal)
7
for ISOVG 32 (Laminar Modal)

for ISOVG 32 (K- e Modal)
29 7.6.1 Journal Speed vs Error% for Sunflower Oil 67
30 7.6.2 Journal Speed vs Error% for ISOVG 32 Oil 67
31 7.7.1 Theoretical Result Comparison for Bearing pressure 68

distribution for sunflower oil and ISOVG 32 oil
32 7.7.2 Comparison between sunflower oil and ISOVG 32 69

oil for Analytical result (Laminar Modal) at different
journal speed with constant eccentricity ratio 0.2
33 7.7.3 Comparison between sunflower oil and ISOVG 32 69

oil for Analytical result (K-e Modal) at different
journal speed with constant eccentricity ratio 0.2
34 7.7.4 70
Comparison between CFD Modal (laminar and K- ϵ)
for sunflower oil at different journal speed with
constant eccentricity ratio 0.2
35 7.7.5 Comparison between CFD model(laminar and K- ϵ) 71

for ISOVG 32 oil at different journal speed with
constant eccentricity ratio 0.2
8
LIST OF TABLES
Sr No. Table No. Title of Table Page No.
1 Table 1.1 Properties of Bio-lubricant 15
2 Table 2.4.1 Project Plan (Gantt Chart) 22
3 Table 3.3.1 Properties of Vegetable Oils & Mineral 26

Oils
4 Table 3.5 Benefits of Bio-lubricants 29
5 Table 4.3 CAD Geometry of Journal Bearing 33

Dimension
6 Table 5.1 Boyd and Raimondi Table 37
7 Table 5.2 MS-Excel Sheet Representing The Result 38

of Theoretical Calculation
8 Table 6.4.0 CAD Geometry of Journal Bearing 42

Dimension
9 Table Characteristic Parameter of The Structure 44

6.4.2(a) Water Film Mesh
10 Table Characteristic Parameters of The 45

6.4.2(b) Hydrodynamic Film Mesh
9
11 Table 7.1.1 Theoretical Calculation Result for 55

Sunflower Oil at Constant Eccentricity
12 Table 7.1.2 Theoretical Calculation Result for ISOVG 56

32 at Constant Eccentricity
13 Table 7.3.1 CFD Result for Sunflower Oil 59
14 Table 7.3.2 CFD Result for ISOVG32 Oil 60
15 Table 7.6.1 Percentage Error in Analytical Result for 65

Sunflower Oil
16 Table 7.6.2 Percentage Error in Analytical Result for 66

ISOVG32
10
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol Parameter (Unit) Unit
ϵ Eccentricity Ratio
e Eccentricity Mm
C Radial Clearance Mm
r Journal radius Mm
D Bearing Diameter Mm
L or l Length or width of Bearing Mm
N Journal Speed Rpm
ns Journal Speed rps
h Fluid Film Thickness Mm
ρ Density of lubricant kg/m3
μ Dynamic Viscosity of Pa.s

Lubricant
U Surface Velocity of Journal mm/sec
W Load N
P Initial Pressure Due to Pa

Load
Pmax Maximum pressure Pa
11
ABSTRACT
Hydrodynamic journal bearing are essential for various high speed application. The
performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing is mainly dependent on its lubrication.
The current study focuses on the performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing using
bio lubricant. Increasing the amount of environmental pollution can be solved by
replacing petroleum lubricant with biolubricant those have made from vegetable oils
replacing petroleum lubricant with biolubricant those have made from vegetable
oils. This is because the use of petroleum lubricant gives big influence on
environmental pollution because of their lubricant spills which can damage the
ecosystem so the demand for non-edible sourced vegetable oil is increased. sourced
bio-lubricating oil shows excellent characteristic properties like low toxicity, high
viscosity index, high load carrying capacity, an excellent coefficient of friction, good
anti-wear capability, low emission into the environment. CFD Analysis on
hydrodynamic journal bearing using bio-lubricant is to be done in this project in order
to study and compare the behavior of a journal bearing under normal lubricant and bio
lubricant .
12
Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION
A lubricant is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving sliding

surfaces, lubricant reduces the friction, improves efficiency power transmission and
reduces the wear of mating components. The main objective of lubrication is the
protection of surfaces in close proximity and moving relative to each other. This
protection is carried out by interposing a substance (lubricant) between the above-
mentioned surfaces. This way, the use of lubricants is very important to reduce wear,
avoiding corrosion and reducing oxidation in surfaces.
In transportation and industrial sectors, the world relies heavily on petroleum-based

products which may cause grave concern related to future energy security. On certain
cases, these products would end up back to the environment causing serious
environmental pollution and hazards. Hence the development of alternative
transportation fuels is getting popular worldwide nowadays. Bio-based lubricants
have been found to exhibit superior lubricant properties over the conventional mineral
lubricants, with renewability and biodegradability being their strongest suit. There is a
strong need to review the available literature to explore the potential of bio-based
lubricants for various applications.
The Analytical study on hydrodynamic journal bearing using bio-lubricant has been
done in this research work using CFD on ANSYS.
13
1.1 Selection of Bio Lubricant
Table 1.0 Properties of Bio-lubricant
Sr Year Research Paper Title Oil Viscosity Viscosity

No.
Name at 40 O C Index
1 2020 An Overview of the Bio lubricant Sunflower 40.05 206

Production Process Challenges and Future
Perspectives
2 2018 Analysis of Thermal Stability and Rice Bran 39.225 193

Lubrication Characteristics of Millettia
Pinnata Oil
3 2018 A Review of Bio-lubricant Production from Jatropha 35.4 205

Vegetable Oils Using Esterification
Transesterification Process
4 2019 Vegetable Oil Based Lubricants: Coconut 27.8 176

Challenges and Prospects
5 2019 Esterification and Evaluation of Palm Oil Palm 56.97 130

as Bio Lubricant Base Stock
6 2017 Bio Lubricant Base Stocks Synthesis From Mahua 37.18 325.6
non-raditional Oil Using Modified Glycerol
7 2013 Absolute Viscosities of Vegetable Oils at Rice bran 0.0398 ± 0.0001

Different Temperatures and Shear Rate at 38 degree
Range of 64.5 to 4835 s−1 Absolute
9 2020 Bio lubricant from rapeseed and castor oil Rapeseed 10.04
transesterification by using titanium
isopropoxide as a catalyst : production and
characterization
10 2020 Cottonseed Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Cotton 31.93 202.8
14
Ester as Lubricant and Performance seed

Characteristics for Diesel Engine
Table 1.1: Comparison of Standard Lubricants with Selected Bio Lubricant
Property ISOVG 32 Olive oil Sunflower Rice ban mahua Cotton seed
Viscosity at 31 39.62 40.05 39.9 37.18 35.80

40◦C (cSt)
Viscosity 102 190 206 193 174 202.8

Index
Specific 0.873 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86

Gravity
1.2 Hydrodynamic Bearing
Journal bearings have the longest history on scientific study of any class of fluid-film
bearings. These journal bearings are widely used in most of the rotating machineries
due to its high load-carrying capacity and formation of fluid-film thickness during the
operation. The performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing depends on the
performance of its lubricant during the lubrication.
15
Fig 1.2 Journal Bearing
A good agreement is found between the comparative results that propose a validation
of the analytical results. The CFD method can be a very useful tool for study on the
bearing lubrication problem and can accurately predict the performance
characteristics of hydrodynamic journal bearing.
1.3 Basic objectives of lubrication:
 To reduce the friction between two contacting surfaces
 To reduce the wear
 To carry away the frictional heat
 To protect the surfaces against corrosion
 To carry away the worn-out particles
 To prevent the entry of foreign particles like dirt and dust to the contact zone.
1.4 CFD Analysis
 Computational fluid dynamic analysis is performed to valided the theoretical

calculation for hydrodynamic journal bearing.
16
 A CAD geometry created in CREO software is imported to ANSYS

Workbench software.
 CFD Model is then created using FLUENT module, a structured hexahedral
meshing done to accurately mesh small dimensions in fluid geometry.
 Fluid properties are defined in the fluent material property module.
 A Laminar fluid model is been used for the numerical analysis with oil inlet
supply pressure as atmospheric pressure and outlet fluid pressure is
considered to be zero pascal, different boundary conditions are set at the fluid
inlet and outlet.
 Inner surface of the bearing is kept fixed, hence defined as a stationary wall
where as outer surface of journal is assigned as rotational moving wall,
different rotational speeds are inputted to obtain desired results.
 Simple solution is used as it gives quick solution.
 Important input parameter such as dynamic viscosity and density are feeded
to CFD software (Fluent)
17
Chapter-2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review
Sr. Year Title of Authors Keynotes or Conclusion

No. Research Paper
1 2020 A Review on Nadia Salih,  Biolubricants are gaining popularity and

Eco-Friendly Jumat Salimon acceptance globally due to their sustainable,
Green non-toxic, and environmentally friendly
properties.
Biolubricants
 This review highlights the recently
from Renewable published data and works of literature
and Sustainable related to the development of green
Plant Oil biolubricants & advantages/disadvantages,
Sources chemical-modification reactions, bio-
lubricant bio-lubricants worldwide eco-
labelling, biodegradability, and toxicity
testing methods.
2 2019 Experimental Mohammed  sunflower oil was investigated to study its
investigation of Hassan Jabal, lubricant characteristics under different
tribological Abdulmunem loads using the four-ball tribometer and the
exhaust Emissions were tested using a four-
R.
characteristics stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine.
Abdulmunem  All experimental works conformed to
and emissions & Hussain
18
with nonedible Saad Abd ASTM method. Under low loads, sunflower
oil showed adequate tribological
sunflower oil as characteristics compared with ISO VG32.
a biolubricant  The results also demonstrated that the
sunflower oil–based lubricant was more
effective in reducing the emission levels of
CO, CO2
 Therefore, sunflower oil has the potential to
be used as lubricant of mating components.
3 2017 Studies on Dr. Akleshwar  A study was carried out to determine the
Viscosity of Mathur effect of temperature on the viscosity of
Soybean Oil soybean oil, at different temperatures(10 to
90°C).
 The Redwood viscosities were determined
using a Redwood Viscometer, a viscometer
with aperture to allow the constant flow of
oil through it.
 The viscosities data were correlated with the
temperature and it was concluded that the
viscosity is a function of inverse of
temperature.
4 2019 The Use of Palm Norzahir  All discussed the performance of palm oil
Oil as New Sapawe, based biolubricant and interference of
Alternative Muhammad friction and wear.
 Palm oil give significant value as alternative
Biolubricant for Farhan Hanafi,
biolubricant due to its advantages, and
Improving Anti- Syahrullail potential to replace petroleum based
Friction and Samion lubricant and improving the anti-friction and
Anti-Wear antiwear properties.
Properties  From these research paper we know the
effect of lubrication on two surfaces
between metal on metal material and with
palm oil we reduces the friction and wear .
5 2014 Formulation and D.I Ahmed,S.  Bio lubricant has grown over the past years
physico- Kasolang, R.S. due to its promising benefits such as
chemical Dwyer-Joyce, environment-friendly, renewable, less toxic
and readily biodegradable.
characteristics K.I. Sainana,
 In recent years, many studies explored the
of biolubricant N.R. Nik potential of bio lubricants for industrial
Roselina applications.
 This study shows the development of a new
blend of bio-lubricant which is a mixture of
Soybean oil, mineral oil and certain
additives has been described. There were 9
sets of blends prepared and initially tested
for viscosity fitting based on ISO 68
lubricant for Sliding bearing.
19
6 2016 Analysis of M.H. Mosarof,  This study analyses the thermal stability,
thermal stability M. lubricant properties and characteristics of
and lubrication vegetable oils such as; coconut, rice brain
A. Kalam, and Millettia pinnata oil were compared to
characteristics
H.H. Masjuki, commercial lubricating oil.
of Millettia  In general, all oils have a unique lubrication
pinnata oil A. Arslan, M.
property that makes suitable lubricating oil
M. ISLAM, A.
for lubricant applications.
Md. Ruhul, S.
S. Ali and S.
K. Leang,
7 2019 Vegetable Oil Timothy  This paper is an overview of recent research

Based Yakubu on vegetable oils Compared to mineral oils;
Lubricants: Woma, Sunday vegetable oils in general possess high flash
point, high viscosity index, high lubricity,
Challenges and Albert Lawal,
low evaporative loss, are renewable, and are
Prospects Asipita Salawu environmentally friendly.
Abdulrahman,  Poor oxidative and hydrolytic stability, high
M. A. Olutoye cost, poor cold flow properties are reckoned
and M. M. to be the limitations of vegetable oils for
Ojapah their current effort to overcome these
limitations includes the use of non-edible
oils, additives, chemical modifications and
thermal modifications.
8 Manufacturing Ebtisam K.  All studied environment friendly oil such as
of environment Heikal, M.S. palm oil and jatropha oil for the production
friendly Elmelawy, of biolubricants.
 From this we study about process of
biolubricants Salah A.
biolubricant production such as
from vegetable Khalil, N.M. transesterification and we obtain the various
oils Elbasuny properties of palm and jatropha oil for
biolubricant such as viscosity, viscosity
index and pour point.
 We found that plant based oil such as palm,
jatropha has great potential and highly
attractive candidate for replace conventional
minerals oil.
 Biolubricant from natural oil, especially
nonedible oils, is promising for special and
environmentally sensitive applications.
9 2014 The prospects of H.M.  Present a paper on the use of bio-lubricants
biolubricants as Mobarak, E. as alternatives in automotive applications.
alternatives Niza  In this paper three aspects of bio-lubricants
are given, the first part is about what are the
Mohamad,
in automotive H.H. Masjuki, sources, properties, advantage and dis
applications advantage with use of bio based lubricants.
M.A. Kalam,  The second part is about application of bio-
20
K.A.H. Al lubricants in various automotive

Mahmud, M. components.
Habibullah,  Third part represents the world market
scenario regarding the production and
A.M. Ashraful
consumption of bio-based materials.
10 Understanding Malcolm E.  This paper covers the basic aspects of
Journal Bearings Leader journal bearings including lubrication,
design and application.
 Descriptions of various types of journal
bearings are presented. Guidance is given
for choosing the proper bearing type and
keeping your bearings healthy.
11 2014 Tribological S. Baskar, G.  The main objective of this study is to
Behavior of Sriram analyze the pressure distribution on
Journal Bearing hydrodynamic journal bearing under
different lubricants for various loading
Material under
conditions and various operating
Different parameters.
Lubricants
12 2020 Comparative M.B.Patel,  Here author examine properties of bio-

Study of K.B.Bramhbha lubricant such as castor oil and soybean oil
Performance of tt and compare with petroleum oil ISO VG
100.
Hydrodynamic  From research it conclude that the pure form
Journal Bearing of castor oil is not suitable as a lubricant
because its high viscosity and a pure form of
with a Bio-
soybean is also not suitable as a lubricant
Lubricant and due to its low viscosity. But the mixture of
ISOVG 100- A castor oil and soybean oil gives nearly the
Review Paper same viscosity as ISO VG 100.
 So there is an emerging need for an
experimentally and analytically
investigation.
13 2017 Pressure Mr. M.J.Gitay,  Jatropha have higher viscosity and improves
distribution and Prof. P.A. the load carrying capacity.
load carrying Narwade  Comparative study of popular synthetic
lubricant with Jatropha oil has been carried
capacity of
out. Hence they conclude that it can be used
Journal Bearing as alternative bio-lubricant for journal
by using Bio Oil bearing application.
14 2015 Density and R.Kameswari,  From this paper we referred the density
Ultrasonic G.Giridhar, M. value of sunflower oil
studies on Rangacharyulu
Sunflower Oil
21
15 2008 Viscosity and O.O. Fasina &  The viscosities and specific heat capacities
Specific Heat of Z. Colley of twelve vegetable oils were
Vegetable Oils experimentally determined as a function of
as a Function of temperature (35 to 180°C)
Temperature:  We referred the viscosity value of sunflower
35°C to 180°C oil from these paper
16 Comparative Mr. Anand  The present study was carried with an aim
study of full Kalani, Mrs. of checking the feasibility of usage of bio-
Journal Bearing Rita Jani lubricants as a lubricant in hydrodynamic
full journal bearing.
with Bio
 Three bio-lubricants Castor oil, Neem oil,
lubricants- Jatropha oil and mineral oil SAE 20W50 is
Jatroha oil, used alternatively to check the output of the
Castor oil, journal bearing operating parameters.
Mineral oil  The main intention was substitution of
(SAE 20W50 ) mineral oil for bio-lubricants.
17 2021 Comparative Mansi B. Patel,  Comparative study of common synthetic

Study of Dr.H.P.Patolia, lubricant ISO VG 100 with castor and
Performance of Dr.K.B.Brahm soybean oil has been carried out.
 The friction forces and the fluid film
Hydrodynamic bhatt
Pressure Distribution are calculated
Journal Bearing analytically and compared with experiment
with a Bio- data.
Lubricant and
ISOVG 100
18 2020 Investigation on Zhongliang  This is our key paper.

effects of Fluid- Xie, Pan Song,  In these research paper we studied that the
Structure- Liang Hao , performance of water lubricant on various
fluent model like Laminar, K-Epsilon, K-
Interaction (FSI) Nawei Shen,
Omega, K-Kl-Omega in nuclear power
on the Weidong Zhu, plant.
lubrication Huanling Liu,  We also studied the variation between
performances of Jing Shi, lubrication performance and rotating speed,
water lubricated Yongkun eccentricity ratio and lubrication Model
bearing in Wang,
primary circuit Wenchao Tian
loop system of
nuclear power
plant
19 2020 Design and CFD G.N.V.Madhus  In this work journal bearings for L/D ratio
analysis of udhanrao, and different eccentricity ratios are
22
bearing with Dr.C. modelled in 3D modelling software CATIA.

different Nagabhaskar  The liquid lubricants considered are SAE 20
lubricants oil, SAE 40 oil.
 In this work, deformation and stresses of the
 Deformation and stresses of the bearing
under severe conditions can be evaluated.
20 2016 CFD Analysis of Miss. Kirtee  Various analyses is done on different

fluid film L.Chidle, Dr. parameter of the bearing such as load
journal bearing: Mrs. R. N. carrying capacity, deformation and stress
distribution on surface of bearing, pressure
A review Baxi
and temperature distribution on the journal
bearing.
 The objective of this paper is to find
computational fluid dynamic analysis of
journal bearing.
21 2016 Multiphase flow D.Y. Dhande  In the study of bearings with and without
analysis of & D.W. Pande effects of cavitation, it is observed that
hydrodynamic maximum pressure values drop when
cavitation is considered in the bearing. Also
journal 5
there is decrease in maximum pressure when
bearing using elastic deformation in the bearing is
CFD coupled considered.
Fluid Structure 6
Interaction
considering
cavitation
22 2016 Performance of Surajkumar  In this paper comparative tribological study

Jatropha Khasbage, of popular synthetic lubricant (i.e. ISO VG
Biolubricant for Vijay Patil, 32, 46, 68 and SAE-40 oil) with Jatropha oil
has been carried out.
Hydrodynamic Dinesh
 Tribological properties of Jatropha is
Journal Bearing Dhande computed experimentally and the
Lubrication performance of hydrodynamic journal
bearing using Jatropha Bio-lubricant is
theoretically investigated and validated
analytically by using CFD Software.
23 2016 Study of the Wang, Y., Yin,  The present study aims to analysis the
lubrication Z., Jiang, D., lubrication performance of water-lubricated
performance of Gao, G., & based journal bearings including cavitation
effect by combining CFD and FSI.
water-lubricated Zhang, X.
journal bearings
with CFD and
23
FSI method
24 2017 Numerical Aoshuang  A three-dimensional model with a structured

Investigation of Ding, mesh for a tilting-pad journal bearing is
Turbulence Xiaodong Ren, established in this study.
 A total of fourteen turbulence models and
Models for a Xuesong Li,
laminar model are utilized to simulate the
Super laminar and Chunwei super laminar oil flow at 3000 r/min and
Journal Bearing Gu under 180 kN loading.
 The simulation results are then compared
with the experimental data obtained by
Taniguchi
 A suitable turbulence model, the SST model
with low-Re correction, is pointed out for
simulating the superlaminar fow accurately.
25 2013 CFD Analysis of B. Manshoor,  In this paper, three turbulent models which
Thin Film M. Jaat , are the Standard k-Omega model, Realizable
Lubricated Zaman k-Omega model and Reynolds Stress Model
(RSM) had been used to simulate the
Journal Bearing Izzuddin ,
characteristics of a plain journal bearing
Khalid Amir  The comparison showed that all models
gave similar results in term of performance.
Therefore, in this case study it was revealed
that, the k- Epsilon model was just enough
to do the simulation since it was the simplest
model compared to others. But, the
advantage of k- Epsilon model was it can
converge faster than RSM and k- Epsilon
realizable. The results show that the
standard k- Epsilon models performed
similar to other models which are the
realizable k-Epsilon and RSM.
26 2016 A Comparative Susilowati,  This paper presents the result of journal
study of Finite Mohammad bearing simulation by using laminar and
Journal Bearing Tauviqirrahma turbulent analyses. K-epsilon model is used
to represent the turbulence.
in Laminar and n, J. Jamari,
 It can be concluded that both laminar and
Turbulent Athanasius P. turbulent flows show the almost similar
Regimes using Bayuseno and trend.
CFD Muchammad
(Computational
Fluid Dynamic)
2.2 Problem Statement
24
 To performed the CFD analysis of hydrodynamic journal bearing using

different bio lubricant and to do a comparative study of performance under the
standard lubricant.
2.3 Objectives
 Comparative study of properties of standard lubricant with bio lubricant.
 To analyse and compare the performance of Bio lubricant on journal bearing

at various loading conditions and at different speed in journal bearing.
 To perform CFD Analysis on selected bio lubricant vs standard lubricant for

comparison
 To find the Sustainability of the bio lubricant against standard lubricant
2.4 Scope of Project
Properties of the Bio-lubricant are better than Standard lubricant in the market, which
results in better performance and load carrying capacity. Bio lubricant should be taken
under rigorous research and need to commercialize its production.
2.5 Methodology
The following are the aspects to be taken into consideration for accomplishing our
project:
Stage 1: Literature review.
Stages 2: Study of characteristic of bio lubricants.
 Collection of different properties of bio lubricant (mainly viscosity & viscosity

index)
 Detailed study of all properties of bio lubricant

 Selection of proper bio lubricant and standard lubricant.
25
Stage 3: Design of Journal bearing.
 Selection of proper dimension
 Design of CAD model
 Theoretical calculation
Stage 4: CFD Analysis.
 CFD analysis of journal bearing under bio lubricant and standard lubricant is
estimated.
 Both CFD and Theoretical results were compared.
Stage 5: Result and Conclusion.
2.5.1 Project Plan (Gantt Chart)
Title Assigned To To be Scheduled on
Topic Finalization
Discussion on Various Topics All Group July
Proposed topics on Tribology All Group July
Problem Definition All Group Aug
Literature Collection All Group Aug
Review on Proposed Title All Group Aug
Study on Bio-lubricant
Collection of bio-lubricant All Group Sept
Studying on properties of bio All Group Sept

lubricant
26
Study on viscosity and viscosity All Group Sept

index
Combined discussion on study All Group Sept
Interpreting on a Common All Group Sept

Result
Selection of Bio-lubricant and

Standard Lubricant
Combined discussion on study All Group Oct
Interpreting on a Common All Group Oct

result
Design and Calculation of

Journal Bearing
Selection of standard dimension All Group Dec
Design cad model All Group Jan
Final Selection of Lubricant
Perform trail CFD analysis All Group Feb
Selection of bio lubricant with All Group Feb

standard lubricant
CFD Analysis
CFD analysis on selected bio All Group Feb

lubricant
Comparison of Result
Number of iterations are All Group Mar

performed for more accurate
solution
27
Compare analytical and All Group Mar

theoretical result
Result Interpreted All Group April
Finalizing a result All Group April
Final Work
Report and documentation All Group May
Final Review All Group June
Chapter 3
Bio Lubricant
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction and wear by providing a protective

film between two moving surfaces.
Lubrication occurs when two surfaces are separated by a lubricant film. Lubricants
are available in liquid, solid, and gaseous forms. A good lubricant exhibits the
following characteristics: high VI, high boiling point, thermal stability, low freezing
point, corrosion prevention capability, and high resistance to oxidation.
The main purposes of lubrication are
(1) To reduce wear and heat loss that result from the contact of surfaces in motion
(2) To reduce the coefficient of friction between two contacting surfaces
(3) To prevent rust and reduce oxidation
(4) To act as an insulator in transformer applications
(5) To act as a seal against dirt, dust, and water.
28
3.1 Bio-lubricant
Bio lubricants are made from plants such as palm, soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, and
coconut. Bio lubricants can also be made from synthetic esters and petroleum oils that
satisfy established biodegradability and toxicity criteria. Bio lubricants are generally
considered as lubricants with high biodegradability as well as low human and
environmental toxicity.
3.2 Source of bio lubricant
Sources of bio lubricants producing bio lubricants are suitable for alternative energy
applications because of their widespread sources. The types of bio lubricant feedstock
may differ from country to country and highly depend on geographical locations. Bio
lubricants are made from different crop oils. More than 350 oil-bearing crops are
known, among which, only palm, soybean, sunflower, coconut, safflower, rapeseed,
cottonseed, and peanut oils are considered as potential alternative bio lubricants.
Table 1 shows the oil content statistics of some non-edible and edible seeds. Palm oil
is the main feedstock for bio lubricants and biodiesel in Malaysia. Moreover, other
non-edible oils such as jatropha, neem, and Karanja have received worldwide interest.
3.3 Properties of bio lubricant
3.3.1. Viscosity
Viscosity is the most important property of oil. It indicates resistance to flow, and is
directly related to temperature, pressure, and film formation. High viscosity indicates
high resistance to flow and low viscosity implies low resistance to flow.
29
Table 3.3.1 Properties of Vegetable Oils & Mineral Oils
3.3.2. VI
The VI indicates changes in viscosity with changes in temperature. A high VI

indicates small changes in temperature, whereas a low VI indicates high changes in
temperature. Vegetable oil-based bio lubricants have higher VI than mineral oils,
which ensures that bio lubricants remain effective even at high temperatures by
maintaining the thickness of the oil film. Hence, bio lubricants are suitable for a wide
temperature range
3.3.3. Pour point
Pour point is the lowest temperature at which oil flows or pours. Pour point is an
important factor. Vegetable oil-based bio lubricants have lower pour points than
mineral oils, thus providing excellent lubrication for cold starts.
3.3.4. Flash point and fire point
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a lubricant must be heated before it
vaporizes. When mixed with air, a lubricant will ignite but will not burn. By contrast,
30
fire point is the temperature at which the combustion of a lubricant continues. Flash
and fire points identify lubricant volatility and fire-resistance properties. Both factors
are important for transportation and storage requirements. Vegetable oil-based bio
lubricants have higher flashpoint than mineral oils, thus considerably reducing the
risks of fire in case of a lubricant leak , and providing safety on shop floors.
3.3.5. Cloud point
Cloud point is the temperature at which solids dissolve in oil. Wax crystallizes and
becomes visible when temperature drops. To prevent clogging of filters, temperature
must be maintained above the cloud point.
3.3.6. Acid or neutralization number
The acid or neutralization number indicates the amount of acid or base content
required by a lubricant for neutralization.
3.3.7. Oxidation stability
Oxidation stability is the ability to exhibit resistance toward oxide-forming tendency,

which increases when temperature rises. The most significant contributors to
oxidation include metal surfaces, temperature, contaminants, pressure, agitation, and
water. A low oxidative stability indicates that oil oxidizes rapidly during use if it is
untreated, becoming thick and polymerizing to a plastic-like consistency.
3.3.8. Rust and corrosion prevention
Rust is chemical reaction between water and ferrous metals; meanwhile, corrosion is
a chemical reaction between chemicals and metals. Vegetable oil-based biolubricants
are nontoxic and react less with chemicals, water, and ferrous metals than mineral
oils.
3.3.9. Anti-wear properties
Lubricants are satisfactory for low-speed and low-pressure applications. Boundary

lubrication occurs when oil viscosity is insufficient to prevent surface contact. Anti-
31
wear additives provide a defensive film at contact surfaces to reduce wear. Anti-wear
property is identified by standard laboratory tests. Vegetable oil-based bio lubricants
have better anti-wear properties than mineral oils.
3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of bio lubricants
Vegetable oils can be used as lubricants in their natural form. They have several
advantages and disadvantages when considered for industrial and machinery
lubrication.
 On the positive side, vegetable oils have excellent lubricity, which is far
superior compared with that of mineral oils. Vegetable oils also have a high
VI. For example, a VI of 223 is common among vegetable oils, whereas a VI
of 90–100 is normal for most mineral oils. Another important property of
vegetable oils is their high flash points. Typically, the flash point of vegetable
oils is 326 1C, whereas that of common mineral oils is 200 1C. More
importantly, vegetable oils are biodegradable, generally less toxic, renewable,
and reduce dependency on imported petroleum oils. Table 3.5 summarizes
some of the benefits of bio lubricants.
 On the negative side, vegetable oils in their natural form lack sufficient
oxidative stability for lubricant application. Low oxidative stability indicates
that oil will oxidize rapidly during use if untreated, becoming thick and
polymerizing to a plastic-like consistency. Vegetable oils also have low-
temperature limitations, unpleasant smell, poor compatibility with paints and
sealants, flushing propensity because of low viscosity, and filter-clogging
tendency.
3.5 Benefits of bio lubricants
32
Table 3.5 Benefits of Bio-Lubricants
Fig 3.5 Major Benefits Achieved Used for Industrial Purpose From Bio-
Lubricants.
3.6 Applications of bio lubricants
33
 Bio lubricants provide significant advantages as alternative lubricants for

industrial and maintenance applications because of their superior inherent
qualities. Bio lubricants can be used in sensitive environments and prevent
pollution because of their environmental benefits.
 Bio lubricants can be used in various industrial and maintenance

applications. Some of their important applications are as follows: industrial
oils such as machine oils, compressor oils, metalworking fluids, and
hydraulic oils; automotive oils such as engine oils, transmission fluids,
gear box oils, as well as brake and hydraulic fluids; and special oils such
as process oils, white oils, and instrumental oils.
Chapter 4
4. Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
These journal bearings are widely used in most of the rotating machineries due to its
high load-carrying capacity and formation of fluid-film thickness during the
operation. Hydrodynamic bearing is very important component of any rotating
machinery.The performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing depends on the
performance of its lubricant during the lubrication. Hydrodynamic journal bearing is a
bearing operating with hydrodynamic lubrication, in which the bearing surface is
separated from the journal surface by the lubricant film generated by the journal
rotation.
34
Fig 4.0 A Typical Journal Bearing
4.1 Tribological Approach for Bearing Performance Enhancement
There are mainly three ways to reduce the Tribological problem in a journal bearing-
1. Providing adequate surface finish

2. Surface treatment and surface coating
3. Properties of Lubricant and adequate lubrication
Properties of lubricant and adequate lubrication are necessary for the satisfactory
performance parameter for the durability of the Journal bearing. Lubrication reduces
the friction and wear of rotating elements. The adequate lubrication means availability
of adequate quality and quantity of lubricant along with the proper method of
lubrication. Lubrication is considered as one of the important design criteria for
hydrodynamic journal bearing lubrication based system.
4.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
35
Figure 4.2 Bearing Under Lubrication
In hydrodynamic lubrication as shown in above figure 1.3, the two surfaces in relative
motion are separated by a relatively thick film of fluid, so as to prevent the metal to
metal contact.
 In this, the load supporting high pressure fluid film is created due to –
i) The shape of the zone between the contacting surfaces and
ii) Relative motion between the contacting surfaces.

 The moving surfaces pull the lubricant into a wedge shaped zone at a velocity
sufficiently high to create the high pressure film, necessary to separate the
two surfaces against the load.
 The hydrodynamic lubrication is also called full-film or Thick film
lubrication.
4.3 Journal Bearing Dimension
Table 4.3 CAD Geometry of Journal Bearing Dimensions
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL VALUE DIMENSIONS
Width L 40 mm
36
Bearing Diameter D 80 mm
Radial Clearance C 0.07 mm
Eccentricity Ratio 0.2 -
Fig 4.3 Schematic of the Load Carrying in The Lubrication Interface
4.3 Advantages:
i. Low initial cost and low maintenance
ii. Include long service life
iii. Damping that significantly reduce vibration
iv. Simple in construction
37
4.4 Applications:
 Gas turbine, Hydro turbine, I.C. engine, Electric generator, Marine

propeller, Turbocharger
Chapter 5
5.THEORETICAL CALCULATION
5.1 Theoretical Calculation
The theoretical calculation of hydrodynamic journal bearing for obtaining the

maximum pressure has been done using following equations validated using J.fellon,
H. Hirani study and also from the standard tribology reference books. The dynamic
38
viscosity of Sunflower and Isovg32. Bio lubricant is use in this calculation. A finite
length short journal bearing is used throughout the study, with L/D ratio (i.e.
slenderness ratio) = 0.5, all the necessary values required for the theoretical
calculation are imported from the Boyd and Raimondi table from handbook of
tribology.
Theoretical Calculation for Sunflower oil
GIVEN:
Journal Diameter (d) = 80-0.07=79.93 mm

Journal Radius (r) = 39.965 mm
Bearing Length (l) = 40 mm
Clearance (c) = 0.07 mm
Journal Speed ( ) = 500/60 =8.33 rps
Eccentricity Ratio ( ) = = 0.2
Dynamic Viscosity ( ) = 35.3 MPa-sec
Weight = 180 N
TO FIND:
Maximum Pressure (Pmax)
SOLUTION:
Viscosity = 3.53e-08 N-Sec/mm2
Surface velocity of journal U = d
= *79.93*8.33
39
= 2090.66 mm/s
We selected
S =(r/c)^2*u N/P
P= = 180/40*80 N/ =0.05625
S = (39.965/0.07)^2*3.53E-08*8.33/0.05625
S=1.7062
From Boyd and Raimondi table at L/D ratio=0.5

By interpolation method,
S1=0.779 Pmax/P=2.267
S= 1.7062 Pmax/P=?
S2=2.03 Pmax/P=1.976
We get,
Pmax/p=2.0513244
Pmax=2.0513244*0.05625
=0.115386
ANSWER:
Pmax=0.115386 MPa
The given table is used during calculation of a journal bearing.
Table 5.1 Boyd and Raimondi Table
40
Table 5.2 MS-Excel Sheet Representing The Results of Theoretical Calculation
W N w Viscosity P S Epsilon Pmax/P Pmax
KN Rpm rads/sec N-s/mm2 MPa MPa
41
180 500 52.35983 3.53E-08 0.06 1.7062 0.2518 2.051324 0.115387
180 1000 104.7197 3.53E-08 0.06 3.4124 0.1391 1.937026 0.1089577
180 1500 157.0795 3.53E-08 0.06 5.1185 0.0910 2.214548 0.12456831
180 2000 209.4393 3.53E-08 0.06 6.8247 0.0720 2.852978 0.16047999
180 2500 261.7992 3.53E-08 0.06 8.5309 0.0529 3.491407 0.19639167
A) FOR SUNFLOWER (LAMINAR AND K-EPSILON)
Table 5.2(a)
B) ISOVG32 (LAMINAR AND K-EPSILON)
W N Omega viscosity P S Epscillon Pmax/P Pmax
KN rpm rads/sec N-s/mm2 MPa Mpa
180 500 52.35983 3.20E-08 0.06 1.5480 0.2771 2.088121 0.117456784
180 1000 104.7197 3.20E-08 0.06 3.0960 0.1532 1.946077 0.109466852
180 1500 157.0795 3.20E-08 0.06 4.6440 0.0963 2.036975 0.11457983
180 2000 209.4393 3.20E-08 0.06 6.1920 0.0790 2.616214 0.147162018
180 2500 261.7992 3.20E-08 0.06 7.7400 0.0618 3.195453 0.179744206
Table 5.2(b)
Chapter 6
CFD ANALYSIS
6.1 Introduction
42
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is branch of fluid mechanics that uses

numerical analysis and data structure to analyze and solve problem that involves fluid
flows. CFD is the analysis of fluid flows using numerical solution methods. Using
CFD, you are able to analyze complex problems involving fluid-fluid, fluid-solid or
fluid-gas interaction. CFD analyses have a great potential to save time in the design
process and are therefore cheaper and faster compared to conventional testing for data
acquisition.
In CFD, Computers are used to perform the calculation required to simulate the free
stream flow of the fluid and interaction of fluid with surfaces defined by boundary
conditions
Furthermore, in real life tests a limited amount of quantities is measured at a time,

while in a CFD analysis all desired quantities can be measured at once, and with a
high resolution in space and time.
6.2 Assumptions:
1) Fluid flow is steady& incompressible

2) The lubricant obeys newton’s law of viscosity
3) The viscosity of lubricant is constant throughout the film
Fluid properties are defined in the fluent material property module.
6.3 Steps To Performed CFD Analysis
 A CAD geometry created in CREO software is imported to ANSYS

Workbench software.
 CFD Model is then created using FLUENT module, a structured hexahedral
meshing done to accurately mesh small dimensions in fluid geometry.
 A Laminar & K- ϵ model is been used for the numerical analysis with oil inlet
supply pressure as atmospheric pressure and outlet fluid pressure is considered
43
to be zero pascal, different boundary conditions are set at the fluid inlet and
outlet.
 Material selected for Bearing (Bush) - Brass
 Important input such as dynamic viscosity and density are feeded to CFD
software.
 Inner surface of the bearing is kept fixed, hence defined as a stationary wall
whereas outer surface of journal is assigned as rotational moving wall, fixed
rotational speed are inputted to obtained desired results.(Fixed 1000 rpm,2000
rpm,3000rpm,4000rpm & 5000rpm rotational speed is inputted to obtain
desire result)
 Numbers of iterations are performed for more accurate result.
6.4 Analytical Study Using Ansys Fluent Software
A CAD geometry model created in CATIA software is imported to ANSYS

workbench 16 software. CFD Model is then created using ANSYS fluent module, a
structured hexahedral meshing is used throughout the study as the dimensions of
radial clearance is smaller than the other bearing dimensions. A laminar fluid model is
used for the numerical analysis. Operating inlet pressure is taken as atmospheric
pressure, the various boundary conditions are set at the fluid inlet and fluid outlet. For
simplicity of analysis, the outlet fluid pressure is taken zero pascal. Inner surface of
the bearing is fixed stationary wall where as outer surface of journal is assigned a
rotational moving wall as it subjected to motion. Simplec solution is used as it gives
quick results. A hundred iterations are performed for more accurate solution.
Important input parameters for various dispersion cases such as dynamic viscosity and
density are fed to CFD software (Fluent)
44
Fig 6.4.0 CAD Geometry of Journal Bearing
In CAD modelling the location of a journal is set at origin. In order to create different
loading condition for different eccentricity ratio its origin coordinates are offset from
origin has given offset values for X and Y coordinates and now this new origin is
considered for parametric modelling.
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL VALUE DIMESIONS
Width L 40 mm
Bearing D 80 mm
Diameter
Length To L/D 0.5 -

Diameter Ratio
Journal Radius R 39.965 mm
Radial Clearance C 0.07 mm
Eccentricity E 0.014 mm
Eccentricity 0.2 -
Ratio
45
Journal Speed N 500,1000,1500,2000,2500 rpm
Table 6.4.0 CAD Geometry of Journal Bearing Dimensions
6.4.1 Fluid-structural Interaction
A fluid-structural interaction is used throughout the study. Fluent part of the fluid
structural module take care of all the input parameters and attribute whereas the
structural module is used to input the bearing material properties also all the fluent
properties are also imported in the structural module.
Figure 6.4.1 Schematic of Fluid Structural Interaction Module
6.4.2 Meshing
46
Figure 6.4.2 Meshing of Fluent Geometry of Journal Bearing
Fig (a)
Fig (b)
(a) Structural Meshing
47
Fig 6.4.2 (a) representing the structural meshing of Journal Bearing Geometry, the
default meshing is done.
Table 6.4.2 (a) Characteristic Parameters of The Structural Mesh.
Parameters Value
Nodes 337813
Elements 325323
Growth Rate 1.20 (Default)
Minimum Edge Length 8.647e-003 m2
Transition Ratio 0.272
Maximum Layer 5
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Inflation Algorithm Pre
Smoothing Medium
Transition Slow
Span Angle center Fine
b) Fluent Meshing
48
Fig 4.3(b) representing the fluent meshing module, the sweep able fluid geometry is
created in the ANSYS Design modular with four layers and the mesh sizing is given
0.6 mm.In sum, 321620 nodes, 255015 elements are generated for the model.
Table 6.4.2 (b) Characteristic parameters of the hydrodynamic film mesh.
Parameters Values
Nodes 321620
Elements 255015
Growth Rate 1.20 (Default)
Minimum Edge Length 8.647e-005 m2
Transition Ratio 0.272
Maximum Layer 5
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Inflation Algorithm Pre
Smoothing Medium
Transition Slow
Span Angle Center Fine
Table 6.4.2 (b) Characteristic parameters of the hydrodynamic film mesh.
49
Fig 6.4.3 Hexahedral Fluent Mesh
This fluent analysis is done on the fluid (lubricating oil) available in the clearance
space in between the bearing and shaft. This oil film is responsible for the main
mechanism of generation of maximum pressure in the journal bearing which in terms
representing the load carrying capacity of the journal bearing.
Fig 6.4.4 Detail Information of Mesh Layer
50
Fig 6.4.5 Geometry & Mesh of Fluid Domain
C) Name Selection
After the meshing, the name selection in done in order to feed various boundary
conditions in the system. The inner side of the fluid film is named as a shaft, as it
makes the interface between the journal and fluid film. The inlet pipe top section is
named as pressure inlet. The laterally outer fluid film walls are named as the pressure
outlet. The outer fluid surface which is in contact with the bearing inside wall is
named as FSI_bearing_wall. The complete fluid inside the bearing and shaft clearance
is named as fluid .
51
Figure 6.4.6 Model Tree for Name Selection
D) Setup For Fluent Boundary Conditions

i. Parameter setting
Important parameters set against the predefined parameter set, essential parameters
like eccentricity ratio and attitude angle are set according to theoretically calculated
values. For different eccentricity ratio case the different values for eccentricity ratio
and attitude angle values are set .
ENCENTRICITY RATIO ECENTRICITY ATTITUDE ANGLE
0.2 0.01 75.12O
52
ii. Material Properties
Fluid material properties for selected lubricating oil are as
Table 6.4.3 Fluid Material Properties For Selected Lubricants
Material Properties Sunflower oil ISO VG32
Density, ρ (kg/m3) 904.6 857
Viscosity, μ (Kg/m-s) 0.0353 0.032
iii. Boundary Conditions
iv. Solution
The SIMPEC method of numerical calculation is used throughout the analysis.
53
6.5 Results
The results of all numerical calculations are then reported using CFD POST (fluent)
module. The results are analysed for eccentricity ratio (ϵ=0.2) and for five different
speeds (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 rpm) for (SUNFLOWER & ISO VG32). Here
are the results as shown for the pressure at eccentricity ratio (ϵ=0.2) with two different
model (Laminar & K-e) and different combination of speed. The red zone on the
pressure contour shows the maximum pressure developed inside the oil film
A) Results for pressure contours with SUNFLOWER oil at

eccentricity ratio ϵ =0.2 ( LAMINAR MODEL )
Fig 6.5.1 Results for pressure contours with SUNFLOWER oil at eccentricity ratio ϵ
=0.2 (Laminar Modal)
Fig 6.5.1(a) At 500 RPM Fig 6.5.1(b) At 1000 RPM
Fig 6.5.1(c) At 1500 RPM Fig 6.5.1(d) At 2000 RPM
54
Fig 6.5.1(e) At 2500 RPM
B) Results for pressure contours with SUNFLOWER oil at

eccentricity ratio ϵ =0.2 (k-e Modal)
Fig 6.5.2 Results for pressure contours with SUNFLOWER oil at eccentricity ratio ϵ
=0.2 (k-e Modal)
Fig 6.5.2 (a) At 500 RPM Fig 6.5.2 (b) At 1000 RPM
Fig 6.5.2 (c) At 1500 RPM Fig 6.5.2 (d) At 2000 RPM
55
Fig 6.5.2 (e) At 2500 RPM
C) Results for pressure contours with ISOVG32 oil at eccentricity

ratio ϵ =0.2 (Laminar modal)
Fig 6.5.3 Results for Pressure Contours with ISOVG32 oil at eccentricity ratio ϵ =0.2
(Laminar modal)
Fig 6.5.3 (a) At 500 RPM Fig 6.5.3 (b) at 1000 RPM
Fig 6.5.3 (c) At 1500 RPM Fig 6.5.3 (b) At 2000 RPM
56
Fig 6.5.3 (e) At 2500 RPM
D) Results for pressure contours with ISOVG32 oil at eccentricity

ratio ϵ =0.2 (K-EPSILON)
Fig 6.5.4 Results for pressure contours with ISOVG32 oil at eccentricity ratio ϵ =0.2
(k-e Modal)
Fig 6.5.4 (a) At 500 RPM Fig 6.5.4 (b) At 1000 RPM
Fig 6.5.4 (c) At 1500 RPM Fig 6.5.4 (d) At 2000 RPM
57
Fig 6.5.4 (e) At 2500 RPM
6.6 Uses of CFD Analysis

CFD analysis have a great potential to save time in design process and therefore
cheaper and faster compared to conventional testing for data acquisition. In real life
tests a limited number of quantities can be measured at a time, while in CFD analysis
all desired quantities can measured at once. We used Computational fluid dynamic
analysis to valided the theoretical calculation for hydrodynamic journal bearing.
6.7 Application:
 With the CFD analysis, we can understand the flow and heat transfer
throughout the design process.
 In engineering fields, CFD analysis are frequently used

aerodynamics and hydrodynamics where properties like pressure and
velocity is obtained.
58
Chapter 7
7. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
7.1 Theoretical Calculation Results
Table 7.1.1 & Table 7.1.2 shows that the pressure developed in the bearing is increases
with increase in journal speed as shown in Fig 7.2.1(a) & Fig 7.2.1(b) which shows the
pressure profiles for the Sunflower Oil & ISOVG32 with constant eccentricity ratio=0.2.
The maximum value of pressure is obtained with 2500 rpm of journal speed.
Table 7.1.1 Theoretical Calculation Results for Sunflower Oil at Constant

Eccentricity ratio 0.2
Load Journal Eccentricity Supply Sommerfeld Maximum

(N) Speed (mm) Pressure Number Pressure
(rpm) (MPa) (s) (MPa)
180 500 0.2 0.06 1.7062 0.115386995
180 1000 0.2 0.06 3.4124 0.108957702
180 1500 0.2 0.06 5.1185 0.124568307
180 2000 0.2 0.06 6.8247 0.160479987
180 2500 0.2 0.06 8.5309 0.196391668
59
Table 7.1.2 Theoretical Calculation Results for ISOVG32 Oil at Constant

Eccentricity ratio 0.2
Load Journal Eccentricity Supply Sommerfeld Maximum

(N) Speed (mm) Pressure Number (s) Pressure
(rpm) (MPa) (MPa)
180 500 0.2 0.06 1.5480 0.117456784
180 1000 0.2 0.06 3.0960 0.109466852
180 1500 0.2 0.06 4.6440 0.114579830
180 2000 0.2 0.06 6.1920 0.147162018
180 2500 0.2 0.06 7.7400 0.179744206
60
7.2 Graphs for Theoretical Results
Theoretical impact of journal speed on bearing pressure shows that pressure increases
abruptly as the journal speed increases from 1000 rpm
Fig 7.2.1 Journal speed VS Maximum Pressure (Theoretical) For Sunflower
Fig 7.2.2 Journal speed VS Maximum Pressure (Theoretical) For ISOVG32
61
Fig 7.2.3 Journal speed vs Sommerfeld Number For Sunflower
Fig 7.2.4 Journal speed VS Sommerfeld Number For ISOVG 32
62
7.3 Analytical Results
The maximum pressure contours on Sunflower oil & ISOVG 32 at 1000, 2000, 3000,
4000, 5000 rpm are iterated in ANSYS FLUENT software. The analytical result of
sunflower oil & ISO VG 32 oil for both modal laminar as well as for k- epsilon is
shown in Table 7.3.1 & Table 7.3.
Table 7.3.1 Analytical Result for Sunflower Oil
Modal Journal speed (rpm) Maximum pressure (MPa)
500 0.1035
1000 0.1050
Laminar 1500 0.1077
2000 0.1141
2500 0.1334
500 0.1032
1000 0.1050
K-Epsilon 1500 0.1105

(k-e)
2000 0.1179
2500 0.1467
63
Table 7.3.2 Analytical Result for ISOVG 32 Oil
Modal Journal speed (rpm) Maximum pressure (MPa)
500 0.1031
1000 0.1037
Laminar 1500 0.1070
2000 0.1123
2500 0.1231
500 0.1021
1000 0.1046
K-Epsilon 1500 0.1099

(k-e)
2000 0.1165
2500 0.1334
64
7.4 Graph for Analytical (CFD) Results
Fig 7.4.1 Journal speed VS Maximum Pressure (CFD) for Sunflower Oil (Laminar
Modal)
Fig 7.4.2 Journal speed vs Maximum Pressure (CFD) for Sunflower Oil
(K-e Modal)
65
Fig 7.4.3 Journal speed vs Maximum Pressure (CFD) for ISOVG 32 Oil (Laminar
Modal)
Fig 7.3.4 Journal speed vs Maximum Pressure (CFD) for ISOVG 32 Oil
(K-e Modal)
66
7.5 Graph of Theoretical vs Analytical Results
Fig-7.5.1 Journal speed vs Maximum pressure (Theoretical & CFD) for Sunflower Oil
(Laminar Modal)
Fig-7.5.2 Journal speed vs Maximum pressure (Theoretical & CFD) for Sunflower Oil
(K-e Modal)
67
Fig-7.5.3 Journal Speed VS Maximum pressure (Theoretical & CFD) for ISOVG 32 Oil
(Laminar Modal)
Fig-7.5.3 Journal Speed VS Maximum pressure (Theoretical & CFD) for Sunflower Oil
(K-e Modal)
68
7.6 Percentage Error in Analytical Result
Error (%) = Theoretical Result – Analytical Result x 100

Theoretical Result
Table 7.6.1 Percentage Error in Analytical Result for Sunflower Oil
Maximum Maximum
Error
Journal Pressure Pressure
Modal Speed
Theoretical Analytical (%)
(RPM)
(MPa) (MPa)
500 0.115386995 0.103456600 10.34
1000 0.108957702 0.105011700 3.62
Laminar 1500 0.124568307 0.107658000 13.58
2000 0.160479987 0.114138000 28.88
2500 0.196391668 0.133432400 32.06
500 0.115386995 0.103160400 10.60
1000 0.108957702 0.105011700 3.62
K-e 1500 0.124568307 0.110505900 11.29
2000 0.160479987 0.117929500 26.51
2500 0.196391668 0.146736600 25.28
69
Table 7.6.2 Percentage Error in Analytical Result for ISOVG 32 Oil
Maximum Maximum
Error
Journal Pressure Pressure
Modal Speed
Theoretical Analytical (%)
(RPM)
(MPa) (MPa)
500 0.117456784 0.103102200 12.22
1000 0.109466852 0.103680200 5.29
Laminar 1500 0.114579830 0.106978800 6.63
2000 0.147162018 0.112335700 23.67
2500 0.179744206 0.123077600 31.53
500 0.117456784 0.102117800 13.06
1000 0.109466852 0.104578500 4.47
K-e 1500 0.114579830 0.109870500 4.11
2000 0.147162018 0.116530200 20.82
2500 0.179744206 0.133449400 25.76
70
Fig 7.6.1 Journal Speed vs Error (%) for Sunflower oil
Fig 7.6.2 Journal Speed vs Error (%) for ISOVG32 oil
71
7.7 Comparison of Results
(A) Theoretical Result Comparison
o Fig 7.7.1 shows the comparison of Maximum Pressure for Sunflower Oil &
ISOVG 32 oil at different journal speed, Sunflower oil shows better results as
compared to ISOVG 32 oil
o The impact of speed on bearing pressure with Sunflower Oil and ISOVG 32
oil increases stiffly above 1500 rpm.
Fig 7.7.1 Theoretical Result Comparison for Bearing Pressure Distribution for
Sunflower Oil & ISOVG 32 Oil
72
(B) Analytical Result Comparison
Fig 7.7.2 Comparison Between Sunflower Oil and ISOVG 32 Oil for Analytical
Result (Laminar Modal) at Different Journal Speed with Eccentricity Ratio 0.2
Fig 7.7.3 Comparison Between Sunflower Oil and ISOVG 32 Oil for Analytical
result (K-e ) at Different Journal Speed with Constant Eccentricity Ratio 0.2
73
Fig 7.7.2 and 7.7.3 The comparative CFD graph for Sunflower Oil & ISOVG32 Oil
using laminar & k-e modal at different journal speed at eccentricity ratio 0.2 shows the
increase in pressure with increase in speed & lets the information that Sunflower Oil
shows better result over ISOVG 32 Oil
(C) CFD Modal (Laminar and K-Epsilon) Comparison
The maximum pressure of k-epsilon modal shows higher pressure value than the
laminar modal as shown in Fig 7.7.4 & Fig 7.7.5
Fig 7.7.4 Comparison Between CFD Modal (Laminar & k-e)for Sunflower Oil at
Different Journal Speed with Constant Eccentricity Ratio 0.2
Fig 7.7.5 Comparison Between CFD Modal (Laminar & k-e) for ISOVG 32at
Different Journal Speed with Constant Eccentricity Ratio 0.2
74
Chapter 8
8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
75
This chapter concludes the research work with recommendations and concluding
remarks.
8.1 Conclusion
Hydrodynamic journal bearings are analyzed by using Computational fluid dynamics

(CFD) approach on L/D ratio 0.5.
The theoretical & analytical results of performance analysis of Sunflower Oil (bio
lubricant) under hydrodynamic journal bearing lubrication highlights following
important conclusion.
 Both theoretical and analytical result of bearing performance shows similar

trend in Maximum Pressure upto 1500 rpm and after it shows increasing trend
in the maximum pressure value with increased in journal speed.
 The percentage error graphs show minimum error upto 1000 rpm & it
increases further with increase in speed.
 Maximum efficiency of CFD analysis of sunflower oil with laminar model &
with k-epsilon model is in the range of 70% to 97 % and 75% to 97 %
respectively.
 Both Lubrication Modals have significant influences on the pressure

distribution & it is observed that k-epsilon model shows better result than
laminar model for maximum pressure.
 Upto 1000 rpm use laminar Modal and for higher rpm use k-epsilon Modal for
better result.
 Sunflower oil shows better maximum pressure trend over ISOVG 32 oil.
Hence can be used as alternative lubricants for journal bearing application
8.2 Future Scope
76
 Properties of the sunflower oil (Bio-lubricant) can be enhanced by modifying

its chemical composition or by altering its Tribological properties which
results in better performance and load carrying capacity of bio-lubricant.
 Bio-lubricant is to be kept under rigorous research & so in future it can be

commercially used.
Chapter 9
77
9. REFERENCES
9.1 Reference
1. Nadia Salih, Jumat Salimon “A Review on Eco-Friendly Green Biolubricants

from Renewable and Sustainable Plant Oil Sources”, Volume 11, Issue 5,
2021, 13303 – 13327
2. Mohammed Hassan Jabal, Abdulmunem R. Abdulmunem & Hussain Saad

Abd “Experimental investigation of tribological characteristics and emissions
with nonedible sunflower oil as a biolubricant”
https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1523070
3. Dr. Akleshwar Mathur “Studies on Viscosity of Soybean Oil” ISSN 2394 –

3386 Volume 4, Issue 9 September 2017
4. Norzahir Sapawe, Muhammad Farhan Hanafi, Syahrullail Samion “The Use of

Palm Oil as New Alternative Biolubricant for Improving Anti-Friction and
Anti-Wear Properties” Volume 19, Part 4, 2019, Pages 1126-1135
5. D.I Ahmed,S. Kasolang, R.S. Dwyer-Joyce, K.I. Sainana, N.R. Nik Roselina
“Formulation and physico-chemical characteristics of biolubricant” Ahmed et
al. (2014). Jurnal Tribologi 3, pp.1-10.
6. M.H. Mosarof, M.A. Kalam, H.H. Masjuki, A. Arslan, M. M. ISLAM, A. Md.

Ruhul, S. S. Ali and S. K. Leang “Analysis of thermal stability and lubrication
characteristics of Millettia pinnata oil” Issue 84, 2016
7. Timothy Yakubu Woma, Sunday Albert Lawal, Asipita Salawu Abdulrahman,

M. A. Olutoye and M. M. Ojapah “Vegetable Oil Based Lubricants:
Challenges and Prospects” June 2019 Tribology Online 14(2):60-
70DOI:10.2474/trol.14.60
8. Ebtisam K. Heikal, M.S. Elmelawy, Salah A. Khalil, N.M. Elbasuny

“Manufacturing of environment friendly biolubricants from vegetable oils”
Volume 26, Issue 1, March 2017, Pages 53-59
78
9. H.M. Mobarak, E. Niza Mohamad, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, K.A.H. Al

Mahmud, M. Habibullah, A.M. Ashraful “The prospects of biolubricants as
alternatives in automotive applications” Volume 33, May 2014, Pages 34-43
10. Malcolm E. Leader “Understanding Journal Bearings”
11. S. Baskar, G. Sriram “Tribological Behaviour of Journal Bearing Material

under Different Lubricants” Vol. 36, No. 2 (2014) 127‐133
12. M.B.Patel, K.B.Bramhbhatt “Comparative Study of Performance of

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing with a Bio-Lubricant and ISOVG 100- A
Review Paper” ISSN: 2349-5162 | ESTD Year : 2014 Call for Paper Volume 8
| Issue 6 | June 2021
13. Mr. M.J.Gitay, Prof. P.A. Narwade “Pressure distribution and load carrying
capacity of Journal Bearing by using Bio Oil” Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -
2017 www.irjet.net
14. R.Kameswari, G.Giridhar, M. Rangacharyulu “Density and Ultrasonic studies

on Sunflower Oil” Volume-5, Issue-4, 465-473
15. O.O. Fasina & Z. Colley “Viscosity and Specific Heat of Vegetable Oils as a
Function of Temperature: 35°C to 180°C”
https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910701586273
16. Mr. Anand Kalani, Mrs. Rita Jani “Comparative study of full Journal Bearing
with Biolubricants- Jatroha oil, Castor oil, Mineral oil (SAE 20W50 )” volume
6,Issue 6, June (2015),pp.127-131
17. Mansi B. Patel, Dr.H.P.Patolia, Dr.K.B.Brahmbhatt “Comparative Study of

Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing with a Bio-Lubricant and
ISOVG 100” https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.3668
18. Zhongliang Xie, Pan Song, Liang Hao , Nawei Shen, Weidong Zhu, Huanling
Liu, Jing Shi, Yongkun Wang, Wenchao Tian “Investigation on effects of
Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) on the lubrication performances of water
lubricated bearing in primary circuit loop system of nuclear power plant”
Volume 141, 15 June 2020, 107355
19. G.N.V.Madhusudhanrao, Dr.C. Nagabhaskar “Design and CFD analysis of

bearing with different lubricants” || Volume 5 || Issue 7 || July 2020 || ISSN
(Online) 2456-0774
20. Miss. Kirtee L.Chidle, Dr. Mrs. R. N. Baxi “CFD Analysis of fluid film
journal bearing : A review” Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016 www.irjet.net
79
21. D.Y. Dhande & D.W. Pande “Multiphase flow analysis of hydrodynamic
journal 5 bearing using CFD coupled Fluid Structure 6 Interaction considering
cavitation” Volume 30, Issue 4, October 2018, Pages 345-354
22. Surajkumar Khasbage, Vijay Patil, Dinesh Dhande “Performance of Jatropha

Biolubricant for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Lubrication” Volume: 03
Issue: 07 | July-2016 www.irjet.net
23. Wang, Y., Yin, Z., Jiang, D., Gao, G., & Zhang, X. “Study of the lubrication
performance of water-lubricated journal bearings with CFD and FSI method”
ISSN: 0036-8792
24. Aoshuang Ding , Xiaodong Ren, Xuesong Li , and Chunwei Gu “Numerical

Investigation of Turbulence Models for a Super laminar Journal Bearing”
Volume 2018 |Article ID 2841303 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2841303
25. B. Manshoor, M. Jaat , Zaman Izzuddin , Khalid Amir “CFD Analysis of Thin
Film Lubricated Journal Bearing” Volume 68, 2013, Pages 56-62
26. Susilowati, Mohammad Tauviqirrahman, J. Jamari, Athanasius P. Bayuseno

and Muchammad “A Comparative study of Finite Journal Bearing in Laminar
and Turbulent Regimes using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamic)”
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20165804001
80
Reference Books:
1. Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering, Select Proceedings of ICIME

(2019)
Papers from Journal or Transaction:
1. Pranab Ghosh, Gobinda Karmakar,” Evaluation of sunflower oil as a

multifunctional lubricating oil additive”,DO1 10.1007/s40090-014-0007-
7(2014)
2. Lemuel M. Diamante and Tianying Lan,” Absolute Viscosities of Vegetable

Oils at Different Temperatures and Shear Rate Range of 64.5 to 4835
s−1”,Hindawi Publishing Corporation,Journal of Food Processing,Volume
2014,ArticleID234583,6pages,http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/2345839,2014
3. Timothy Yakubu Woma, Sunday Albert Lawal, Asipita Salawu

Abdulrahman,M. A. Olutoye and M. M. Ojapah” Vegetable Oil Based
Lubricants: Challenges and Prospects”,DO1 10.2474/trol.14.60(2019)
4. Dipak S. Bajaj, “Dr. R.S.Jahagirdar, Experimental Investigation on Usage of

Cotton Seed Oil as a Lubricant to Substitute Mineral Oil.” An International
Conference on Tribology, TRIBOINDIA-2018 13th-15th December 2018,
VJTI, Mumbai, India (2018)
5. Dr. Akleshwar Mathur, “Studies of viscosities of Soyabean oil.” International

Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR
www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 4, Issue 9 September 2017
6. Samuel Kofi Tulashie, Francis Kotoka,” The potential of castor, palm kernel,
and coconut oils as biolubricant base oil via chemical modification and
formulation” Thermal Science and Engineering ProgressVolume 16, 1 May
2020, 100480 (2020)
7. Ebtisam K. Heikal, M.S. Elmelawy, Salah A. Khalil, N.M. Elbasunym,”

Manufacturing of environment friendly biolubricants from vegetable oils”,
81
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum ,Volume 26, Issue 1, March 2017, Pages 53-
59
8. B. Manshoor, M. Jaat, Zaman Izzuddin, Khalid Amir,” CFD Analysis of Thin

Film Lubricated Journal Bearing”Eguptian Journal of
Petroleum,voulme26,Issue 1,March 2017,Pages 53-59
9. H.M. Mobarak, E. Niza Mohamad, H.H. Masjuki, M.A Kalam, K.A.H. Al

Mahmud, M. Habibullah, A.M.Ashraful, “The prospects of Biolubricants as
alternatives in automotive applications.” Renewable and sustainable energy
reviews 33, (2014)34-433.
10. Abhinav Maurya, Abhay Kumar, Aman Dev Punia,” CFD and Frictional
Torque Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing”, International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology(IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN:
2278-0181www.ijert.orgVol. 8 Issue 07, July-2019
11. G.N.V.MADHUSUDHANARAO,Dr.C.NAGABHASKAR,”DESIGN_AND
_CFD_ANALYSIS_OF_BEARING_WITH_DIFFERENT_LUBRICANTS”(
2020) || Volume 5 || Issue 7 || July 2020 || ISSN (Online) 2456-
0774,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCHAND ENGINEERING TRENDS
12. Mihir H Amin,Monil M Bhamre,Ayush V Patel,Darsh P Pandya,Rutvik

Bhavsar,Snehal N Patel,” cfd analysis applied to hydrodynamic journal
bearing” In: Senjyu T., Mahalle P.N., Perumal T., Joshi A. (eds)
Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems.
ICTIS 2020. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 196.
Springer, Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7062-9_76 .(2021)
13. Surajkumar Khasbage1, Vijay Patil2, Dinesh Dhande3,” Performance of

Jatropha Biolubricant for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Lubrication”,
(IRJET), p-ISSN: 2395-0072 (2016)
82
14. Dinesh Dhande, Dr. D. W. Pande and Vikas Chatarkar, “Analysis of

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Using Fluid Structure Interaction Approach”,
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJERT)-
Volume4Issue8- August 2013, pg.3389-3392.
15. Mohammad A Chowdhury, Md. Shahin Mia, Mohamed Kchaou, Md. Bengir,
A Shuvho and Uttam K Debanath,” Friction coefficient and performance
evaluation of plain journal bearing using SAE 5W-30 engine oil” Proceedings
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering
Tribology, 135065012090392. doi:10.1177/1350650120903927
16. Maria -Eleni Kyrkou , Pantelis G. Nikolakopoulos,” Simulation of thermo-

hydrodynamic behavior of journal bearings,lubricating with commercial oils
of different performance” Simulation Modelling Practice and
Theory,Volume 104, November 2020, 102128
17. N.J. Fox, G. W. Stochowiak,“Vegetable oil-based lubricants-A review of

oxidation”, Tribology international 40(2007) 1035-1046
18. Priyanka Tiwari & Veerendra Kumar “Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
Using CFD and FSI Technique”, International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT) IJERT ISSN: 2278-0181 www.ijert.org Vol. 3 Issue 7, July –
2014
19. B. Manshoor, M. Jaat, Zaman Izzuddin, Khalid Amir,” CFD Analysis of Thin
Film Lubricated Journal Bearing”, Procedia Engineering,Volume 68, 2013,
Pages 56-62
83

Final Report Stage 2 UPDATED 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Report Stage 2 UPDATED 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Report Stage 2 UPDATED 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Project Stage-II Report On

CFD Analysis of Hydrodynamic

Mr. Mahek Shankesh Gadiya (B150210831)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. S. S. Khasbage Dr. S. J. Navale

We convey thanks to our project guide Prof. S. S Khasbage of Mechanical

Mr. MAHEK GADIYA

Mr. SHUBHAM JADHAV

Mr. AJAY JAKHADE

Mr. GAURAV CHAURE

Sr. No Title Page No.

1.1 Selection of Bio Lubricant ……………………., 14

1.2 Hydrodynamic Bearing ……………………. 15

1.3 Basics Objective of Lubrication………………… 16

1.4 CFD Analysis ………………………………….. 16

2.4 Scope of Project………………………………… 25

2.5.1 Project Plan (Gantt Chart)…………….. 26

3.2 Source of Bio lubricant ………………………… 29

3.3 Properties of Bio lubricant……………………… 29

3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio lubricants … 32

3.5 Benefits of Bio lubricants……………………….. 32

3.6 Applications of Bio lubricants ………………….. 33

4 Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing……………………….. 34

4.1 Tribological Approach for Bearing Performance Enhancement 35

4.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication……………………… 35

4.3 Journal Bearing Dimension…………………… 36

5.1 Theoretical Calculation…………………………... 38

6.3 Steps to Performed CFD Analysis………………. 43

6.4 Analytical Study Using Ansys Fluent Software... 44

6.4.1 Fluid Structural Interaction……………… 46

6.6 Uses Of CFD Analysis…………………………… 58

7 Result and Discussion………………. …………………... 59

7.1 Theoretical Calculation Result ……………………. 59

7.2 Graphs for Theoretical Results……………………. 61

7.3 Analytical Results………………………………...... 63

7.4 Graph for Analytical (CFD) Results……………….. 65

7.5 Graph of Theoretical vs Analytical Results………... 67

7.6 Percentage Error in Analytical Result…………….. 69

7.7 Comparison of Results…………………………….. 73

8 Conclusion and Future Scope…………………………….. 76

8.2 Future Trends………………………………………. 77

Sr No. Figure No. Title of Figure Page No.

1 1.2 Journal Bearing 15

2 3.5 Major Benefits Achieved Used for Industrial Purpose 30

3 4.0 A Typical Journal Bearing 31

4 4.2 Bearing Under Lubrication 32

5 4.3 Schematic of The Load Carrying In The Lubrication 33

6 6.4.0 CAD Geometry of Journal Bearing 41

7 6.4.1 Schematic of Fluid Structural Interaction Module 42

8 6.4.2 Meshing of Fluent Geometry of Journal Bearing 43

9 6.4.3 Hexahedral Fluent Mesh 46

10 6.4.4 Detail Information of Mesh Layer 46

11 6.4.5 Geometry and Mesh of Fluid Domain

12 6.4.6 Model Tree for Name Selection

13 6.5.1 Results for Pressure Contours With Sunflower Oil at

14 6.5.2 Results for Pressure Contours With Sunflower Oil at

15 6.5.3 Results for Pressure Contours With ISOVG 32 Oil at

Eccentricity Ratio e=0.2 (Laminar Modal)

16 6.5.4 Results for Pressure Contours With ISOVG 32 Oil at