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    Laboratory Activity 3 - Group 10

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    Reinier Franco
    This laboratory activity aimed to familiarize students with Lewis dot structures, molecular structures, and molecular polarity. Students used molecular model kits to build various molecules and ions and draw their Lewis structures. They determined hybridization, bond types and numbers, geometries, and polarities. Molecular geometry is important because it determines many properties like polarity, magnetism, phase, color, and reactivity. The basic theory is called valence shell electron pair repulsion, which describes how electron pairs repel each other to maximize distance. Molecular geometry expresses how atoms are arranged, while electron group geometry expresses electron group arrangement. Students analyzed molecules like ozone, ammonia, water, sulfur tetrafluoride, and others to determine their structures and properties.

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    Laboratory Activity 3 - Group 10

    Uploaded by

    Reinier Franco
    28 views6 pages
    This laboratory activity aimed to familiarize students with Lewis dot structures, molecular structures, and molecular polarity. Students used molecular model kits to build various molecules and ions and draw their Lewis structures. They determined hybridization, bond types and numbers, geometries, and polarities. Molecular geometry is important because it determines many properties like polarity, magnetism, phase, color, and reactivity. The basic theory is called valence shell electron pair repulsion, which describes how electron pairs repel each other to maximize distance. Molecular geometry expresses how atoms are arranged, while electron group geometry expresses electron group arrangement. Students analyzed molecules like ozone, ammonia, water, sulfur tetrafluoride, and others to determine their structures and properties.

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    LABORATORY-ACTIVITY-3_GROUP-10

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    This laboratory activity aimed to familiarize students with Lewis dot structures, molecular structures, and molecular polarity. Students used molecular model kits to build various molecules and ions and draw their Lewis structures. They determined hybridization, bond types and numbers, geometries, and polarities. Molecular geometry is important because it determines many properties like polarity, magnetism, phase, color, and reactivity. The basic theory is called valence shell electron pair repulsion, which describes how electron pairs repel each other to maximize distance. Molecular geometry expresses how atoms are arranged, while electron group geometry expresses electron group arrangement. Students analyzed molecules like ozone, ammonia, water, sulfur tetrafluoride, and others to determine their structures and properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views6 pages

    Laboratory Activity 3 - Group 10

    Uploaded by

    Reinier Franco
    This laboratory activity aimed to familiarize students with Lewis dot structures, molecular structures, and molecular polarity. Students used molecular model kits to build various molecules and ions and draw their Lewis structures. They determined hybridization, bond types and numbers, geometries, and polarities. Molecular geometry is important because it determines many properties like polarity, magnetism, phase, color, and reactivity. The basic theory is called valence shell electron pair repulsion, which describes how electron pairs repel each other to maximize distance. Molecular geometry expresses how atoms are arranged, while electron group geometry expresses electron group arrangement. Students analyzed molecules like ozone, ammonia, water, sulfur tetrafluoride, and others to determine their structures and properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    LABORATORY ACTIVITY 3

    Course Code: ME 006 Program: Mechanical Engineering


    Course Title: Materials Engineering Date
    Performed:
    Section ME41S1 Date January 11, 2021
    Submitted:
    Students: Instructor: Engr. Darrel San Luis
    1. Cid, Joshua
    2. Ejem, Adrian James
    3. Fajardo, Emmanuel Angelico Dominic
    4. Franco, Reinier
    5. Resurreccion, John Alesi
    1. Objective:
    The activity aims to familiarize students with the theory of Lewis dot, molecular structure, and molecular
    polarity.
    2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
    The students shall be able to:
    2.1 Build a variety of molecules and ions using molecular model kits.
    2.2 Draw Lewis structures for each of these molecules and ions.
    2.3 Determine the hybridization of the central atoms, the number and types of bonds, the geometries,
    and the polarities of the molecules and ions.
    3. Discussion:
    Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule.
    It is important to be able to predict and understand the molecular structure of a molecule because many of
    the properties of a substance are determined by its geometry. Examples of these properties include polarity,
    magnetism, phase, color, and chemical reactivity. Molecular geometry may also be used to predict biological
    activity, to design drugs or decipher the function of a molecule. The basic idea in molecular shapes is
    called valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR). It basically describes that electron pairs, being
    composed of negatively charged particles, repel each other to get as far away from each other as possible.
    VSEPR makes a distinction between electron group geometry, which expresses how electron groups (bonds
    and nonbonding electron pairs) are arranged, and molecular geometry, which expresses how the atoms in
    a molecule are arranged.
    4. Illustrations:

    NH3 H2O SF4


    ClF3 BrF5 XeF4

    5. Materials or link:
    https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/molecule-shapes/latest/molecule-shapes_en.html
    6. Procedure:
    6.1 Add up the total number of valence electrons found in the entire compound.
    6.2 Draw the simple structure (skeleton structure) of the compound by connecting everything with
    single bonds only.
    6.3 Add electrons to all the noncentral atoms.
    6.4 Put any unused electrons on the central atom.
    6.5 If one or more atoms do not have eight electrons, you must form double or triple bonds between
    them.
    6.6 If all atoms now have eight electrons around them, you’re done. If you have valence electrons left
    over, add them to the central atom, even if it violates the octet rule.

    Number of Number of Molecular


    Total number atoms bonded non-bonding geometry with
    of electron Electronic Examples
    to a central electric pair on ideal bond
    pairs geometry
    atom the central angles
    atom
    3 2 1 Trigonal Planar Bent O3
    4 3 1 Tetrahedral Trigonal NH3
    Pyramidal
    4 2 2 Tetrahedral Bent H2O
    Trigonal Distorted
    5 4 1 Bipyramidal Tetrahedron SF4
    (Seesaw)
    5 3 2 Trigonal T-shaped CIF3
    Bipyramidal
    5 2 3 Trigonal Linear I3
    Bipyramidal
    6 5 1 Octahedral Square BrF5
    Pyramidal
    6 4 2 Octahedral Square Planar XeF4
    Ozone

    Ammonia

    Water

    Sulfur
    Tetrafluoride

    Chlorine
    Trifluoride
    Triiodide ion

    Bromine
    Pentafluoride

    Xenon
    Tetrafluoride

    7. Questions:
    7.1 For each one of the molecules with lone pairs of electrons on the central atom that is non-polar, give an
    explanation of why they have no dipole moment.
    Answer: The separation of charges in any system leads to dipole moment. Both ionic and covalently bonded
    compounds develop dipole moment. The main cause for the development of dipole moment is the
    electronegativity difference between chemically bonded atoms. The larger the difference in electronegativity,
    the larger the dipole moment. In triatomic H2O molecule, the dipole moment is 1.84D. Due to the bent
    structure of the water molecule, the dipole moment is not zero. This is due to the resultant dipole moments
    of 2 O-H bonds, inclined at 104.5 degrees, with 2 lone pairs on oxygen. Also, when considering NH3 and
    NF3 molecules, both have 3 N-H bonds and a lone pair on nitrogen atom but the resultant dipole moment
    of NF3 is less than that of NH3. This is because the dipole formed between the lone pair and nitrogen atom
    differs in both NH3 and NF3 molecules. Fluorine, being more electronegative than nitrogen, will attract all
    the shared electrons towards it from nitrogen in opposite direction to net dipole moment.

    7.2 Give a molecule (or ions) with resonance structures and draw them in the box:
    NO2
    NO3

    O3

    C6H6

    8. Conclusion:
    The group concluded that it is important to predict and understand the molecular structure of a molecule
    because many of the properties of a substance are determined by its geometry. The shape of a molecule is
    a feature that often determines the fate of a compound regarding molecular interactions. The shape of a
    molecule determines the way it behaves in nature, and molecular shapes are described by using geometrical
    terminology. The very nature of a molecule is dependent upon the shape as well as the electron shift in
    bonding. The shape of a molecule influences the physical and chemical properties of the elements involved.
    Today, we classify the world according to their atoms or elements. In nature, most atoms will be found as
    molecules and each of these molecules has its own variations and this can change the feature of a molecule.
    With the discovery of molecular geometry and its probable effects on other molecules, we were able to see
    Global Warming, Air, Water, and Land Pollution, harmful/toxic chemicals in nature.
    9. References:
    https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_%28C
    K-12%29/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.12%3A_Molecular_Shapes_-
    _Lone_Pair%28s%29_on_Central_Atom
    https://byjus.com/chemistry/resonance-structures/

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