Laboratory Activity 3 - Group 10
Laboratory Activity 3 - Group 10
Laboratory Activity 3 - Group 10
5. Materials or link:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/molecule-shapes/latest/molecule-shapes_en.html
6. Procedure:
6.1 Add up the total number of valence electrons found in the entire compound.
6.2 Draw the simple structure (skeleton structure) of the compound by connecting everything with
single bonds only.
6.3 Add electrons to all the noncentral atoms.
6.4 Put any unused electrons on the central atom.
6.5 If one or more atoms do not have eight electrons, you must form double or triple bonds between
them.
6.6 If all atoms now have eight electrons around them, you’re done. If you have valence electrons left
over, add them to the central atom, even if it violates the octet rule.
Ammonia
Water
Sulfur
Tetrafluoride
Chlorine
Trifluoride
Triiodide ion
Bromine
Pentafluoride
Xenon
Tetrafluoride
7. Questions:
7.1 For each one of the molecules with lone pairs of electrons on the central atom that is non-polar, give an
explanation of why they have no dipole moment.
Answer: The separation of charges in any system leads to dipole moment. Both ionic and covalently bonded
compounds develop dipole moment. The main cause for the development of dipole moment is the
electronegativity difference between chemically bonded atoms. The larger the difference in electronegativity,
the larger the dipole moment. In triatomic H2O molecule, the dipole moment is 1.84D. Due to the bent
structure of the water molecule, the dipole moment is not zero. This is due to the resultant dipole moments
of 2 O-H bonds, inclined at 104.5 degrees, with 2 lone pairs on oxygen. Also, when considering NH3 and
NF3 molecules, both have 3 N-H bonds and a lone pair on nitrogen atom but the resultant dipole moment
of NF3 is less than that of NH3. This is because the dipole formed between the lone pair and nitrogen atom
differs in both NH3 and NF3 molecules. Fluorine, being more electronegative than nitrogen, will attract all
the shared electrons towards it from nitrogen in opposite direction to net dipole moment.
7.2 Give a molecule (or ions) with resonance structures and draw them in the box:
NO2
NO3
O3
C6H6
8. Conclusion:
The group concluded that it is important to predict and understand the molecular structure of a molecule
because many of the properties of a substance are determined by its geometry. The shape of a molecule is
a feature that often determines the fate of a compound regarding molecular interactions. The shape of a
molecule determines the way it behaves in nature, and molecular shapes are described by using geometrical
terminology. The very nature of a molecule is dependent upon the shape as well as the electron shift in
bonding. The shape of a molecule influences the physical and chemical properties of the elements involved.
Today, we classify the world according to their atoms or elements. In nature, most atoms will be found as
molecules and each of these molecules has its own variations and this can change the feature of a molecule.
With the discovery of molecular geometry and its probable effects on other molecules, we were able to see
Global Warming, Air, Water, and Land Pollution, harmful/toxic chemicals in nature.
9. References:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_%28C
K-12%29/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.12%3A_Molecular_Shapes_-
_Lone_Pair%28s%29_on_Central_Atom
https://byjus.com/chemistry/resonance-structures/