The document contains 12 problems involving concepts of probability and statistics. The problems cover topics such as determining the probability of independent and dependent events, counting principles to calculate sample spaces and favorable outcomes, probability distributions for dice rolls and card draws, and expected value calculations. The solutions demonstrate how to set up sample spaces and events, calculate probabilities using fractions of outcomes, and determine whether scenarios like games are fair based on the expected value.
The document contains 12 problems involving concepts of probability and statistics. The problems cover topics such as determining the probability of independent and dependent events, counting principles to calculate sample spaces and favorable outcomes, probability distributions for dice rolls and card draws, and expected value calculations. The solutions demonstrate how to set up sample spaces and events, calculate probabilities using fractions of outcomes, and determine whether scenarios like games are fair based on the expected value.
The document contains 12 problems involving concepts of probability and statistics. The problems cover topics such as determining the probability of independent and dependent events, counting principles to calculate sample spaces and favorable outcomes, probability distributions for dice rolls and card draws, and expected value calculations. The solutions demonstrate how to set up sample spaces and events, calculate probabilities using fractions of outcomes, and determine whether scenarios like games are fair based on the expected value.
The document contains 12 problems involving concepts of probability and statistics. The problems cover topics such as determining the probability of independent and dependent events, counting principles to calculate sample spaces and favorable outcomes, probability distributions for dice rolls and card draws, and expected value calculations. The solutions demonstrate how to set up sample spaces and events, calculate probabilities using fractions of outcomes, and determine whether scenarios like games are fair based on the expected value.
1. A jar contains five red balls and four black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the jar and then replaced; then another ball is picked. What is the probability that both balls are red? SOLUTION: 5 The events are independent. The probability that the first ball is red is 9. The probability that 5 the second is red is also 9. Thus, the probability that both balls are red is
5 5 25 × = ≈ 0.31 9 9 81 2. A five-card poker hand is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that all five cards are spades? SOLUTION: The experiment here consists of choosing five cards from the deck, and the sample space S consists of all possible five=card hands. Thus, the number of elements in the sample space is 52! 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝐶(52,5) = = 2,598,960 5! (52 − 5)! The event E that we are interested in consists of choosing five spades. Since the deck contains only 13 spades, the number of ways of choosing five spades is 13! 𝑛(𝐸) = 𝐶(13,5) = = 1287 5! Thus, the probability of drawing five spades is 1287 𝑃(𝐸) = 𝑛(𝐸)/𝑛(𝑆) = ≈ 0.0005 2,598,960 3. If you roll a pair of dice, what is the probability that the sum of two numbers is 9?
SOLUTION:
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 9 9 1 (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 3), (3, 6) = = = 6 × 6 36 4 4. Given the set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, how many 3-digit numbers can be formed without repeating a digit?
SOLUTION: Given: There are 5 digits given which are: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } Asked: 3 – digit numbers that can be formed from the 5 digits given Since we are asked to form a three-digit number, let’s have an illustration hg 1st slot 2nd slot 3rd slot
We have 5 ways to fill the 1st slot as we can use any of the 5 digits which are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. After using any of the 5 digits given to fill the first slot we are left with only 4 digits as it is in the instruction that we cannot repeat a digit in forming the three-digit letters. So, we have 4 ways in the 2nd slot. For instance, we use 3 on the first slot then we are only left with either 1, 2, 4 or 5 to fill the second slot. On the 3rd slot, we now only have 3 ways because we are only left with 3 digits so as not to repeat the digit. After knowing how many ways we can write a digit in each slot, we then multiply the number of ways of each slot so we have, 𝟓 ∗ 𝟒 ∗ 𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎 ways.
Therefore, we have 60 three-digit numbers that can be formed from the given set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.
5. Determine the probability of drawing either a queen or a spade in a single draw from a deck of playing cards. SOLUTION: Given: Deck of cards
Single draw Solution: P_T = Pqueen + Pspade − Pqueen of spade
𝑄=4 𝑆=13 4 13 1 16 4 𝑃𝑇 = + − = = 52 52 52 52 13 6. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. What is the probability of getting 5 as the sum of two dices? SOLUTION: Sample Space: (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6) (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6) 𝑛(𝑆) = 36 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 = {(1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1)} 𝑛(𝐸) = 5 𝑃 (𝐺𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 5) = 4/36 𝑜𝑟 1/9 7. What is the probability of getting a face card of diamond in a standard deck of cards? SOLUTION: There are 52 cards in a standard deck
There are three kinds of face cards which is jack, queen, king There are four suits in a standard deck which is clover, club, heart and diamond
Since there are three kinds of face card and we are looking for diamond, the probability of getting a face card which has a suit of diamond would be 3(jack, queen, king of diamond) out of 52 cards. 𝑃 (𝐺𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) = 3/52
8. An examination consists of multiple-choice questions, each having five possible
answers. Suppose you are a student taking the exam. and that you reckon you have probability 0.75 of knowing the answer to any question that may be asked and that, if you do not know, you intend to guess an answer with probability 1/5 of being correct. What is the probability you will give the correct answer to a question? SOLUTION: Let A be the event that you give the correct answer.
B be the event that you knew the answer.
Find P(A). 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵^𝑐)
where 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴│𝐵)𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵^𝑐 ) = 𝑃(𝐴│𝐵^𝑐 )𝑃(𝐵^𝑐 )
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1 × 0.75 = 0.75 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵^𝑐 ) = 1/5 × 0.25 = 0.05 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.75 + 0.05 = 0.8 9. Consider the following experiment. You draw a square, of width 1 foot, on the floor. Inside the square, you inscribe a circle of diameter 1 foot. The circle will just fit inside the square. You then throw a dart at the square in such a way that it is equally likely to fall on any point of the square. What is the probability that the dart falls inside the circle? SOLUTION: All points in the square are equally likely so that probability is the ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the square. The area of the square is 1 and the area of the circle is π/4 (since the radius is 1/2). 10. A car insurance company provides insurance that pays P500,000 to its members for cases of theft or total damage to the car. The probability of paying out the total amount of coverage is 0.65% and the insurance coverage costs the car owner P24,000. If X is a random variable that represents the company’s proceeds from each sold insurance policy, find the expected value of x. SOLUTION:
Xi Php 476000 - Php 24000
P(X=Xi) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓% 𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟓% 𝑬(𝑿) = 𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟔𝟓%) + (−𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟓%) 𝑬(𝑿) = −𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟎 Every time we buy a car insurance, we are loosing 20,750 pesos.
11. If the number is selected at random from a set of all five-digit numbers in which the sum of all the digits is equal to 43, what is the probability that the number will be divisible by 11?
SOLUTION:
The maximum sum of 5 digit numbers is 45 (i.e.99999). Since the sum is 43, we can either have two 8s or one 7. 7 Two 8s 99997 89998 98989 99979 89989 98998 99799 89899 99889 97999 88999 99898 7999 98899 99988
Divisible by 11 is when their alternating sum of digit is divisible by 11. Then
9 − 7 + 9 − 9 + 9 = 11 9 − 9 + 9 − 7 + 9 = 11 9 − 8 + 9 − 8 + 9 = 11 Then the probability is 𝟑 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝟓 12. A game of dice consists of rolling a pair of dice and getting the sum of the numbers that turn up. If the sum is either 7 or 11, the player wins Php 100. Otherwise, he pays P40. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable 𝑋 which represents the amount of the player’s winnings/losses. Is the game fair? SOLUTION: Xi Php 100 - Php 40 P(X=Xi) 𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝑬(𝑿) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( ) + (−𝟒𝟎)( ) 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟖𝟎 𝑬(𝑿) = − ≈ −𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝟗 The game is not fair, we are loosing 8.8889 pesos.
13. Jose would like to know his score from a General Mathematics Test. His teacher gave him a clue that his score is 2 standard deviations above the mean, with a standard deviation of 4.27. If the sum of the scores is 198 and the total number of students is 5. What is Jose’s score? SOLUTION:
198 𝑥̅ = = 39.60 5 Jose’s score 2(4.27) + 39.60 𝟒𝟖 REFERENCES: Belecina, R.B., Baccay, E.S., & Mateo, E.B. (2016). Statistics and probability. Rex Book Store, Inc. Quezon City. Bullseye. (n.d.). Probability Examples with Questions and Answers - Hitbullseye. Www.hitbullseye.com. https://www.hitbullseye.com/Probability-Examples.php PROBABILITY AND APPLICATION Module 4.1: Probability Module 4.1 Objectives. (n.d.). http://eta.health.usf.edu/publichealth/phc4069/lectures/lecture_4a/lecture_4a_6.pd f Permutations and Combinations. (2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=XPPYYM6WCuE
Probablity Formula (n.d) https://www.vedantu.com/formula/probability-formula Single maths B probability & statistics: Exercises. (n.d.). https://www.maths.dur.ac.uk/users/S.F.Ross/SMB/Problems/prob.pdf Stewart, J., Lothar, B., & Watson, S. (2012). Stewart’s Algebra and Trigonometry. Pasig City: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch)
Prepared By: FERRER, Christine Joy JANEO, Joshua BSED – MATHEMATICS
DULAY, Krisyl Joi MOLO, Brando
GRANADA, Nery Rose ESLAVA, Kevin Kyle SINONG, Jennifer
